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41-714: Muhammad al-Burtuqali earned the nickname of Al-Bortogali after being held as a hostage for seven years by the Portuguese. Sultan Muhammad al-Burtughali was the sultan that sent Leo Africanus and his uncle on a mission to Timbuktu . This journey gave Leo Africanus material for the Description of Africa . This Moroccan biographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Leo Africanus Johannes Leo Africanus (born al-Hasan Muhammad al-Wazzan al-Fasi , Arabic : الحسن محمد الوزان الفاسي ; c.  1494 – c.  1554 )

82-714: A heretic . However, he is noted for having attempted to reform the Catholic Church administration in response to the Protestant Reformation . Adrian's admission that the Roman Curia itself was at fault for the turmoil in the Church was read at the 1522–1523 Diet of Nuremberg . His efforts at reform proved fruitless, as they were resisted by most of his contemporaries, and he did not live long enough to see his efforts through to their conclusion. He

123-567: A diplomatic mission to Constantinople on behalf of the Sultan of Fez Muhammad II he found himself in the port of Rosetta during the Ottoman conquest of Egypt . He continued with his journey through Cairo and Aswan and across the Red Sea to Arabia , where he probably performed a pilgrimage to Mecca . On his way back to Tunis in 1518 he was captured by Spanish corsairs either near

164-612: A translation of his Christian name, John-Leo, or Johannes Leo (Latin), or Giovanni Leone (Italian). He was also given the family name Medici after his patron, Pope Leo X's family. The same manuscript also contained his original name al-Hasan ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan al-Fasi. al-Hasan ibn Muhammad was a patronymic name meaning "al-Hasan, son of Muhammad", and al-Fasi is the Arabic demonym for someone from Fez, Morocco . Cosmographia et geographia de Affrica , later published by Giovanni Battista Ramusio as Description of Africa in 1550,

205-515: A willing collaborator could provide useful information on North Africa. Leo Africanus left Rome and spent the next three or four years traveling in Italy. The death of his patron Leo X in 1521, and suspicions from the new Pope Adrian VI against a Muslim in court, was likely the reason for his leaving Rome. While staying in Bologna he wrote an Arabic-Hebrew-Latin medical vocabulary , of which only

246-683: Is Leo's most famous work. He wrote an Arabic-Hebrew-Latin medical vocabulary for the Jewish physician Jacob Mantino . He also wrote an Arabic translation of the Epistles of St. Paul , which is dated in January 1521; the manuscript belongs to the Biblioteca Estense in Modena. Another surviving work is a biographical encyclopedia of 25 major Islamic scholars and 5 major Jewish scholars which

287-660: Is buried in the Santa Maria dell'Anima church in Rome. He bequeathed property in the Low Countries for the foundation of a college at the University of Leuven that became known as Pope's College . The first series of engravings used to educate Dutch school children at the turn of the 18th century includes Adrian VI in its woodcut on 'Famous Dutch Men and Women' with the following poem : Pope Adrian VI appears as

328-529: Is unlikely that Leo Africanus visited all the places that he describes and he must therefore have relied on information obtained from other travellers. It is doubtful whether he visited Hausaland and Bornu and it is even possible that he never crossed the Sahara but relied on information from other travellers that he met in Morocco. The historian Pekka Masonen has argued that the belief of his further travels

369-633: The Burgundian Netherlands in the Holy Roman Empire . He was born into modest circumstances as the son of Florens Boeyensz, also born in Utrecht, and his wife Geertruid. He had three older brothers, Jan, Cornelius, and Claes. Adrian consistently signed with Adrianus Florentii or Adrianus de Traiecto ("Adrian of Utrecht") in later life, suggesting that his family did not yet have a surname but used patronymics only. Adrian

410-678: The Caelian Hill . During the minority of Charles V, Adrian was named to serve with Cardinal Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros as co-regent of Spain . After the death of Jimenez, Adrian was appointed (14 March 1518) General of the Reunited Inquisitions of Castile and Aragon , in which capacity he acted until his departure for Rome . When Charles V left Spain for the Netherlands in 1520, he appointed Cardinal Adrian Regent of Spain , during which time he had to deal with

