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82-525: Abudwak ( Somali : Caabudwaaq ) is a town located in central Somalia . It serves as the administrative seat of Abudwak District located in the northern Galgaduud province. Known for its remote location near the Somali-Ethiopia border , the town has a long history of pastoralism . According to the list of Galmudug Assembly members released in June 2015, Abudwak is represented by Marehan . It

164-747: A Latin orthography as the official national alphabet over several other writing scripts that were then in use. Concurrently, the Italian -language daily newspaper Stella d'Ottobre ("The October Star") was nationalized, renamed to Xiddigta Oktoobar , and began publishing in Somali. The state-run Radio Mogadishu has also broadcast in Somali since 1951. Additionally, other state-run public networks like Somaliland National TV , regional public networks such as Puntland TV and Radio and, as well as Eastern Television Network and Horn Cable Television , among other private broadcasters, air programs in Somali. Somali

246-641: A WHO polio program official was killed in an attack by unidentified assailants while observing a polio campaign in the eastern part of Abudwak. According to an August 2008 ReliefWeb report, the lack of rainfall during the rainy season has caused water shortages in Abudwak district, creating a serious humanitarian crisis. In February 2009, a demonstration in Abudwak in support of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia occurred. In December 2009, Salaad Xareed Faarax, one of

328-716: A broader campaign by the Puntland environmental authorities to avert deforestation and promote alternative sources of fuel. The Hafun Fishing Company was established in 1992 in Bosaso. It was named after the northeastern port town of Hafun , where HFC also has an office. The firm exports a wide range of fish products, which it mainly sends to partners in the Middle East. The company is exploring additional global markets for its fish goods. It also maintains commercial interests in Puntland's housing market, which are represented by

410-512: A cargo plane Blue Bird DH8D overran in the Abudwak district. There were 6 crew members and the cargo was a khat . Gear failure is believed to be the cause. According to a 1996 Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada report, Abudwak is reportedly inhabited by the Marehan clan. In 1998, when Puntland was established, the Marehan clan of Abudwak considered whether to join. In September 2007,

492-522: A few ethnic minority groups and individuals in Somali majority regions. Somali is the most widely spoken Cushitic language in the region followed by Oromo and Afar . As of 2021, there are approximately 24 million speakers of Somali, spread in Greater Somalia of which around 17 million reside in Somalia. The language is spoken by an estimated 95% of the country's inhabitants, and also by

574-531: A high over this period, with an average precipitation of 7 mm (0.28 inches) in November. Total rainfall year-round is around 19 mm (0.75 inches). Bosaso's total population is estimated at around 164,906 residents (2005 est.). Furthermore, Bosaso is a major port for boats carrying emigrants from within the country as well as adjacent territories across the Gulf of Aden to settle (sometimes illegally) in

656-569: A major airport, the Bender Qassim International Airport . In 2008, the Puntland government signed a multimillion-dollar deal with Dubai 's Lootah Group, a regional industrial group operating in the Middle East and Africa. According to the agreement, the first phase of the investment is worth Dhs 170m ( $ 46.28m) and will see a set of new companies established to operate, manage and build Bosaso's free trade zone and sea and airport facilities. The Bosaso Airport Company

738-605: A majority of the population in Djibouti. Following the start of the Somali Civil War in the early 1990s, the Somali-speaking diaspora increased in size, with newer Somali speech communities forming in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe. Constitutionally, Somali and Arabic are the two official languages of Somalia . Somali has been an official national language since January 1973, when

820-515: A massive fire. Somali language Somali ( / s ə ˈ m ɑː l i , s oʊ -/ sə- MAH -lee, soh- ; Latin script: Af Soomaali ; Wadaad : اف صومالِ ‎; Osmanya : 𐒖𐒍 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘 [af soːmaːli] ) is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Cushitic branch. It is spoken primarily in Greater Somalia , and by the Somali diaspora as a mother tongue. Somali

