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35-560: Abulug was officially established as a Spanish mission in 1596. Originally called Tular, the name Abulug became commonly used after 1629. The town became the base of Spanish expeditions against the unconquered Isneg tribes of Apayao . Since its founding, the town has changed location thrice, primarily due to the frequently changing course of the Abulog river. Abulug is politically subdivided into 20 barangays .Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios . In 1957, barrio Colonia

70-527: A day; one in the mid-morning and one in the late afternoon, or one at noon and the other in the evening. Though most of their meals include rice, rice is always scarce because of the limited womanpower. Hence, they resort to trade to satisfy demands. Meals also include vegetables and root crops such as camote and occasionally, fish and wild pig or wild deer. Dogs, pigs and chickens are only eaten during feasts and chicken eggs are seldom eaten because they are generally allowed to hatch. Sometimes, before or after meals,

105-656: A field office of the DepEd in Cagayan Valley region. The office governs the public and private elementary and public and private high schools throughout the municipality. Isneg The Isnag people (also referred to as IYapayao and Apayao ) are an Austronesian ethnic group native to Apayao province in the Philippines ' Cordillera Administrative Region , though they are also found in parts of Cagayan , Ilocos Norte , and Abra . Their native language

140-441: A ladder. The open space below ( linong or sidong ) includes a small shed ( abulor ) for jars of basi . The bamboo pigpen( dohom ) is nearby. Rice granaries ( alang ) are also made on four posts that include a circular and flat rat shield. Temporary buildings associated with upland and swidden farming are called sixay . Their bolo ( badang ) and axe ( aliwa ) are important tools. They are also expert fishermen. Isnag kinship

175-807: A slender and graceful stature, being kind, hospitable, and generous, with a strong sense of self-reliance and courage. Various names have been used to differentiate the Isnag. The Spaniards referred to them as los Apayaos (referring to the river along which they live) and los Mandayas (taken from the Isnag term meaning “upstream”). In 1923, they were the last ethnic group to be conquered by the American colonialists. Before, they had no collective name. Instead, they referred to themselves based on their residence or whether they lived: upstream ( Imandaya ) or downstream ( Imallod ). The Isnags are called river people because they historically used riverways to navigate and settle in

210-559: A wraparound cloth called "aken," which comes in two sizes: a smaller one for everyday use and a larger one for ceremonial occasions. Their attire is often complemented by numerous ornaments and jewelry, showcasing their inclination towards vibrant and decorative clothing during festivities and important ceremonies. These traditional garments are integral to the Isnag identity and are worn with pride during various cultural and social gatherings, reflecting their unique heritage and social structures. The isnags traditionally only consume two meals

245-630: Is Isnag , although most Isnag also speak Ilocano . The Isnag, also referred to as Yapayao, trace their origins to the Province of Apayao , though they are also found in parts of Cagayan , Ilocos Norte , and Abra. Their populations are distributed across the municipalities of Calanasan , Kabugao , Pudtol , Flora , Luna , Santa Marcela , and Conner in Apayao; the eastern part of Ilocos Norte, specifically Adams , Carasi , Dumalneg , Vintar , Marcos , Dingras , Solsona , Bangui and Pagudpud ;

280-736: Is along the Tawit River, between Upper Atu' and Upper Pudtol in Apayao. The Isnags of Conner reside along a major tributary of the Matalag River. The Ehapayao/Iyapayao (Yapayao) prefer the Bulu River, known as 'payaw,' in the eastern part of Ilocos Norte and the northwestern part of Cagayan. The Isnags are native in Apayao province, which was formerly a sub-province of Mountain Province, but are also found in portions of Cagayan and Ilocos Norte . Apayao has an area of 397,720 hectares and

315-443: Is bilateral, meaning children are equally related to both the mother and the father. Households consist of interrelated families living close to each other, and extended families of three generations living together in their balay . The family is the key element in society, the larger the better, headed by the husband. No other society structure exists, though brave men, mengals, lead in hunting and fishing. The bravest, Kamenglan ,

350-464: Is formalized through a local resolution that re-designated the government center from its previous location in Barangay Centro, Abulug. Abulug, belonging to the second legislative district of the province of Cagayan, is represented by Baby Aline Vargas-Alfonso in the house of representatives. The Schools Division of Cagayan governs the town's public education system. The division office is

385-401: Is the gateway to Apayao province. Many commercial establishments are now in the municipality such as: agricultural and construction supplies, banks, bookstores, drug stores, pawnshops, groceries, bakeries, car companies, hotels, boutiques, restaurants, convenience stores, shopping centers, appliance centers, review and training centers, courier companies and others. Abulug is a municipality in

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420-464: Is the overall leader. A young man entered their ranks after the first headhunting expedition. A mengal carries a red kerchief on the head and has tattoos on his arms and shoulders. They are animistic and practice polygamy. Isnag language is spoken by around 50, 000 people mostly by the Isnag people, who are also bilingual in Ilokano . Approximately 9% of the population are Christians. In 2006,

