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82-459: Abdulaziz ( Ottoman Turkish : عبد العزيز , romanized :  ʿAbdü'l-ʿAzîz ; Turkish : Abdülaziz ; 8 February 1830 – 4 June 1876) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 25 June 1861 to 30 May 1876, when he was overthrown in a government coup . He was a son of Sultan Mahmud II and succeeded his brother Abdulmejid I in 1861. Abdulaziz's reign began with

164-457: A Circassian . The Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque was built under the patronage of his mother. The construction work began in November 1869 and the mosque was finished in 1871. His paternal grandparents were Sultan Abdul Hamid I and Sultana Nakşidil Sultan . Several accounts identify his paternal grandmother with Aimée du Buc de Rivéry , a cousin of Empress Joséphine . Pertevniyal was

246-695: A surety by the Ottoman government for borrowing loans from British and French banks. Abdulaziz gave special emphasis on modernizing the Ottoman Navy . In 1875, the Ottoman Navy had 21 battleships and 173 warships of other types, ranking as the third largest navy in the world after the British and French navies. His passion for the Navy, ships and sea can be observed in the wall paintings and pictures of

328-469: A European education and was the first sultan to speak fluent French. Like Abdülaziz who succeeded him, he was interested in literature and classical music. When Abdülmecid acceded to the throne on 2 July 1839, he was only sixteen and inexperienced, and the affairs of the Ottoman Empire were in a critical state. His father Mahmud II died at the start of the Second Egyptian–Ottoman War ,

410-425: A [d] when followed by a vowel sound. This is reflected in conventions of Ottoman orthography as well. In Turkish, there is a verb representing to be , but it is a defective verb. It doesn't have an infinitive or several other tenses. It is usually a suffix. Negative verb to be is created with the use of the word دگل değil , followed by the appropriate conjugation of the to be verb; or optionally used as

492-550: A council to report the needs of their region. This was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament (1876). Another notable reform was that the turban was officially outlawed for the first time during Abdülmecid's reign, in favour of the fez . European fashions were also adopted by the Court. (The fez would be banned in 1925 by the same Republican National Assembly that abolished the sultanate and proclaimed

574-606: A decision backed by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , who said the language should be taught in schools so younger generations do not lose touch with their cultural heritage. Most Ottoman Turkish was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet ( Ottoman Turkish : الفبا , romanized :  elifbâ ), a variant of the Perso-Arabic script . The Armenian , Greek and Rashi script of Hebrew were sometimes used by Armenians, Greeks and Jews. (See Karamanli Turkish ,

656-453: A dialect of Ottoman written in the Greek script; Armeno-Turkish alphabet ) The actual grammar of Ottoman Turkish is not different from the grammar of modern Turkish .The focus of this section is on the Ottoman orthography; the conventions surrounding how the orthography interacted and dealt with grammatical morphemes related to conjugations, cases, pronouns, etc. Table below lists nouns with

738-676: A document but would use the native Turkish word bal ( بال ) when buying it. The transliteration system of the İslâm Ansiklopedisi has become a de facto standard in Oriental studies for the transliteration of Ottoman Turkish texts. In transcription , the New Redhouse, Karl Steuerwald, and Ferit Devellioğlu dictionaries have become standard. Another transliteration system is the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (DMG), which provides

820-531: A general international crisis known as the Great Eastern Crisis . He was deposed by his ministers on the grounds of having mismanaged the Ottoman economy on 30 May 1876, and was found dead six days later in mysterious circumstances. Abdulaziz was born at Eyüp Palace, Constantinople ( Istanbul ) on 8 February 1830. His parents were Mahmud II and Pertevniyal Sultan , originally named Besime,

902-617: A modern institution in 1861. He was also integral in establishing the first Ottoman civil code . Under his reign, Turkey's first postage stamps were issued in 1863, and the Ottoman Empire joined the Universal Postal Union in 1875 as a founding member. Abdulaziz cultivated good relations with France and the United Kingdom . In 1867 he was the first Ottoman sultan to visit Western Europe . Ostensibly he