902-493: A prominent 40,000-entry Somali dictionary. Most of the terms consisted of commonly used nouns. These lexical borrowings may have been more extensive in the past since a few words that Zaborski (1967:122) observed in the older literature were absent in Agostini's later work. In addition, the majority of personal names are derived from Arabic. The Somali language also contains a few Indo-European loanwords that were retained from

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984-506: A regional hub of higher education, including law, medicine, engineering, business and entrepreneurship. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea indicates that Ancient Greek merchants sailed to Bosaso, providing notes about the strategic and geographical location of the current Bosaso area, which was known as Mosylon in ancient times. About 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 hours' walk from Bet Qasim, we came to Bander Kasin (also called by

1066-474: Is a result of a long series of southward population movements over the past ten centuries from the Gulf of Aden littoral. Lamberti subdivides Northern Somali into three dialects: Northern Somali proper (spoken in the northwest; he describes this dialect as Northern Somali in the proper sense), the Darod group (spoken in the northeast and along the eastern Ethiopia frontier; greatest number of speakers overall), and

1148-448: Is a tonal language, whereas Banti (1988) suggests that it is a pitch system. The syllable structure of Somali is (C)V(C). Root morphemes usually have a mono- or di-syllabic structure. Clusters of two consonants do not occur word-initially or word-finally, i.e., they only occur at syllable boundaries. The following consonants can be geminate: /b/, /d/, /ɖ/, /ɡ/, /ɢ/, /m/, /n/, /r/ and /l/. The following cannot be geminate: /t/, /k/ and

1230-728: Is an official language in both Somalia and Ethiopia , and serves as a national language in Djibouti , it is also a recognised minority language in Kenya . The Somali language is officially written with the Latin alphabet although the Arabic script and several Somali scripts like Osmanya , Kaddare and the Borama script are informally used. Somali is classified within the Cushitic branch of

1312-533: Is believed that Qasim's favourite camel was called Boosaas, from which derived the current name of the town. The town was thus first called Bandar Qassim after its founder ("Qasim's town"), then later dubbed Bosaso after its founder's trusted camel. Historically, Bosaso has been a Harti stronghold, and evolved as a coastal town. Near Bosaso, at the end of the Baalade valley, lies a 2-to-3-kilometre-long (1.2-to-1.9-mile) earthwork . Local tradition recounts that

1394-478: Is currently led by Mayor Abdisalam Bashiir Abdisalam who succeeded Yasin Mire Mohamud who himself succeeded Hassan Abdallah Hassan in office. Each of the city's various districts also has its own municipal sub-authorities, complete with a mayor and civil servants. Bosaso is a city that is experiencing rapid growth. Prior to the Somali civil war, it had a population of under 50,000 inhabitants. Since

1476-528: Is inhabited by various Somali clans, with Darod the most dominant. The town acts as a transit point for truckers and travellers due to its location at the border between Ethiopia and Somalia, beside Dollo Zone . Abudwak and even nearby areas across the border in Ethiopia are served by the Cabudwaak Airport . A major renovation of the facility was launched in 2011, funded by Somali expatriates from

1558-597: Is not marked, and front and back vowels are not distinguished. Writing systems developed in the twentieth century include the Osmanya , Borama and Kaddare alphabets , which were invented by Osman Yusuf Kenadid , Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur and Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare , respectively. Several digital collections of texts in the Somali language have been developed in recent decades. These corpora include Kaydka Af Soomaaliga (KAF), Bangiga Af Soomaaliga,

1640-481: Is rarely pronounced as a velar fricative, Partially the reason why is that it is mostly found in Arabic loanwords. It is pronounced as the phoneme χ when it is an allophone for the letter ⟨q⟩ in syllabic codas. As in A kh ri from A q ri meaning (read). Pitch is phonemic in Somali, but it is debated whether Somali is a pitch accent , or it is a tonal language . Andrzejewski (1954) posits that Somali