451-612: The Revolt of the Comuneros . In the conclave after the death of the Medici Pope Leo X , Leo's cousin, Cardinal Giulio de' Medici , was the leading figure. With Spanish and French cardinals in a deadlock, the absent Adrian was proposed as a compromise and on 9 January 1522 he was elected by an almost unanimous vote. Charles V was delighted upon hearing that his tutor had been elected to the papacy but soon realised that Adrian VI

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492-596: The University of Leuven , where he pursued philosophy, theology and Canon Law , thanks to a scholarship granted by Margaret of York , Duchess of Burgundy. In 1478 he had the title of Primus Philosophiae , as well as that of Magister Artium (that is, he took his undergraduate degree). In 1488 he was chosen by the Faculty of Arts to be their representative on the Council of the University. On 30 June 1490, Adrian

533-467: The Venetian publisher Giovanni Battista Ramusio . The book proved to be extremely popular and was reprinted five times. It was also translated into other languages. French and Latin editions were published in 1556 while an English version was published in 1600 with the title A Geographical Historie of Africa . The Latin edition, which contained many errors and mistranslations, was used as the source for

574-525: The Arabic part has survived, and a grammar of Arabic of which only an eight-page fragment has survived. He returned to Rome in 1526 under the protection of the new Pope Clement VII , a cousin of Leo X who replaced Adrian. According to Leo, he completed his manuscript on African geography in the same year. The work was published in Italian with the title Della descrittione dell'Africa et delle cose notabili che ivi sono, per Giovan Lioni Africano in 1550 by

615-656: The English translation. There are several theories of his later life, but none of them are certain. According to one theory, he spent it in Rome until he died around 1550, the year Description of Africa was published. This theory was based on indirect allusion in a later preface to this book. According to another theory, he left shortly before the Sack of Rome by Charles V 's troops in 1527. He then returned to North Africa and lived in Tunis until his death, some time after 1550. This

656-639: The Middle East and another for Europe. He also planned to write an exposition of the Islamic faith and a history of North Africa. None of these books survived nor has there been any proof that he completed them, which might have been due to his possible return to North Africa. A fictionalized account of his life, Leo Africanus , by the Lebanese-French author Amin Maalouf , fills in key gaps in

697-603: The early stages of the Lutheran revolt, Adrian VI did not completely understand the gravity of the situation. At the Diet of Nuremberg , which opened in December 1522, he was represented by Francesco Chieregati , whose private instructions contain the frank admission that the disorder of the Church was perhaps the fault of the Roman Curia itself, and that it should be reformed. However, the former professor and Inquisitor General

738-618: The island of Djerba or more probably near Crete , and imprisoned on the island of Rhodes , the headquarters of the Knights Hospitaller . The usual fate of unransomed Muslim captives was slavery in Christian galleys , but when his captors realized his intelligence and importance, he was moved to the Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome and presented to Pope Leo X . He was soon freed and given a pension to persuade him to stay. He

779-491: The kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. Pope Leo X made him a cardinal in 1517 and after Leo's death he was elected pope in 1522 as a compromise candidate. Adrian came to the papacy in the midst of one of its greatest crises, threatened not only by Lutheranism to the north but also by the advance of the Ottoman Turks to the east. He refused to compromise with Lutheranism theologically, demanding Luther 's condemnation as

820-510: The modern exploration of Africa . For this work, Leo became a household name among European geographers. He converted from Islam to Christianity and changed his name to Johannes Leo de Medicis ( يوحنا الأسد ). Leo possibly returned to North Africa in 1528, reverting to Islam. Most of what is known about his life is gathered from autobiographical notes in his own work. Leo Africanus was born as al-Hasan, son of Muhammad in Granada around

861-628: The number of matrimonial dispensations to be impossible, as the income had been farmed out for years in advance by Pope Leo X . Adrian VI was not successful as a peacemaker among Christian princes , whom he hoped to unite in a war against the Turks. In August 1523 he was forced into an alliance with the Empire , England , and Venice against France ; meanwhile, in 1522 Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–66) had conquered Rhodes. In his reaction to