455-473: Is typically blue in color. For special occasions, they don an upper garment known as "bado." They also wear an ornament called "sipattal," made of shells and beads, specifically during significant events. Historically, warriors or "mengal" would wear a red kerchief on their heads and have tattoos on their arms and shoulders to signify their bravery and accomplishments in head-taking forays. Women's Attire: Isnag women are known for their colorful garments. They wear

490-591: Is typographically divided into two parts: the Upper Apayao that is mountainous, and the Lower Apayao that is generally flat with rolling mountains and plateaus. Today, there are about 50, 000 Isnags living in Apayao. Isnag populations can also be found in the Eastern part of the Province of Ilocos Norte , specifically the municipalities of Adams, Carasi, Marcos, Dingras, Vintar, Dumalneg and Solsona; and in

525-763: The Culture and Its Implications to the Socioeconomic Development of a Cordilleran Ethnic Group of Northern Luzon. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Baguio Central University, Philippines) 12. Bongui, R. (2010). Ya Babanan daya Yapayao 13. Dangao, D. (2014). Part II Imallod Lifeways and worldview of the Isnag Imallod 14. Tacdag, L. (2014). Part I IMandaya Lifeways and worldview of the Isnag Imandaya 15. Sadao, N.C. (2010). Lapat system: an indigenous natural resource management system of

560-901: The Isnag people, populations are distributed in the municipality of Pudtol, Apayao and some parts of Flora, Apayao. Ingahan : A sub-tribe of the Isnag people, primarily inhabiting areas along the Nagan River in Pudtol, Apayao. Isnag (Isneg) of Katablangan, Conner : Often spelled as Isneg due to the tribe's pronunciation, found primarily in Conner, Apayao part. Iyapayao (Ehapayao/Yapayao) : Populations are distributed in Adams, Dumalneg, Bangui, and Pagudpud in Ilocos Norte, as well as Sta. Praxedes in Cagayan. Imalawa : An Isnag subtribe located in

595-532: The Isnags in Apayao [Philippines] 16. NCIP /IPMR Ilocos Norte, Apayao and Cagayan Dumalneg Dumalneg , officially the Municipality of Dumalneg ( Ilocano : Ili ti Dumalneg ; Filipino : Bayan ng Dumalneg ), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Ilocos Norte , Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 3,087 people. Until 2013 when the writ of execution

630-556: The Northwestern part of the Province of Cagayan, specifically the municipalities of Santa Praxedes, Claveria, Pamplona and Sanchez Mira. The majority of them live along the Apayao River - Abulog River , Matalag River , and the small rivers on the hillsides of Ilocos Norte and Abra. Because there was no political or ward system, the kinship groups and family clans became the central social organizations and were usually led by

665-527: The councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years. Barangays are also headed by elected officials: Barangay Captain , Barangay Council , whose members are called Barangay Councilors . The barangays have SK federation which represents the barangay, headed by SK chairperson and whose members are called SK councilors. All officials are also elected every three years. Now, Abulug government center has been officially transferred to Barangay Libertad. This change

700-592: The earth; instead of being made of bamboo cut in long narrow strips joined by rattan, as the lowland Filipinos do. Their houses are airy and bigger, and they do everything to decorate it the best way they can. They barter for products from their mountains, such as beeswax, cacao, and tobacco. 9. Aliten, H. (2004). Palnah for Peace and Development: Case Studies 10. Boday, R. (2016). The Ymandaya Isnag of Apayao, Book 2(The Institutionalization of Say-am and other Social Gatherings Practices of Calanasan) 11. Boday, R. (1991). The Isnag Indigenous Beliefs and Practices: A Study on

735-399: The entire New Testament , along with the books of Genesis and Exodus , had been translated into Isnag by SIL . The complete Bible was completed in 2023. Rest of the Isnags are mainly animists . The traditional attire of the Isnag tribe reflects their rich cultural heritage and distinct aesthetic sensibilities. Men's Attire: Isnag men traditionally wear a G-string called "abag," which

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770-478: The harvest in cooking it with chili. The Isnag wrap the deceased person in a mat, and is then carried on the shoulders of the immediate male family members. Items are placed inside the coffin in order to help the deceased person throughout his/her journey. For example, a jar ( basi ) is placed in the coffin to quench the deceased one's thirst. Another example is a spear and shield also being put inside in order to help him/her protect himself/herself from enemies during

805-462: The husbands. Polygamy is allowed, but depends on the capacity of the husband to support the family. Like other ethnic groups, they also follow a lot of taboos . These taboos vary from place to place. A pregnant woman, for example, is discouraged to eat some kinds of sugarcane , banana , and the soft meat of sprouting coconut to have a normal conception. In the past, twins were also believed to be unlucky, so whenever twins were born, they would let