1722-584: Is recognized as an official working language in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. Although it is not an official language of Djibouti , it constitutes a major national language there. Somali is used in television and radio broadcasts, with the government-operated Radio Djibouti transmitting programs in the language from 1943 onwards. The Kenya Broadcasting Corporation also broadcasts in the Somali language in its Iftin FM Programmes. The language

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1804-467: Is similar to the stem alternation that typifies Cairene Arabic . Somali has two sets of pronouns: independent (substantive, emphatic) pronouns and clitic (verbal) pronouns. The independent pronouns behave grammatically as nouns, and normally occur with the suffixed article -ka/-ta (e.g. adiga , "you"). This article may be omitted after a conjunction or focus word. For example, adna meaning "and you..." (from adi - na ). Clitic pronouns are attached to

1886-507: Is slated to develop the airport complex to meet international standards, including a new 3.4-kilometre (2.1 mi) runway, main and auxiliary buildings, taxi and apron areas, and security perimeters. In December 2014, the foundation stone for a new runway was also laid at the airport. The China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation is now slated to upgrade the airport's existing gravel runway, pave it with asphalt, and convert it from 1.8 to 2.65 km (1.12 to 1.65 miles) in accordance with

1968-667: Is spoken in the Somali territories within North Eastern Kenya , namely Wajir County , Garissa County and Mandera County . The Somali language is regulated by the Regional Somali Language Academy , an intergovernmental institution established in June 2013 in Djibouti City by the governments of Djibouti, Somalia and Ethiopia. It is officially mandated with preserving the Somali language. As of October 2022, Somali and Oromo are

2050-466: Is the third largest city in Somalia after Mogadishu and Hargeisa . While Bosaso is a melting pot, with residents hailing from all the major clans of Somalia , most of its population is from the Harti confederation of Darod sub-clans. Bosaso was previously known as Bandar Qasim, a name derived from a local trader of the same name who is said to have first settled in the area during the 14th century. It

2132-540: Is traversed by a 750-kilometre (470 mi) north–south highway. It connects major cities in the northern part of the country, such as Galkayo and Garowe , with towns in the south. In June 2012, the Puntland Highway Authority (PHA) launched an upgrade and repair project on the large thoroughfare between Bosaso and Garowe. The transportation body also began rehabilitation work in October 2012 on

2214-535: The Middle East . In January 2012, a renovation project was launched, with KMC contracted to upgrade the Bosaso Port's harbor. The initiative's first phase saw the clean-up of unwanted materials from the dockyard and was completed within the month. The second phase involves the reconstruction of the port's adjoining seabed, with the objective of accommodating larger ships. Besides its busy seaport, Bosaso has

2296-455: The Near East and South Asia (e.g. khiyaar "cucumber" from Persian : خيار khiyār ). Other loan words have also displaced their native synonyms in some dialects (e.g. jabaati "a type of flat bread" from Hindi: चपाती chapāti displacing sabaayad). Some of these words were also borrowed indirectly via Arabic. As part of a broader governmental effort of linguistic purism in

2378-587: The Persian Gulf states. While Bosaso today is a melting pot, with residents hailing from many different parts of Somalia, most of the city's population is from Warsangeli , Majeerteen , Deshiishe and other Harti groups of Darod . The city is also home to newly arrived IDPs . Bosaso city affairs are managed by the Bosaso Municipality, its leadership is appointed by members of the area's 29 District Councilors. The municipal authority

2460-553: The Royal Geographical Society of Great Britain, scientist Johann Maria Hildebrandt noted upon visiting the area that "we know from ancient authors that these districts, at present so desert, were formerly populous and civilised[...] I also discovered ancient ruins and rock-inscriptions both in pictures and characters[...] These have hitherto not been deciphered." According to the 1974 report for Ministry of Information and National Guidance, this script represents

2542-610: The Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) declared it the Somali Democratic Republic 's primary language of administration and education. Somali was thereafter established as the main language of academic instruction in forms 1 through 4 , following preparatory work by the government-appointed Somali Language Committee. It later expanded to include all 12 forms in 1979. In 1972, the SRC adopted