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902-504: The plague that was raging. Pope Adrian was crowned at St. Peter's Basilica on 31 August 1522, at the age of 63. He immediately entered upon the path of the reformer. The 1908 edition of the Catholic Encyclopedia characterised the task that faced him: His plan was to attack notorious abuses one by one; however, in his attempt to improve the system of indulgences he was hampered by his cardinals. He found reduction of

943-399: The position of professor of theology, also serving as its rector (the equivalent of president or vice-chancellor ). In 1507, he became the tutor of the future Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , who later trusted him as both his emissary and his regent . In 1516, Charles, now King of Castile and Aragon , appointed Adrian bishop of Tortosa , Spain, and soon thereafter Grand Inquisitor of

984-760: The story and places Leo Africanus in prominent events of his time. The BBC produced a documentary about his life called "Leo Africanus: A Man Between Worlds" in 2011. It was presented by Badr Sayegh  [ ar ] and directed by Jeremy Jeffs. The film followed in Leo's footsteps from Granada, through Fez and Timbuktu, all the way to Rome. It has been suggested that William Shakespeare may have drawn on Leo Africanus' book when preparing to write Othello . Adrian VI Pope Adrian VI ( Latin : Hadrianus VI ; Italian : Adriano VI ; German : Hadrian VI. ; Dutch : Adrianus/Adriaan VI ), born Adriaan Florensz Boeyens (2 March 1459 – 14 September 1523),

1025-511: The year 1494. The year of birth can be estimated from his self-reported age at the time of various historical events. His family moved to Fez soon after his birth. In Fez he studied at the University of al-Qarawiyyin (also spelled al-Karaouine). As a young man he accompanied an uncle on a diplomatic mission , reaching as far as the city of Timbuktu ( c.  1510 ), then part of the Songhai Empire . In 1517 when returning from

1066-676: Was baptized in the Basilica of Saint Peter's in 1520. He took the Latin name Johannes Leo de Medicis ( Giovanni Leone in Italian). In Arabic, he preferred to translate this name as Yuhanna al-Asad al-Gharnati (literally means John the Lion of Granada). It is likely that Leo Africanus was welcomed to the papal court as the Pope feared that Turkish forces might invade Sicily and southern Italy, and

1107-589: Was Charles's advisor, and his court obligations were so time-consuming that he quit his positions at the university. In 1515, Charles sent Adrian to Spain to convince his maternal grandfather, Ferdinand II of Aragon , that the Spanish lands should come under his rule, and not Charles's Spanish-born younger brother Ferdinand , whom his grandfather had in mind. Adrian succeeded in that just before Ferdinand's death in January 1516. Ferdinand of Aragon, and subsequently Charles V, appointed Adrian Bishop of Tortosa , which

1148-514: Was an Andalusi diplomat and author who is best known for his 1526 book Cosmographia et geographia de Affrica , later published by Giovanni Battista Ramusio as Descrittione dell'Africa ( Description of Africa ) in 1550, centered on the geography of the Maghreb and Nile Valley . The book was regarded among his scholarly peers in Europe as the most authoritative treatise on the subject until

1189-471: Was approved by Pope Leo X on 18 August 1516. He was consecrated by Bishop Diego Ribera de Toledo. On 14 November 1516 the King commissioned him Inquisitor General of Aragon. In his fifth Consistory for the creation of cardinals, on 1 July 1517, Pope Leo X (1513–21) named thirty-one cardinals among whom was Adrianus de Traiecto, naming him Cardinal-Priest of the Basilica of Santi Giovanni e Paolo on

1230-426: Was based on misreadings by modern scholars who interpreted his book as an itinerary. At the time Leo visited the city of Timbuktu , it was a thriving Islamic city famous for its learning. Home to many scholars and learned men, Timbuktu also possessed a Great Mosque , renowned for its expansive library. The town was to become a byword in Europe as the most inaccessible of cities. At the time of Leo's journey there, it

1271-644: Was based on records by German orientalist Johann Albrecht Widmannstetter , who arrived in Italy and planned (but ultimately failed) to travel to Tunis to meet Leo who had since reconverted to Islam. Yet another theory said that he left Tunis after it was captured by Charles V in 1535 for Morocco, his second home country after Granada where his relatives were still living. This was based on the assumption that Leo, having left Granada, would not have wanted to live under Christian Spanish rule again, and his wish (recorded in Description of Africa ) that he wanted to ultimately return to his home country "by God's assistance". It

