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53-470: Abteilung ( [apˈtaɪ̯lʊŋ] ; abbrv. Abt. ) is a German word that is often used for German or Swiss military formations and depending on its usage could mean detachment , department or battalion ; it can also refer to a military division . In German, it is used both for military and civilian departments (as in "office department"). In the military of the German Empire,

106-456: A few examples, there is Aldi , from Theo Albrecht , the name of its founder, followed by discount ; Haribo , from Hans Riegel , the name of its founder, followed by Bonn , the town of its head office; and Adidas , from Adolf "Adi" Dassler , the nickname of its founder followed by his surname. 2S1 Gvozdika The 2S1 Gvozdika (Russian: 2С1 «Гвоздика» , " Carnation ") is a Soviet self-propelled howitzer introduced in 1972 and

159-480: A person's name, such as Migjeni —an abbreviation from his original name ( Millosh Gjergj Nikolla ) a famous Albanian poet and writer—or ASDRENI ( Aleksander Stavre Drenova ), another famous Albanian poet. Other such names which are used commonly in recent decades are GETOAR, composed from Gegeria + Tosks (representing the two main dialects of the Albanian language, Gegë and Toskë), and Arbanon —which

212-555: A plural of an initialization without an apostrophe can also be used for a number, or a letter. Examples: For units of measure, the same form is used for both singular and plural. Examples: When an abbreviation contains more than one period, Hart's Rules recommends putting the s after the final one. Examples: However, the same plurals may be rendered less formally as: According to Hart's Rules , an apostrophe may be used in rare cases where clarity calls for it, for example when letters or symbols are referred to as objects. However,

265-557: A single letter and was originally spelled with lower case letters then there is no need for capitalization. However, when abbreviating a phrase where only the first letter of each word is taken, then all letters should be capitalized, as in YTD for year-to-date , PCB for printed circuit board and FYI for for your information . However, see the following section regarding abbreviations that have become common vocabulary: these are no longer written with capital letters. A period (a.k.a. full stop)

318-517: A symbol such as "km" for " kilometre ". In the International System of Units (SI) manual the word "symbol" is used consistently to define the shorthand used to represent the various SI units of measure. The manual also defines the way in which units should be written , the principal rules being: A syllabic abbreviation is usually formed from the initial syllables of several words, such as Interpol = International + police . It

371-738: A word to a single letter was common in both Greek and Roman writing. In Roman inscriptions, "Words were commonly abbreviated by using the initial letter or letters of words, and most inscriptions have at least one abbreviation". However, "some could have more than one meaning, depending on their context. (For example, ⟨A⟩ can be an abbreviation for many words, such as ager , amicus , annus , as , Aulus , Aurelius , aurum , and avus .)" Many frequent abbreviations consisted of more than one letter: for example COS for consul and COSS for its nominative etc. plural consules . Abbreviations were frequently used in early English . Manuscripts of copies of

424-568: Is a syllabic abbreviation of Commonwealth and (Thomas) Edison . Sections of California are also often colloquially syllabically abbreviated, as in NorCal (Northern California), CenCal (Central California), and SoCal (Southern California). Additionally, in the context of Los Angeles, the syllabic abbreviation SoHo (Southern Hollywood) refers to the southern portion of the Hollywood neighborhood. Partially syllabic abbreviations are preferred by

477-533: Is a variant of the acronym. Syllabic abbreviations are usually written using lower case , sometimes starting with a capital letter , and are always pronounced as words rather than letter by letter. Syllabic abbreviations should be distinguished from portmanteaus , which combine two words without necessarily taking whole syllables from each. Syllabic abbreviations are not widely used in English. Some UK government agencies such as Ofcom (Office of Communications) and

530-777: Is an alternative way used to describe all Albanian lands. Syllabic abbreviations were and are common in German ; much like acronyms in English, they have a distinctly modern connotation, although contrary to popular belief, many date back to before 1933 , if not the end of the Great War . Kriminalpolizei , literally criminal police but idiomatically the Criminal Investigation Department of any German police force, begat KriPo (variously capitalised), and likewise Schutzpolizei ( protection police or uniform department ) begat SchuPo . Along

583-466: Is capable of firing HE (high explosive), leaflet , HE/RAP , armor-piercing HE, flechette and chemical rounds. The first prototype was ready in 1958. The 2S1 entered service with the Soviet Army in the early 1970s and was first seen in public at a Polish Army parade in 1974. The vehicle was deployed in large numbers (72 per tank division , 36 per motorized rifle division ). It was designated