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2624-490: The Afroasiatic family, specifically, Lowland East Cushitic in addition to Afar and Saho . Somali is the best-documented of the Cushitic languages, with academic studies of the language dating back to the late 19th century. The Somali language is spoken in Somali inhabited areas of Somalia , Djibouti , Ethiopia , Kenya , Yemen and by members of the Somali diaspora . It is also spoken as an adoptive language by

2706-463: The Ahlu Sunna administration, was disrupted by the looting of local militias. A UN delegation visited Abudwak and met with the Ahlu Sunna administration. In September 2012, an inter-clan struggle occurred in Abudwak district, killing four people. In March 2013, in Abudwak, the Ahlu Sunna administration and the Somalia government signed an agreement that local administration will be implemented in

2788-470: The Arabs: the native name is Bosaso), which was built about sixty years ago. The Kaptallah was considered as first settlers. For centuries the city was among the areas ruled by Dishiishe clan. later forming a part of Italian Somaliland . The town would eventually be administered through the official Bari region in the post-independence period. Bosaso's population is estimated at 700,000 residents. It

2870-508: The Arbudwak district of Galgadud region. In December 2013, a businessman was killed by an armed group while trying to stock goods from Bosaso to Abudwak. Shuuke Cagarog was killed and there were rumors of an outbreak of clan conflict; an army of the Eli clan came to Abudwak. In July 2014, inter-clan fighting occurred in Abudwak district. The fighting occurred in the house of Shuuke Cagarog who

2952-522: The Bosaso seaport, and was completed in conjunction with UNHABITAT. According to Ali, his administration plans to invest at least 23 million Euros in contributions from international partners in similar road infrastructure development initiatives. The city has a major seaport , the Port of Bosaso . It was constructed during the mid-1980s by the Siad Barre administration for annual livestock shipments to

3034-641: The Cushitic and Semitic Afroasiatic languages spoken in the Horn region (e.g. Amharic ). However, Somali noun phrases are head-initial, whereby the noun precedes its modifying adjective. This pattern of general head-finality with head-initial noun phrases is also found in other Cushitic languages (e.g. Oromo), but not generally in Ethiopian Semitic languages. Somali uses three focus markers: baa , ayaa and waxa(a) , which generally mark new information or contrastive emphasis. Baa and ayaa require

3116-537: The Federal government will pay two hundred thousand dollars ($ 200,000) for the construction of the second phase of the airport in Abudwak District. The first phase of the construction of the 3 km long Abudwak airport had been completed independently by the local people. In June 2021, Abdwak Airport reopened after a two-day shutdown when armed militiamen prohibited planes from landing. In December 2022,

3198-487: The Galgadug region and halted some of their coverage. According to the local media, Galmudug forces beat and otherwise assaulted the staff. On 12 February 2023, Ahmed Abdi Karie , President of Galmudug, arrived in Abudwak. He attended the inauguration of the council. In March 2023, an armed group born out of inter-clan strife killed a young man in Abudwak District. In March 2023, two people were killed and 10 injured in

3280-543: The Galmudug government. In February 2021, Salaam Somali Bank opens a branch in Abudwak. In August 2021, one of the well-known local residents was murdered in the Abudwak district. In September 2021, Ali Dahir Eid, Vice President of Galmudug, appointed a new government in the Arbudwak District. Abdirizak Hassan Awl was appointed as the new governor. On 2 February 2022, Galmudug forces raided local media in

3362-618: The Latin nor Osmanya scripts accommodate this numerical switching. *the commas in the Osmanya number chart are added for clarity Bosaso Bosaso had an estimated population of around 170,000 residents in 2013. More recent reports put the figure as high as 170,000. The city has a diverse economy centred on education, government, banking, tourism, aviation, food, clothes, logistics, steel, energy, health care, hospitality, retail and technology. The area's many colleges and universities make it

