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29-464: The Annonaceae are a family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs, or rarely lianas commonly known as the custard apple family or soursop family . With 108 accepted genera and about 2400 known species, it is the largest family in the Magnoliales . Several genera produce edible fruit, most notably Annona , Anonidium , Asimina , Rollinia , and Uvaria . Its type genus

58-425: A phylogeny-based reclassification of the family four subfamilies are recognised: Anaxagoreoideae (including just Anaxagorea ), Ambavioideae , Annonoideae , and Malmeoideae . A number of the larger genera, including Guatteria , with its 177 species, Annona , and Xylopia belong to Annonoideae. Together, Annonoideae and Malmeoideae comprise the majority of the species and each are further subdivided into

87-589: A combination of morphological and molecular evidence . The APG II system places Annonaceae as most closely related to the small Magnoliid family Eupomatiaceae . Canellales Piperales Myristicaceae Magnoliaceae Degeneriaceae Himantandraceae Eupomatiaceae Annonaceae Laurales Anaxagorea Ambavioideae Bocageeae Guatterieae Duguetieae Xylopieae Annoneae Monodoreae Uvarieae Piptostigmateae Malmeeae Maasieae Fenerivieae Phoenicantheae Dendrokingstonieae Monocarpieae Miliuseae In

116-457: A consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called the seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time

145-446: A family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to a lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching

174-531: A finely and densely granular infratectum whereas Monoon and Polyalthia have columellate or densely granular infratecta. It was proposed that the genus Stelechocarpus , which includes S. burahol and S. cauliflorus be reclassified under a new genus Winitia , which is characterized by mixed flowers, multicolumellar stigmas, and columellate/coarsely granular infratectum. This genus was created after phylogenetic analysis that highly supported an unclassified species from Thailand being sister to S. cauliflorus as

203-480: A maximum of the global sea level during the early Turonian, the Coniacian was characterized by a gradual fall of the sea level. This cycle is in sequence stratigraphy seen as a first order cycle. During the middle Coniacian a shorter, second order cycle, caused a temporary rise of the sea level (and global transgressions ) on top of the longer first order trend. The following regression (Co1, at 87,0 Ma) separates

232-615: A monophyletic group. However this is no longer accepted. The genus Annickia was previously included within the tribe Piptostigmateae. However, it is highly supported to being sister to the rest of the Malmeoideae tribes, and weakly supported to being sister to the rest of the Piptostigmateae genera. For these reasons, Annickia is now classified within its own tribe in the Malmeoideae, the Annickieae. The taxonomy of

261-484: A number of tribes. The subfamilial and tribal classification is followed in World Annonaceae which presents an overview of all Annonaceae genera and taxonomic, distribution and photographic information for a large number of species. Keys for the identification of Annonaceae genera (separately for Neotropical, African/Madagascan, and Asian/Australian taxa) are presented in: For a concise bibliographic overview of

290-452: Is Annona . The family is concentrated in the tropics , with few species found in temperate regions. About 900 species are Neotropical , 450 are Afrotropical , and the remaining are Indomalayan . The species are mostly tropical, some are mid-latitude, deciduous or evergreen trees and shrubs, with some lianas, with aromatic bark, leaves, and flowers. Monophyly and inter-familial systematics have been well supported for Annonaceae by

319-534: Is a so-called tauopathy associated with a pathologic accumulation of tau protein in the brain. Experimental results indicate that acetogenins are responsible for this accumulation. Lancewood ( Oxandra lanceolata ) is a tough, elastic, and heavy wood obtained from the West Indies and The Guianas . It was often used for carriage shafts. It is brought into commerce in the form of taper poles of about 6 m in length and from 15 to 20 cm in breadth at

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348-409: Is defined by the appearance of the inoceramid bivalve Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus . The Coniacian overlaps the regional Emscherian Stage of Germany , which is roughly coeval with the Coniacian and Santonian Stages. In magnetostratigraphy , the Coniacian is part of magnetic chronozone C34, the so-called Cretaceous Magnetic Quiet Zone , a relatively long period with normal polarity. After

377-468: Is described as the genus Futabanthus , from the Late Cretaceous ( Coniacian ) of Japan, which represents a minimum age of c. 89 million years ago for the most recent common ancestor (crown group) of the family. The ages of Annonaceae clades inferred using fossil evidence and molecular clock -based dating techniques suggests that the pantropical distribution of the family originated subsequent to