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984-558: A possibly more subtly intended reminder that they were not in France. The first Ottoman railroads were opened between İzmir – Aydın and Alexandria – Cairo in 1856, during the reign of Sultan Abdulmejid I . The first large railway terminal within present-day Turkey, the Alsancak Terminal in İzmir, was opened in 1858. However, these were individual, unconnected railroads, without a railway network. Sultan Abdulaziz established

1066-490: A room at the Topkapı Palace , which happened to be the same room that Sultan Selim III was murdered in. The room caused him to be concerned for his life and he subsequently requested to be moved to Beylerbeyi Palace . His request was denied for the palace was considered inconvenient for his situation and he was moved to Feriye Palace instead. He nevertheless had grown increasingly nervous and paranoid about his security. In

1148-411: A single root verb, with the addition of a variety of morphemes and suffixes, multiple new and different verbs meanings can be expressed in single but larger words. Below table is a sample from the verb تپمك tepmek meaning 'to kick', whose root (which is also 2nd person imperative) is تپ tep . Each of the produced new verbs below can be made into an infinitive with the addition of ـمك -mek at

1230-482: A sister of Hushiyar Qadin , third wife of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt . Khushiyar and Ibrahim were the parents of Isma'il Pasha . Abdulaziz received an Ottoman education but was nevertheless an ardent admirer of the material progress that was being achieved in the West. He was the first Ottoman sultan who traveled to Western Europe , visiting a number of important European capitals including Paris , London , and Vienna in

1312-427: A standalone for 3rd person. Generally, the verbs 'to exist' and 'to have' are expressed using what's called an existential copula , the word وار var . The verb 'to have' is expressed in the same way, except that the object noun will take a possessive pronoun, producing sentences that will literally mean "there exists house of mine". The verbs 'to exist' and 'to have' conjugated for other tenses, are expressed in

1394-552: A transliteration system for any Turkic language written in Arabic script. There are few differences between the İA and the DMG systems. Abdulmejid I Abdülmecid I ( Ottoman Turkish : عبد المجيد اول , romanized :  ʿAbdü'l-Mecîd-i evvel , Turkish : I. Abdülmecid ; 25 April 1823 – 25 June 1861) was the 31st sultan of the Ottoman Empire . He succeeded his father Mahmud II on 2 July 1839. His reign

1476-435: A variety of phonological features that come into play when taking case suffixes. The table includes a typical singular and plural noun, containing back and front vowels, words that end with the letter ه ـه ([a] or [e]), both back and front vowels, word that ends in a ت ([t]) sound, and word that ends in either ق or ك ([k]). These words are to serve as references, to observe orthographic conventions: Table below shows

1558-409: Is compound verbs. This consists of adding a Persian or Arabic active or passive participle to a neuter verb, to do ( ایتمك etmek ) or to become ( اولمق olmaq ). For example, note the following two verbs: Below table shows some sample conjugations of these two verbs. The conjugation of the verb "etmek" isn't straightforward, because the root of the verb ends in a [t]. This sound transforms into

1640-727: The Balkan provinces in 1846. In compliance with his father's express instructions, Abdülmecid immediately carried out the reforms to which Mahmud II had devoted himself. On 3 November 1839, the Edict of Gülhane , also known as Tanzimat Fermanı, was proclaimed, consolidating and enforcing these reforms. By these enactments it was provided that the sultan's subjects of all classes should have their lives and property protected; that taxes should be fairly imposed and justice impartially administered; and that all should have full religious liberty and equal civil rights. The scheme met with strong opposition from

1722-556: The Beylerbeyi Palace , which was constructed during his reign. However, the large budget for modernizing and expanding the Navy, combined with the 1873–1875 Anatolian Famine which reduced the government's tax revenues, contributed to the financial difficulties that caused the Porte to declare a sovereign default with the "Ramazan Kanunnamesi" on 30 October 1875. The subsequent decision to increase agricultural taxes for paying