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1312-475: Was completed in Rome before he left the city in 1527 and published for the first time in Latin by Johann Heinrich Hottinger in 1664. Unlike Description of Africa , this biographical work was hardly noticed in Europe; the book contains various erroneous information, likely due to his lack of sources when he was in Italy, forcing him to rely on memory. In Description of Africa , he referred to plans to write other books. He planned two descriptions of places, one for

1353-753: Was determined to reign impartially. Francis I of France , who feared that Adrian would become a tool of the Emperor, and had uttered threats of a schism, later relented and sent an embassy to present his homage. Fears of a Spanish Avignon based on the strength of his relationship with the Emperor as his former tutor and regent proved baseless, and Adrian, having notified the College of Cardinals of his acceptance, left for Italy after six months of preparations and trying to decide which route to take, making his solemn entry into Rome on 29 August. He had forbidden elaborate decorations, and many people stayed away for fear of

1394-804: Was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 January 1522 until his death on 14 September 1523. The only Dutchman to become pope , he was the last non-Italian pope until the Polish John Paul II 455 years later. Born in the Episcopal principality of Utrecht of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation , Adrian studied at the University of Leuven in the Low Countries , where he rose to

1435-454: Was ordained a priest. After the regular 12 years of study, Adrian became a Doctor of Theology in 1491. He had been a teacher at the University since 1490, was chosen vice-chancellor of the university in 1493, and Dean of St. Peter's in 1498. In the latter function he was permanent vice-chancellor of the University and de facto in charge of hiring. His lectures were published, as recreated from his students' notes; among those who attended

1476-753: Was probably raised in a house on the corner of the Brandstraat and Oude Gracht that was owned by his grandfather Boudewijn (Boeyen, for short). His father, a carpenter and likely shipwright , died when Adrian was 10 years or younger. Adrian studied from a very young age under the Brethren of the Common Life , either at Zwolle or Deventer and was also a student of the Latin school (now Gymnasium Celeanum ) in Zwolle . In June 1476, he started his studies at

1517-548: Was strongly opposed to any change in doctrine and demanded that Martin Luther be punished for teaching heresy . He made only one cardinal in the course of his pontificate, Willem van Enckevoirt , made a cardinal-priest in a consistory held on 10 September 1523. Adrian VI held no beatifications in his pontificate but canonized Saints Antoninus of Florence and Benno of Meissen on 31 May 1523. Charles V's ambassador in Rome, Juan Manuel, lord of Belmonte , wrote that he

1558-466: Was succeeded by the second Medici pope, Clement VII . Adrian VI and Marcellus II are the only popes of the modern era to retain their baptismal names after their election. Adrian VI is the last pope to date to take on the pontifical name "Adrian". Adriaan Florensz was born on 2 March 1459 in the city of Utrecht , which was then the capital of the Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht, a part of

1599-455: Was the centre of a busy trade carried on by traders in African products, gold, printed cottons , slaves and in Islamic books. In an autograph in one of his surviving manuscripts, a fragment of an Arabic-Hebrew-Latin medical vocabulary he wrote for the Jewish physician Jacob Mantino , he signed his name in Arabic as Yuhanna al-Asad al-Gharnati (literally means John the Lion of Granada),

1640-474: Was the young Erasmus . Adrian offered him a professorate in 1502, but Erasmus refused. In November 1506 Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy , became Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands and chose Adrian as her advisor. The next year Emperor Maximilian I appointed him also tutor to his seven-year-old grandson, and Margaret's nephew, who in 1519 became Emperor Charles V . By 1512 Adrian

1681-624: Was worried that Charles's influence over Adrian waned after Adrian's election, writing "The Pope is "deadly afraid" of the College of Cardinals. He does whatever two or three cardinals write to him in the name of the college." Adrian VI died in Rome on 14 September 1523, after one year, eight months and six days as pope. Most of his official papers were lost after his death. He published Quaestiones in quartum sententiarum praesertim circa sacramenta (Paris, 1512, 1516, 1518, 1537; Rome, 1522), and Quaestiones quodlibeticae XII. (1st ed., Leuven, 1515). He

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