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636-418: Is controversy as to which should be used. One generally accepted rule is to be consistent in a body of work. To this end, publishers may express their preferences in a style guide . Some controversies that arise are described below. If the original word was capitalized then the first letter of its abbreviation should retain the capital, for example Lev. for Leviticus . When a word is abbreviated to more than

689-606: Is in service in Russia and other countries as of 2024 . It is based on the MT-LBu multi-purpose chassis, mounting a 122 mm 2A18 howitzer. "2S1" is its GRAU designation. An alternative Russian designation is SAU-122, but in the Russian Army it is commonly known as Gvozdika . The 2S1 is fully amphibious with very little preparation, and once afloat is propelled by its tracks. A variety of track widths are available to allow

742-449: Is not used for such shortened forms. A contraction is an abbreviation formed by replacing letters with an apostrophe. Examples include I'm for I am and li'l for little . An initialism or acronym is an abbreviation consisting of the initial letter of a sequence of words without other punctuation. For example, FBI ( /ˌɛf.biːˈaɪ/ ), USA ( /ˌjuː.ɛsˈeɪ/ ), IBM ( /ˌaɪ.biːˈɛm/ ), BBC ( /ˌbiː.biːˈsiː/ ). When initialism

795-695: Is sometimes used to signify abbreviation, but opinion is divided as to when and if this convention is best practice. According to Hart's Rules , a word shortened by dropping letters from the end terminates with a period, whereas a word shorted by dropping letters from the middle does not. Fowler's Modern English Usage says a period is used for both of these shortened forms, but recommends against this practice: advising it only for end-shortened words and lower-case initialisms; not for middle-shortened words and upper-case initialisms. Some British style guides, such as for The Guardian and The Economist , disallow periods for all abbreviations. In American English ,

848-584: Is typically US . There are multiple ways to pluralize an abbreviation. Sometimes this accomplished by adding an apostrophe and an s ( 's ), as in "two PC's have broken screens". But, some find this confusing since the notation can indicate possessive case . And, this style is deprecated by many style guides. For instance, Kate Turabian , writing about style in academic writings, allows for an apostrophe to form plural acronyms "only when an abbreviation contains internal periods or both capital and lowercase letters". For example, "DVDs" and "URLs" and "Ph.D.'s", while

901-522: Is used as the preferred term, acronym refers more specifically to when the abbreviation is pronounced as a word rather than as separate letters; examples include SWAT and NASA . Initialisms, contractions and crasis share some semantic and phonetic functions, and are connected by the term abbreviation in loose parlance. In early times, abbreviations may have been common due to the effort involved in writing (many inscriptions were carved in stone) or to provide secrecy via obfuscation . Reduction of

954-692: Is used in the same sense as the Russian term divizion ( дивизион ) or the Polish term dywizjon. Both terms are used most often for artillery battalion (field, air defence, coastal) or a flotilla of ships and this was also used in the National People's Army (East Germany's military). Examples of the various types of Abteilungen in the East German ground forces are found in the 11. Motorisierte Schützendivision (11th Motor Rifle Division) and

1007-505: The 1. Panzerjägerbatterie/PJA-11 of 9 ATGM Konkurs launchers and the 2. and 3. Panzerjägerbatterie/PJA-11 (1./PJA-11) of 6 MT-12 anti-tank guns each. The 7. Panzerdivision (based in Dresden) consisted of the 14th, 15th and 16th Tank Regiments, the 7th Motor Rifle Regiment, the 7th Artillery Regiment and various combat and service support units. The tank regiments did not have organic field artillery. The motor rifle regiment had

1060-518: The 1. and the 2. Raketenbatterie/RA-11 of two 2K6 Luna (NATO reporting name FROG) ballistic missile launch vehicles each. The Geschosswerferabteilung 11 "Hermann Falke" (MRLS battalion) based in Wolfen included the 1., 2. and 3. Geschosswerferbatterie/GeWA-11 of 6 RM-70 multiple rocket launcher vehicles each. The Panzerjägerabteilung 11 "Hermann Vogt" ( ATGM battalion) based in Halle included

1113-426: The 1., 2. and the 3. Geschosswerferbatterie/GeWA-7 (MLRS batteries) of 6 RM-70 each. Each East German army division also had two separate medical battalions (sing. Selbständige Medizinische Abteilung ) mobilized in wartime. At the district level the two military districts Militärbezirk III and Militärbezirk V each had various artillery units. Each MD had a complex artillery reconnaissance Abteilung -