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3444-585: The Lower Juba group (spoken by northern Somali settlers in the southern riverine areas). Benadir (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the central Indian Ocean seaboard, including Mogadishu . It forms a relatively smaller group. The dialect is fairly mutually intelligible with Northern Somali. The language has five basic vowels . Somali has 22 consonant phonemes . The retroflex plosive /ɖ/ may have an implosive quality for some Somali Bantu speakers, and intervocalically it can be realized as

3526-580: The Puntland Nursing Institute (PNI). East Africa University (EAU) also has a Bosaso branch, one of its seven campuses in Puntland. Additionally, the Sam Greathouse School of Modern Technology (SG-SMT) has been working with the local government to construct a large scale dial-up network linking Bosaso to other northern Somali cities, including Berbera and Las Anod . Biyo Kulule is a hot spring located southeast of

3608-518: The Puntland authorities and EU to set up various environmental protection measures in the region, with the aim of promoting reforestation and afforestation. Bosaso has a hot desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWh ). It has a mean annual relative humidity of around 60%. The average daily mean temperature year-round is 30 °C (86 °F), with an average annual high of 35 °C (95 °F) and an average annual low of 25 °C (77 °F). Average low temperatures are coolest during

3690-418: The Puntland government launched a new tree-planting campaign in the state, with the regional Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism slated to plant 25,000 trees by the end of the year. Bosaso is among the seven cities and towns earmarked for the reforestation initiative, which also include Garowe , Qardho , Dhahar , Buuhoodle , Baran and Galkayo . The campaign is part of a broader partnership between

3772-588: The Semitic Himyarite and Sabaean languages that were largely spoken in what is modern day Yemen —"there is an extensive and ancient relationship between the people and cultures of both sides of the Red Sea coast" Mire posits. Yet, while many more such ancient inscriptions are yet to be found or analyzed, many have been "bulldozed by developers, as the Ministry of Tourism could not buy the land or stop

3854-668: The Somali Web Corpus (soWaC), a Somali read-speech corpus, Asaas (Beginning in Somali) and a Web-Based Somali Language Model and text Corpus called Wargeys (Newspaper in Somali). For all numbers between 11 kow iyo toban and 99 sagaashal iyo sagaal , it is equally correct to switch the placement of the numbers, although larger numbers is some dialects prefer to place the 10s numeral first. For example 25 may both be written as labaatan iyo shan and shan iyo labaatan (lit. Twenty and Five & Five and Twenty). Although neither

3936-525: The Somali language, the past few decades have seen a push in Somalia toward replacement of loanwords in general with their Somali equivalents or neologisms . To this end, the Supreme Revolutionary Council during its tenure officially prohibited the borrowing and use of English and Italian terms. Archaeological excavations and research in Somalia uncovered ancient inscriptions in a distinct writing system . In an 1878 report to

4018-530: The Somali people's extensive social, cultural, commercial and religious links and contacts with nearby populations in the Arabian peninsula. Arabic loanwords are most commonly used in religious, administrative and education-related speech (e.g. aamiin for "faith in God"), though they are also present in other areas (e.g. kubbad-da , "ball"). Soravia (1994) noted a total of 1,436 Arabic loanwords in Agostini a.o. 1985,

4100-469: The Somali poems by Sheikh Uways and Sheikh Ismaaciil Faarah. The rest of the existing historical literature in Somali principally consists of translations of documents from Arabic. Since then a number of writing systems have been used for transcribing the Somali language. Of these, the Somali Latin alphabet , officially adopted in 1972, is the most widely used and recognised as official orthography of

4182-529: The Somalia government officials in Hiran region, announced in Abudwak that he was joining Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a . In July 2010, the Ahlu Sunna administration stopped broadcasting two radio stations based in Abudwak district, claiming that they were undermining their regime. They also ordered the stations to stop referring to the al-Shabaab militia group that controls parts of southern Somalia as Harakatu Shabaab al-Mujahidiyin (the holy youth fighters movement). One of