406-402: Is typically through traditional food and natural medicines. The American pawpaw ( Asimina triloba ) has an Eastern United States distribution and has been investigated as a commercial agricultural crop. Flower petals from sacred earflower ( Cymbopetalum penduliflorum ) and from related species C. costaricense were traditionally used to flavor chocolate before the arrival of cinnamon and

435-479: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Coniacian The Coniacian is named after the city of Cognac in

464-658: The French region of Saintonge . It was first defined by French geologist Henri Coquand in 1857. The base of the Coniacian Stage is at the first appearance of the inoceramid bivalve species Cremnoceramus deformis erectus . The official reference profile for the base (a GSSP ) is located in Salzgitter-Salder, Lower Saxony, Germany. The top of the Coniacian (the base of the Santonian Stage)

493-987: The Annonaceae is based on the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website , which recognises four subfamilies and the extinct genus † Anonaspermum Auth.: Chatrou et al. 2012 (monotypic) Auth.: Chatrou et al. 2012 Auth. Rafinesque , 1815 The large, edible, pulpy fruits of some members, typically called anona by Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking people of the family's Neotropical range, include species of Annona : custard apple ( A. reticulata ), cherimoya ( A. cherimola ), soursop/guanábana/graviola ( A. muricata ), sweetsop ( A. squamosa ), ilama ( A. macroprophyllata ), soncoya ( A. purpurea ), atemoya (a cross between A. cherimola and A. squamosa ); and biriba ( A. mucosa ). The names of many of those fruits are sometimes used interchangeably. Consumption of

522-870: The Middle from the Upper Coniacian Substage. An even shorter third order cycle caused a new transgression during the Late Coniacian. Beginning in the Middle Coniacian, an anoxic event (OAE-3) occurred in the Atlantic Ocean , causing large scale deposition of black shales in the Atlantic domain. The anoxic event lasted till the Middle Santonian (from 87.3 to 84.6 Ma) and is the longest and last such event during

551-514: The book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,

580-518: The break-up of the Gondwanan supercontinent, as the result of a combination of geodispersal tracking the expansion of the boreotropical flora during the Eocene and more recent long-distance dispersal events. The genus Huberantha (synonym Hubera ) was resolved to be sister to Miliusa , with certain species previously under Polyalthia being additionally reclassified. This reclassification

609-694: The butt. The black lancewood or carisiri of the Guianas is of remarkably slender form. The yellow lancewood tree Calycophyllum candididissimum , common names lemonwood or degame , is from a different family ( Rubiaceae ). It is used as an alternative to lancewood and is found in tolerable abundance throughout The Guianas, and used by the Amerinds for arrow-points, as well as for spars, beams, etc. Some bowyers use this wood for making longbows . A large number of chemical compounds, including flavonoids , alkaloids , and acetogenins , have been extracted from

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638-540: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and

667-472: The neotropical annonaceous plant Annona muricata (soursop, graviola, guanabana ) has been strongly associated as a causal agent in "atypical Parkinsonism ". The causative agent, annonacin , is present in the seeds and leaves of many of the Annonaceae, though not in any significant quantity in the fruit flesh. It is thought to be responsible for up to 70% of Parkinsonian conditions in Guadeloupe. Exposure

696-404: The other Old World spices. The dried petals are still used to flavor atoles , pinoles , and coffee. The bark, leaves, and roots of some species are used in folk medicines. The acetogenin compounds, which occur in the fruit, seeds, and leaves of many Annonaceae, including soursop ( Annona muricata ), are neurotoxins and seem to be the cause of a neurodegenerative disease . The disorder

725-491: The ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging

754-529: The seeds and many other parts of these plants. Flavonoids and alkaloids contained in the leaves and bark of several species of the family have shown insecticidal properties. Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between

783-551: The taxonomic literature (1900 to 2012) see: Both plastid DNA markers and morphological characters provide evidence that Anaxagorea is the sister clade to the rest of the family. This may confirm the hypothesis that morphological traits shared between Anaxagorea and other Magnoliales species (such as 2-ranked phyllotaxis , monosulcate pollen , and laminate stamens ) represent ancestral characters, while derived characters observed in other genera have evolved independently multiple times. The oldest fossil evidence of Annonaceae

812-438: Was highly supported by maximum parsimony, Bayesian analysis, and morphological characters. Hubera is characterized by reticulate tertiary venation, axillary inflorescences, 1 ovule per ovary, seeds with flat to slightly raised raphes, and other characters. Huberantha 's phylogenetic distance and morphological difference from Monoon and Polyalthia , distinguish Huberantha on the generic level. Morphologically, Huberantha has

841-488: Was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted the use of this term solely within

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