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1166-578: The 2. and 4. Minenabwehrschiffsabteilung of 6 Kondor-II class minesweepers each . The landing ships of the 1. Flottille were grouped into the 1. Landungsschiffsbrigade (1st Landing Ships Brigade), based at Peenemünde Naval Station and consisting of the 1. and 3. Landungsschiffsabteilung of 6 Frosch-I landing ships each. The Bundeswehr did not reintroduce the Abteilung term for field and naval formations, using it only to denote staff, research and education departments. The artillery uses

1219-562: The 7. Panderdivision (7th Tank Division). The 11. Motorisierte Schützendivision (based in Halle/Saale) consisted of the 16th, 17th and 18th Motor Rifle Regiments, the 11th Tank Regiment, the 11th Artillery Regiment and various combat and service support units. Each MRR had an organic Artillerieabteilung , designated by its mother-regiment, like the Artillerieabteilung/MSR-16 (the field artillery battalion of

1272-621: The Artillerieabteilung / MSR-7 (artillery battalion of 7th MRR), consisting of the 1., 2. and the 3. Artilleriebatterie/AA/MSR-7 of 6 2S1 howitzers each. At division level the 7th Artillery Regiment consisted of the I., II. and the III. Artillerieabteilung/AR-7 also of 3 artillery batteries of 6 2S1 howitzers each, with a fourth 2S1 Abteilung - the IV. Artillerieabteilung/AR-7 to mobilize in wartime. The V. Artillerieabteilung/AR-7

1325-647: The Artillerieaufklärungsabteilung-3 and the Artillerieaufklärungsabteilung-5 of one optical reconnaissance, one radar measurement, one radio measurement and one meteorological observation battery, both Abteilungen to expand into regiments in wartime. Each MD also had a Geschosswerferabteilung (MRL battalion) and a Panzerjägerabteilung (AT battalion) also to expand into regiments in wartime. An artillery regiment of several Artillerieabteilungen under each MD

1378-624: The I. and the II. Artillerieabteilung/AR-11 of 3 artillery batteries (2 active, 1 wartime mobilization) of 6 D-30 towed howitzers each and the III. Artillerieabteilung/AR-11 of 3 artillery batteries (all active) of 6 2S3 Akatsiya self-propelled howitzers each. The division also had a ballistic missile, a multiple rocket launch and an anti-tank Abteilungen . The Raketenabteilung 11 "Magnus Poser" (ballistic missile battalion) based in Tautenhain included

1431-576: The Modern Language Association explicitly says, "do not use an apostrophe to form the plural of an abbreviation". Also, the American Psychological Association specifically says, "without an apostrophe". However, the 1999 style guide for The New York Times states that the addition of an apostrophe is necessary when pluralizing all abbreviations, preferring "PC's, TV's and VCR's". Forming

1484-690: The Old English poem Beowulf used many abbreviations, for example the Tironian et ( ⁊ ) or & for and , and y for since , so that "not much space is wasted". The standardisation of English in the 15th through 17th centuries included a growth in the use of such abbreviations. At first, abbreviations were sometimes represented with various suspension signs, not only periods. For example, sequences like ⟨er⟩ were replaced with ⟨ɔ⟩ , as in mastɔ for master and exacɔbate for exacerbate . While this may seem trivial, it

1537-411: The 16th MRR). Each Artillerieabteilung of an MRR consisted of 3 artillery batteries (in this example the 1., 2. and the 3. Artilleriebatterie/AA/MSR-16 (1st, 2nd and 3rd Artillery Battery) of 6 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled howitzers each, although in some cases the 3rd Battery could be downgraded to a wartime mobilization unit. The Artillerieregiment 11 "Wilhelm Koenen" based in Wolfen consisted of

1590-459: The 1990s led to a marked rise in colloquial abbreviation. This was due largely to increasing popularity of textual communication services such as instant and text messaging. The original SMS supported message lengths of 160 characters at most (using the GSM 03.38 character set), for instance. This brevity gave rise to an informal abbreviation scheme sometimes called Textese , with which 10% or more of

1643-661: The 20th century. The contractions in Newspeak are supposed to have a political function by virtue of their abbreviated structure itself: nice sounding and easily pronounceable, their purpose is to mask all ideological content from the speaker. A more recent syllabic abbreviation has emerged with the disease COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) caused by the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (itself frequently abbreviated to SARS-CoV-2 , partly an initialism). In Albanian, syllabic acronyms are sometimes used for composing