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4264-459: The Somalia government. In April 2015, a Federal Republic of Somalia delegation led by the Minister of Defense of Somalia visited Abudwak. In July 2015, Ahlu Sunna Forces occupied the town of Abudwak as a preemptive measure against Galmudug. In September 2015, Ahlu Sunna withdrew from Abudwak. Abudwak is now under the control of a militia affiliated with the Minister of Trade of Galmudug, and

4346-568: The United Arab Emirates. Commercial banks serving Bosaso include Amal Bank and Salaam Bank . Salaam Bank provides personal banking and corporate banking services. Its Islamic banking services and facilities include Mudarabah, Murabaha, Musharakah and Istisnaa. Additionally, the bank offers electronic banking , SMS banking , mobile banking and internet debit. In August 2011, the bank also launched an independent (Kaaftoon) service partnering with Golis Telecom Somalia. Bosaso

4428-415: The central artery linking the city with Qardho . Additionally, plans are in the works to construct new roads connecting littoral towns in the region to the main highway . In June 2014, Puntland President Abdiweli Mohamed Ali along with Bosaso Mayor Hassan Abdallah Hassan and other state officials also inaugurated a new 5.9-kilometre (3.7 mi) paved road in the city. The construction project leads to

4510-654: The central region in accordance with the Constitution and policies of the Federal Republic of Somalia. In June 2013, the Ahlu Sunna administration signed an agreement with the Somalia government in Abudwak. In August 2013, the new governor of the Galgadud region, Hussein Ali Wehliye Irfo, and Abdirisak Kalif Ilmi, including officers from the 21st Command of the country's armed forces, arrived in

4592-468: The city, 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) outside the city. Mareero located (25 kilometres (16 mi) eastern direction of Bosaso, it is known for its white sand beach. Ga'a, Laag, Karin , Yalho are considered as places to visit. Bosaso is home to a number of private media outlets. Radio Daljir, Puntland's largest radio station, has its main headquarters in the city. The broadcaster's network of 7 FM transmitters reaches most of Puntland as well as part of

4674-611: The code 4C operations clause. Bosaso has a number of academic institutions. According to the Puntland Ministry of Education, there are 74 primary schools in the Bosaso District . Among these are the Iftin School, Alfurqan, Umul-Qura and Garisa. Secondary schools in the area include Hamdan, Shafi'i, Ugaas Yasin, Najah, Bosaso and Haji Yasin. Tertiary education is provided by Bosaso College (BC), as well as

4756-543: The colonial period. Most of these lexical borrowings come from English and Italian and are used to describe modern concepts (e.g. telefishen-ka , "the television"; raadia-ha , "the radio"). There are 300 loan words from Italian, such as garawati for "tie" (from Italian cravatta ), dimuqraadi from democratico (democratic), mikroskoob from microscopio , and so on. Additionally, Somali contains lexical terms from Persian , Urdu and Hindi that were acquired through historical trade with communities in

4838-472: The conflict, Somalis belonging to the Harti Darod sub-clans began migrating back to their ancestral areas of Puntland . As a consequence of these migrations, Bosaso's population and the local housing industry have grown tremendously. In December 2011, a new commercial market opened in Bosaso's northern Dayaha ("Star") neighborhood, near the port. Approximately one-half kilometre (550 yd) in size, it

4920-534: The destruction". Besides Ahmed's Latin script, other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing the Somali language include the long-established Arabic script and Wadaad's writing . According to Bogumił Andrzejewski , this usage was limited to Somali clerics and their associates, as sheikhs preferred to write in the liturgical Arabic language. Various such historical manuscripts in Somali nonetheless exist, which mainly consist of Islamic poems ( qasidas ), recitations and chants. Among these texts are

5002-402: The earliest written attestation of Somali. Much more recently, Somali archaeologist Sada Mire has published ancient inscriptions found throughout Somaliland . As much for much of Somali linguistic history the language was not widely used for literature, Dr. Mire's publications however prove that writing as a technology was not foreign nor scarce in the region. These piece of writing are from