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1804-518: The Muslim governing classes and the ulema , or religious authorities, and was only partially implemented, especially in the more remote parts of the empire. More than one conspiracy was formed against the sultan's life on account of it. The 1840s saw the creation of the first banknotes and the establishment of the Ottoman lira . The financial system was reorganised after the French model. Tax farming

1886-610: The Ottoman public debt to foreign creditors (mainly British and French banks) triggered the Great Eastern Crisis in the empire's Balkan provinces . The crisis culminated in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) that devastated the already struggling Ottoman economy, which led to the establishment of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration in 1881, during the early years of Sultan Abdulhamid II 's reign. The global financial turmoil increased

1968-509: The Tanzimat reforms which began during the reign of his brother Abdulmejid I were continued under the leadership of his chief ministers, Mehmed Fuad Pasha and Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha . New administrative districts ( vilayets ) were set up in 1864 and a Council of State was established in 1868. Public education was organized on the French model and Istanbul University was reorganised as

2050-647: The list of replaced loanwords in Turkish for more examples of Ottoman Turkish words and their modern Turkish counterparts. Two examples of Arabic and two of Persian loanwords are found below. Historically speaking, Ottoman Turkish is the predecessor of modern Turkish. However, the standard Turkish of today is essentially Türkiye Türkçesi (Turkish of Turkey) as written in the Latin alphabet and with an abundance of neologisms added, which means there are now far fewer loan words from other languages, and Ottoman Turkish

2132-584: The ʻUrabi revolt (1879–1882). Egypt and Sudan (together with Cyprus ) nominally remained Ottoman territories until 5 November 1914, when the British Empire declared war against the Ottoman Empire during World War I and changed the status of these territories as British protectorates (which was formally recognized by Turkey with Articles 17–21 of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923). By 1871, both Fuad Pasha and Âli Pasha were dead. The Second French Empire ,

2214-402: The 1960s, Ottoman Turkish was at least partially intelligible with the Turkish of that day. One major difference between Ottoman Turkish and modern Turkish is the latter's abandonment of compound word formation according to Arabic and Persian grammar rules. The usage of such phrases still exists in modern Turkish but only to a very limited extent and usually in specialist contexts ; for example,

2296-552: The Asian side of Istanbul, from Haydarpaşa to Pendik , began in 1871. The line was opened on 22 September 1872. The railway was extended to Gebze , which opened on 1 January 1873. In August 1873 the railway reached Izmit . Another railway extension was built in 1871 to serve a populated area along Bursa and the Sea of Marmara . The Anatolia Railway was then extended to Ankara and eventually to Mesopotamia , Syria and Arabia during

2378-615: The British Embassy; Dr. O. Vitalis, Physician of the Sanitary Board; Dr. E. Spadare, J. Nouridjian, Miltiadi Bey, Mustafa, Mehmed" certified that the death had been "caused by the loss of blood produced by the wounds of the blood-vessels at the joints of the arms" and that "the direction and nature of the wounds, together with the instrument which is said to have produced them, lead us to conclude that suicide had been committed". One of those physicians also stated that "His skin

2460-653: The European powers during the Oriental Crisis of 1840 , Muhammad Ali was obliged to come to terms, and the Ottoman Empire was saved from further attacks while its territories in Syria, Lebanon and Palestine were restored. The terms were finalised at the Convention of London (1840) which saved the empire from greater embarrassment. Like his father, Abdülmecid was an advocate of reforms and was lucky enough to have

2542-694: The Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War against Russia . During the Congress of Paris on 30 March 1856, the Ottoman Empire was officially included among the Concert of Europe . Abdülmecid was succeeded by his brother, Abdul Aziz . Abdülmecid was born on 25 April 1823 at Beşiktaş Palace or at Topkapı Palace , in Istanbul . His mother was the Georgian consort Bezmiâlem Kadın . Abdülmecid received