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1696-453: The 2S1 to operate in snow or swamp conditions. It is NBC protected and has infrared night-vision capability. The 2S1 was developed in Kharkiv , Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic . It has seven road wheels on each side; the running gear can be fitted with different widths of track to match terrain. The interior is separated into a driver's compartment on the left, an engine compartment on

1749-676: The 3rd MD's Fliegerabwehrraketenregiment 3 "Kurt Kresse" based in Hohenmölsen. The regiment included the I. and the II. Fliegerabwehrraketenabteilung/FRR-3 with 5 air defence missile batteries of 4 2K11 Krug missile launchers between the two Abteilungen . The divisions also had their own air defence missile regiments, but they did not have Abteilungen , instead they consisted of directly reporting air defence missile batteries. The East German Air Force and Air Defence also had Fliegerabwehrraketenregimenter (air defence missile regiments) consisting of air defence missile Abteilungen . In

1802-749: The East German People's Navy the Küstenraketenregiment 18 "Waldemar Verner" (18th Coastal Missile Regiment) based in Rövershagen had a peacetime composition of the I. and the II. Küstenraketenabteilung (coastal missile battalions) and the 1. Fliegerabwehrbatterie (air defence artillery battery), adding the III. Küstenraketenabteilung and the 2 . Fliegerabwehrbatterie in wartime. Each Küstenraketenabteilung had 2 Startbatterien (launch batteries) of two 4K51 Rubezh (NATO codename SSC-3 Styx) missile launch vehicles each. In

1855-768: The US Navy, as they increase readability amidst the large number of initialisms that would otherwise have to fit into the same acronyms. Hence DESRON 6 is used (in the full capital form) to mean "Destroyer Squadron 6", while COMNAVAIRLANT would be "Commander, Naval Air Force (in the) Atlantic". Syllabic abbreviations are a prominent feature of Newspeak , the fictional language of George Orwell 's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four . The political contractions of Newspeak— Ingsoc (English Socialism), Minitrue (Ministry of Truth), Miniplenty ( Ministry of Plenty )—are described by Orwell as similar to real examples of German ( see below ) and Russian ( see below ) contractions in

1908-727: The Weimar Republic and the Wehrmacht (during World War II ), the term Abteilung was generally a battalion equivalent in the armoured , cavalry , reconnaissance and artillery arms of the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS . For example, Schwere Panzerabteilung refers to German heavy tank battalions . However, when the term was used for large military formations, it generally meant "detachment". For example, Armee-Abteilung translates to "army detachment" and Korpsabteilung to "corps detachment". The German term Abteilung

1961-460: The apostrophe can be dispensed with if the items are set in italics or quotes: In Latin, and continuing to the derivative forms in European languages as well as English, single-letter abbreviations had the plural being a doubling of the letter for note-taking. Most of these deal with writing and publishing. A few longer abbreviations use this as well. Publications based in the U.S. tend to follow

2014-617: The fleet of the Volksmarine a Flottille - the equivalent of an army division consisted of brigades of ships, which were made up of Abteilungen of ship. For example the 4. Sicherungsbrigade (4th Security [Coastal Defence] Brigade) of the 4. Flottille , based in the Hohe Düne Naval Station in Rostock - Warnemünde consisted of the 2. and 4. Küstenschutzschiffsabteilungen of 4 Parchim-class corvettes each and

2067-428: The former Oftel (Office of Telecommunications) use this style. New York City has various neighborhoods named by syllabic abbreviation, such as Tribeca (Triangle below Canal Street) and SoHo (South of Houston Street). This usage has spread into other American cities, giving SoMa , San Francisco (South of Market) and LoDo, Denver (Lower Downtown), amongst others. Chicago -based electric service provider ComEd

2120-456: The globally popular term OK generally credited as a remnant of its influence. Over the years, however, the lack of convention in some style guides has made it difficult to determine which two-word abbreviations should be abbreviated with periods and which should not. This question is considered below. Widespread use of electronic communication through mobile phones and the Internet during

2173-487: The period is usually included regardless of whether or not it is a contraction, e.g. Dr. or Mrs. . In some cases, periods are optional, as in either US or U.S. for United States , EU or E.U. for European Union , and UN or U.N. for United Nations . There are some house styles, however—American ones included—that remove the periods from almost all abbreviations. For example: Acronyms that were originally capitalized (with or without periods) but have since entered

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2226-400: The right and a fighting compartment to the rear. Within the fighting compartment the commander sits on the left, the loader on the right and the gunner to the front. The all-welded turret is located above the fighting compartment. The 2S1 uses a 122 mm howitzer based on the towed D-30 howitzer. The gun is equipped with a power rammer, a double-baffle muzzle brake and a fume extractor . It