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5084-524: The firm's growing local real estate sales and development division. Additionally, the Bosaso Tannery is based in the city. A ten-year-old manufacturing, distributing, wholesale and import/export company, it processes wet salted, dry salted, wet blue, limed, pickled, and air/frame dried sheep and goat hides and skin. Principle wet blue exports are to Turkey, Pakistan, India and China. Raw camel hides and sheep and goat skin are also exported to

5166-441: The flap [ɽ] . Some speakers produce /ħ/ with epiglottal trilling as / ʜ / in retrospect. /q/ is often epiglottalized . The letter ⟨dh⟩ is a retroflex flap when it is pronounced intervocalically, hence becoming the phoneme ( ɽ ): for example, Qu r aanjo (Ant) from Qu dh aanjo; But however, more often than not is the pronunciation of ɽ to the unretained-retroflex ɾ . The letter ⟨kh⟩

5248-400: The focused element to occur preverbally, while waxa(a) may be used following the verb. Somali loanwords can be divided into those derived from other Afroasiatic languages (mainly Arabic), and those of Indo-European extraction (mainly Italian). Somali's main lexical borrowings come from Arabic, and are estimated to constitute about 20% of the language's vocabulary. This is a legacy of

5330-471: The fricatives. Two vowels cannot occur together at syllable boundaries. Epenthetic consonants, e.g. [j] and [ʔ], are therefore inserted. Somali is an agglutinative language, and also shows properties of inflection . Affixes mark many grammatical meanings, including aspect, tense and case. Somali has an old prefixal verbal inflection restricted to four common verbs, with all other verbs undergoing inflection by more obvious suffixation. This general pattern

5412-404: The lack of functioning. In July 2017, violent demonstrations occurred in Abudwak. It is believed to have been caused by some merchants refusing to accept Somali shillings due to the occurrence of fake them. In June 2019, Prime Minister Hassan Ali Khaire of the Federal Republic of Somalia visited Abudwak District. In October 2020, the Eli clan militia announced that they would cooperate with

5494-422: The largest telecommunications operator in northeastern Somalia. Founded in 2002 with the objective of supplying the country with GSM mobile services, fixed line and internet services , it has an extensive network that covers all of the nation's major cities and more than 40 districts in both Puntland and Somaliland . According to The Economist , Golis offers one of the cheapest international calling rates on

5576-439: The massive embankment marks the grave of a community matriarch. It is the largest such structure in the wider Horn region. Bosaso is situated in northeastern Somalia, on the Gulf of Aden coast. Nearby settlements include to the east Rehiss (3.5 km or 2.5 miles), to the northeast Marero (14 km or 8.5 miles), to the west Baalade (3.5 km or 2 miles), to the southwest Laas Geel (16.5 km or 10 miles), to

5658-487: The militia of Ahlu Sunna is outside of Abudwak. In October 2015, 150 soldiers from the Somali Army's 21st Division were sent to Abudwak; Governor Abudwak welcomed them. In September 2016, two well-known peacekeepers were shot and killed. In November 2016, an inter-clan conflict erupted in Abudwak. According to another source, struggle between Galmudug and Ahlu Sunna. In January 2017, deadly clan fighting resumes in

5740-581: The neighboring Galmudug region to the south. Also centered in Bosaso with its studios in Garowe is the Somali Broadcasting Corporation (SBC), Puntland's oldest and second largest private radio station. Additionally, Horseed Radio , Al Xigma, and One Nation Radio have headquarters in the city. In May 2013, Radio Garowe likewise launched a new FM station in Bosaso. The city also has its own private television channels and studios,

5822-523: The only Cushitic languages available on Google Translate . The Somali languages are broadly divided into three main groups: Northern Somali , Benadir and Maay . Northern Somali forms the basis for Standard Somali. It is spoken by the majority of the Somali population with its speech area stretching from Djibouti , and the Somali Region of Ethiopia to the Northern Frontier District . This widespread modern distribution