840-454: The journey. The coffin is then lowered into either the kitchen area of their families home or in a burial site owned by his/her family. The Isnag are distinguished from the other Cordillerans by the fine construction of their houses, resembling that of the lowland Filipinos, and they are particularly conspicuous about cleanliness. Their houses are set on four large and strong straight posts of incorruptible wood resistant to humidity, driven into

875-577: The mountains. The Imandaya prefer the upper streams "daya" of the Apayao River, Diksonan River, and Kadlay River, while the Imalawa favor the riverways of Vintar-surung, from Malawa (a sitio of Barangay DRAS, Calanasan) to Katoan (now Barangay Tanglagan, Calanasan). The Imallod live along the lower stream "allod" of the Apayao River. The Ingahan inhabit areas along the Nagan River while the Itawit domain

910-997: The northwestern part of Cagayan, particularly Santa Praxedes , Claveria , Sanchez Mira , and Pamplona ; and the northern part of Abra, particularly Tineg . The Isnag sub-tribes are classified based on their dialect accents. Despite the variations in accents, they are still able to understand and communicate with each other. Imandaya  : Predominantly found in Calanasan, Apayao; Carasi, Ilocos Norte; Solsona, Ilocos Norte; Barangay Cacafean, Marcos, Ilocos Norte; Barangay San Marcelino, Dingras, Ilocos Norte; Barangay Marag in Luna, Apayao; Barangay Kittag in Sanchez Mira, Cagayan; and Barangay Masi in Pamplona, Cagayan. Imallod : Populations are spread across Kabugao, Pudtol, Flora, Santa Marcela, and Luna in Apayao. Itawit A sub-tribe of

945-486: The outskirts of Barangay Canaam and Sitio Dasar, Barangay Isic-isic, Vintar, Ilocos Norte. The Malawa live in the village of Isic Isic, a peaceful and charming area in the Surong Valley, known for its natural beauty and friendly inhabitants. Isnag is derived from a combination of 'IS,' meaning 'recede,' and 'UNAG,' meaning 'interior.' Thus, it translates to 'people who live inland.' The Isnags are described as having

980-403: The population of Dumalneg was 3,087 people, with a density of 35 inhabitants per square kilometre or 91 inhabitants per square mile. Dumalneg's population is predominantly made up of Ilocano and Apayao people . Poverty incidence of Dumalneg Source: Philippine Statistics Authority There are few jeepneys that are going to Dumalneg. Tricycles are the main transportation to

1015-497: The province of Cagayan, government officials in the provincial level are voted by the electorates of the town. The provincial government have political jurisdiction over local transactions of the municipal government. The municipality is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and

1050-455: The starting of Dumalneg is well inhabited. Dumalneg is politically divided in 4 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . The former Barangay Dumalneg was split into Barangay Cabaritan, Barangay Kalaw, and Barangay Quibel in pursuant to Republic Act No. 10955, which was ratified through a plebiscite conducted by the COMELEC on March 24, 2018. In the 2020 census,

1085-629: The town. Dumalneg is a landlocked town, and the only way to get there is via the Dumalneg Road, starting on the highway in Barangay Lanao, Bangui, to the Town's Proper. Dumalneg, belonging to the first congressional district of the province of Ilocos Norte , is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and

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1120-562: The typical isneg families enjoy home-grown coffee while gathering around the hearth while rice wine is only consumed during festive occasions. They were proud of using bamboo as cooking utensils. They have sinursur , a dish made of catfish or eel on bamboo with chili, abraw , freshwater crabs with coconut and chili, sinapan , which looks like smoked meat. They used anything they can find in nature as food, from brooks, rivers, lakes and streams, they catch fish and other creatures in it. In forests, they use any edible leaves in there. They douse

1155-468: The weaker twin die. Also, if the mother dies upon giving birth, the child is also left to die and is usually buried with the mother. The Isnags don’t follow rituals on the adolescence of the child. They, however, have rituals on marriage, like the amoman (or the present-day pamamanhikan ), and death, like the mamanwa which is done by the widowers. Isnag houses ( balay ) are two-story, one-room structures built on 4 corner posts with an entrance reached by

1190-539: Was issued, Dumalneg was composed of only a single barangay of the same name. On August 10, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Dumalneg in its territorial dispute with neighboring Bangui over the jurisdiction of Barangay San Isidro. Dumalneg is border by Pagudpud in the north; Adams in the east; Vintar in the south and Bangui in the west. It has a land area of 88.48 km2 and it is a land-locked municipality. Nearly all parts of Dumalneg are mountainous. Only

1225-412: Was renamed to Libertad. In the 2020 census, the population of Abulug, Cagayan, was 34,579 people, with a density of 210 inhabitants per square kilometre or 540 inhabitants per square mile. Poverty incidence of Abulug Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Abulug is potential for commercial activities. It is located in northwestern part of Cagayan. The town particularly the area of Jct. Luna

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