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2624-439: The Ottoman Empire resurgent following the Crimean War and two decades of Tanzimat reform, though reliant on European capital. The decade after his accession was dominated by the duo of Fuad Pasha and Aali Pasha , who accelerated reorganization. The Vilayet Law was promulgated, Western codes were applied to more aspects of Ottoman law , and the millets were restructured. The issue of Tanzimat dualism continued to plague

2706-543: The Persian genitive construction takdîr-i ilâhî (which reads literally as "the preordaining of the divine" and translates as "divine dispensation" or "destiny") is used, as opposed to the normative modern Turkish construction, ilâhî takdîr (literally, "divine preordaining"). In 2014, Turkey's Education Council decided that Ottoman Turkish should be taught in Islamic high schools and as an elective in other schools,

2788-474: The Persian character of its Arabic borrowings with other Turkic languages that had even less interaction with Arabic, such as Tatar , Bashkir , and Uyghur . From the early ages of the Ottoman Empire, borrowings from Arabic and Persian were so abundant that original Turkish words were hard to find. In Ottoman, one may find whole passages in Arabic and Persian incorporated into the text. It was however not only extensive loaning of words, but along with them much of

2870-592: The Turkish Republic in 1923). When Lajos Kossuth and his comrades sought refuge in Turkey after the failure of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , the sultan was called on by Austria and Russia to surrender them, but he refused. According to legend, plans were made to send humanitarian aid of £ 10,000 (£1,225,053.76 in 2019 ) to Ireland during its Great Famine , but later it

2952-872: The Western European model embraced by Sultan Abdulaziz, had been defeated in the Franco-Prussian War . Abdulaziz turned to the Russian Empire for friendship, as unrest in the Balkan provinces continued. In 1875, the Herzegovinian rebellion triggered further unrest in the Balkan provinces. In 1876, the April Uprising saw insurrection spreading among the Bulgarians . Ill feeling mounted against Russia for its encouragement of

3034-442: The additional - ـنـ [n] is a vowel, the final vowel ی is kept; otherwise it is removed (note the respective examples for kitaplarını versus kitaplarından ). Examples below : Below table shows the positive conjugation for two sample verbs آچمق açmak (to open) and سولمك sevilmek (to be loved). The first verb is the active verb, and the other has been modified to form a passive verb. The first contains back vowels,

3116-552: The age of 38 on 25 June 1861 in Istanbul, and was buried in Yavuz Selim Mosque , and was succeeded by his younger half-brother Sultan Abdulaziz , son of Pertevniyal Sultan . At the time of his death, Abdülmecid had one legal wife and queen consort, Perestu Kadın , and many concubines. Abdülmecid would not allow conspirators against his life to be put to death. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica says of him, "He bore

3198-534: The borrowed money. An addition to Dolmabahçe Palace (1853), Beykoz Pavilion (1855), Küçüksu Pavilion (1857), Küçük Mecidiye Mosque (1849), Teşvikiye Mosque (1854) are among the main architectural works of the period. Again in this period, as was done by Bezmiâlem Sultan 's Gureba Hospital (1845-1846), the new Galata Bridge was put into service on the same date. In addition, many fountains, mosques, lodges and similar social institutions were repaired or rebuilt. Abdülmecid died of tuberculosis (like his father) at

3280-463: The character of being a kind and honourable man, if somewhat weak and easily led. Against this, however, must be set down his excessive extravagance, especially towards the end of his life." Abdülmecid had one of the most numerous harem of the dynasty . He is known to be the first sultan whose harem was not composed of slave girls but, due to the progressive abolition of slavery in the Ottoman Empire, of girls of free birth, noble or bourgeois, sent to

3362-417: The costs of war, placed a burden on the treasury. All of the debts received from Beyoğlu consumers exceeded eighty million gold liras. Some of the debt securities and hostages were taken by foreign traders and bankers. The Grand Vizier Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha , who criticized this situation harshly, was dismissed by the sultan on 18 October 1859. The Egyptian governor Mehmed Ali Pasha , who came to Istanbul as