2279-835: The same lines, the Swiss Federal Railways' Transit Police—the Transportpolizei —are abbreviated as the TraPo . With the National Socialist German Workers' Party gaining power came a frenzy of government reorganisation, and with it a series of entirely new syllabic abbreviations. The single national police force amalgamated from the Schutzpolizeien of the various states became the OrPo ( Ordnungspolizei , "order police");

2332-401: The secret police) and VoPo for Volkspolizei . The phrase politisches Büro , which may be rendered literally as "office of politics" or idiomatically as "political party steering committee", became Politbüro . Syllabic abbreviations are not only used in politics, however. Many business names, trademarks, and service marks from across Germany are created on the same pattern: for

2385-556: The state KriPos together formed the "SiPo" ( Sicherheitspolizei , "security police"); and there was also the Gestapo ( Geheime Staatspolizei , "secret state police"). The new order of the German Democratic Republic in the east brought about a conscious denazification , but also a repudiation of earlier turns of phrase in favour of neologisms such as Stasi for Staatssicherheit ("state security",

2438-546: The style guides of The Chicago Manual of Style and the Associated Press . The U.S. government follows a style guide published by the U.S. Government Printing Office . The National Institute of Standards and Technology sets the style for abbreviations of units. Many British publications follow some of these guidelines in abbreviation: Writers often use shorthand to denote units of measure. Such shorthand can be an abbreviation, such as "in" for " inch " or can be

2491-403: The term Bataillon (battalion) and the navy uses Gruppe (group) for groupings of small ships of fast attack craft or landing boat size. Abbreviation An abbreviation may be a shortened form of a word with a trailing period. For example: etcetera is usually abbreviated etc. and abbreviation is sometimes abbreviated abbr. , abbrv. , or abbrev. . But sometimes the trailing period

2544-516: The vocabulary as generic words are no longer written with capital letters nor with any periods. Examples are sonar , radar , lidar , laser , snafu , and scuba . When an abbreviation appears at the end of a sentence, only one period is used: The capital of the United States is Washington, D.C. In the past, some initialisms were styled with a period after each letter and a space between each pair. For example, U. S. , but today this

2597-464: The words in a typical SMS message are abbreviated. More recently Twitter, a popular social networking service , began driving abbreviation use with 140 character message limits. In HTML , abbreviations can be annotated using < abbr title = "Meaning of the abbreviation." > abbreviation </ abbr > to reveal its meaning by hovering the cursor . In modern English, there are multiple conventions for abbreviation, and there

2650-656: Was also active in peacetime with 3 artillery batteries of 6 2S3 each. Also part of the division were the separate Raketenabteilung 7 "Alfred Kurella" (7th Ballistic Missile Battalion) based in Zeithain and including the 1. and the 2. Raketenbatterie/RA-7 (1./RA-7) of 2 OTR-21 Tochka missile launch vehicles each and the Geschosswerferabteilung 7 "Ernst Schneller" (7th Multiple Rocket Launcher Battalion) in Frankenberg/Saale, consisting of

2703-478: Was symptomatic of an attempt by people manually reproducing academic texts to reduce the copy time. Mastɔ subwardenɔ y ɔmēde me to you. And wherɔ y wrot to you the last wyke that y trouyde itt good to differrɔ thelectionɔ ovɔ to quīdenaɔ tinitatis y have be thougħt me synɔ that itt woll be thenɔ a bowte mydsomɔ. In the Early Modern English period, between the 15th and 17th centuries, the thorn Þ

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2756-706: Was to expand into an artillery brigade in wartime. Each military district also had a ballistic missile brigade as the case with the Militärbezirk V 's 5. Raketenbrigade "Bruno Leuschner" based in Demen. The 5. RBr included the I. and the II. Raketenabteilung/5. RBr (I. RA/5. RBr) with two launch batteries of 2 R-300 ballistic missile launchers (NATO reporting name Scud) each and the III. Raketenabteilung/5. RBr (III. RA/5. RBr) with two launch batteries of 2 R-400 Oka (NATO reporting name Spider) each. Each military district also had an air defence missile regiment like

2809-451: Was used for th , as in Þ ('the'). In modern times, ⟨Þ⟩ was often used (in the form ⟨y⟩ ) for promotional reasons, as in Y Olde Tea Shoppe . During the growth of philological linguistic theory in academic Britain, abbreviating became very fashionable. Likewise, a century earlier in Boston , a fad of abbreviation started that swept the United States, with

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