5904-406: The planet, at US$ 0.2 less than anywhere else in the world. In addition, Netco has its headquarters in the city. Other telecommunication firms serving the region include Telcom and NationLink . In September 2013, Puntland Deputy Minister of Environment Burhan Elmi Hirsi also announced a plan by the Puntland government to establish a gas manufacturing plant in Bosaso. The new project is part of

5986-453: The plural of the masculine noun dibi ("bull") is formed by converting it into feminine dibi . Somali is unusual among the world's languages in that the object is unmarked for case while the subject is marked, though this feature is found in other Cushitic languages such as Oromo. Somali is a subject–object–verb (SOV) language. It is largely head final , with postpositions and with obliques preceding verbs. These are common features of

6068-535: The province. The new airport's first scheduled flight departed on 11 October 2012. In September 2017, a newspaper reported that a plane attempting to land at Abudwak airport was shot at, but the governor of Abudwak District denied it. In December 2020, a delegation led by the Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of Somalia, Mohamed Hussein Roble, arrived in Abudwak District in Galgadud region to announce that

6150-495: The south Lasgoriga (20.5 km or 13 miles), and to the southeast El Dhurre (36 km or 22.5 miles). The largest cities in the country most proximate to Bosaso are Erigavo (212 km or 132 miles), Burao (442 km or 275 miles), and Berbera (465 km or 289 miles). Shimbiris , the highest peak in Somalia, is located some 220 km (140 miles) to the southwest in the Cal Madow mountain range. In June 2014,

6232-557: The state. The script was developed by a number of leading scholars of Somali, including Musa Haji Ismail Galal , B. W. Andrzejewski and Shire Jama Ahmed specifically for transcribing the Somali language, and uses all letters of the English Latin alphabet except p , v and z . There are no diacritics or other special characters except the use of the apostrophe for the glottal stop , which does not occur word-initially. There are three consonant digraphs : DH, KH and SH. Tone

6314-449: The stations resumed broadcasting a short time later. In March 2011, the Ahlu Sunna administration closed seven Koranic schools in Abudwak district for being a breeding ground for terrorists and suicide bombers. In March 2012, deforestation for charcoal production progressed in Abudwak district, resulting in conflict with nomads. The Ahlu Sunna administration announced a crackdown on charcoal production. In May 2012, Abudwak, controlled by

6396-462: The town of Abdwak. In March 2017, more than 15 people in the Abudwak district suffered from water diarrhea, several of whom were admitted to hospitals in Abudwak City. In March 2017, a dispute broke out at a food distribution center in the western outskirts of Abudwak district, killing at least two people and injuring 10 others. The district police were powerless to address these issues due to

6478-408: The verb and do not take nominal morphology. Somali marks clusivity in the first person plural pronouns; this is also found in a number of other East Cushitic languages, such as Rendille and Dhaasanac. As in various other Afro-Asiatic languages, Somali is characterized by polarity of gender , whereby plural nouns usually take the opposite gender agreement of their singular forms. For example,

6560-454: The winter months of December to February, when thermometer readings typically level out at 20 °C (68 °F). The weather slowly heats up in the spring, as the April rainy season begins. Average high temperatures later peak during the summer months of June to August, when they consistently exceed 40 °C (104 °F). Come September, cooler weather starts to set in again. Rainfall reaches

6642-465: Was designed to ensure easy vehicle access. The market is the result of careful planning between Puntland government officials and civil society representatives. In September 2013, Puntland Minister of Fisheries Mohamed Farah Adan also announced that the Ministry in conjunction with the FAO would open a new fish market in the city, complete with modern refrigerators. Bosaso is home to Golis Telecom Somalia ,

6724-521: Was killed earlier. The fighting spread to different parts of town, with gunfire between militias of the Wargardhac and Eli clans; the Abudwak district administrator said they had no power to stop the inter-clan conflict. In August 2014, it was reported that an inter-clan dispute had been resolved in Abudwak. In late 2014, fighting broke out between the Somalia government and Ahlu Sunna. Thereafter, Ahlu Sunna would repeatedly confront and reconcile with

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