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3444-672: The country to confusion. His attempts at strengthening his base in the Balkans were overshadowed by incidents that took place in Montenegro in 1858 and Bosnia . In 1861 he was forced to give up Lebanon through the creation of the Mutasarrifate of Mount Lebanon . The major European states had taken the opportunity to intervene in their own interests. Ottoman statesmen panicked in the face of this situation. The fact that Abdülmecid could not prevent this situation further increased

3526-648: The dissatisfaction caused by the Edict of Tanzimat. The opponents formed the Society of Fedâis  [ tr ] which sought to eliminate Abdülmecid and put Abdulaziz on the throne in order to prevent the European states from acting like a guardian. This revolt attempt, the Küleli Incident , was suppressed before it even started on 14 September 1859. Meanwhile, the financial situation deteriorated and foreign debts, which were taken under heavy conditions to cover

3608-510: The empire, however. He was the first Ottoman sultan who traveled to Western Europe in a diplomatic capacity, visiting a number of important European capitals including Paris , London , and Vienna in the summer of 1867. With Fuad and Aali dead by 1871, Abdul Aziz promulgated reactionary ministries and attempted absolutist rule. In his last years as sultan, famine , economic crisis and default , diplomatic isolation, government dysfunction, and uprisings by Christian minorities culminated into

3690-417: The end. Ottoman Turkish was highly influenced by Arabic and Persian. Arabic and Persian words in the language accounted for up to 88% of its vocabulary. As in most other Turkic and foreign languages of Islamic communities, the Arabic borrowings were borrowed through Persian, not through direct exposure of Ottoman Turkish to Arabic, a fact that is evidenced by the typically Persian phonological mutation of

3772-499: The first Ottoman railway networks. On 17 April 1869, the concession for the Rumelia Railway (i.e. Balkan Railways, Rumeli (Rumelia) meaning the Balkan peninsula in Ottoman Turkish ) which connected Istanbul to Vienna was awarded to Baron Maurice de Hirsch (Moritz Freiherr Hirsch auf Gereuth), a Bavaria-born banker from Belgium. The project foresaw a railway route from Istanbul via Edirne , Plovdiv and Sarajevo to

3854-540: The founding of an Ottoman school in Paris. Many army reforms were also implemented in the early 1840s, including the introduction of conscription . In 1844, an Ottoman national flag was adopted and Abdul Mecid's anthem was adopted as the Ottoman imperial anthem . In 1853 the General Council of Reorganization ( Meclis-i Âli-i Tanzimat ) was established. Two representatives from each eyalet were summoned to

3936-426: The governors of Ottoman Egypt and Sudan since 1805, but were willing to use the higher title of Khedive, which was unrecognized by the Ottoman government until 1867. In return, the first Khedive, Ismail Pasha , had agreed a year earlier (in 1866) to increase the annual tax revenues which Egypt and Sudan would provide for the Ottoman treasury. Between 1854 and 1894, the revenues from Egypt and Sudan were often declared as

4018-422: The grammatical systems of Persian and Arabic. In a social and pragmatic sense, there were (at least) three variants of Ottoman Turkish: A person would use each of the varieties above for different purposes, with the fasih variant being the most heavily suffused with Arabic and Persian words and kaba the least. For example, a scribe would use the Arabic asel ( عسل ) to refer to honey when writing

4100-481: The importance for Britain of the sureties regarding the Ottoman tax revenues from Egypt and Sudan for the repayment of Ottoman debts to British banks. Combined with the strategically important Suez Canal which was opened in 1869, these sureties were influential in the British government's decision to occupy Egypt and Sudan in 1882, with the pretext of helping the Ottoman-Egyptian government to put down

4182-498: The life of the palace. For example, he abandoned the Topkapı Palace , which the Ottoman dynasty had used for four centuries, and constructed the more modern Dolmabahçe Palace . Between 1847 and 1849 he had repairs made to the Hagia Sophia mosque. He also founded the first French Theatre in Istanbul. Many reconstruction activities were also carried out during the reign of Abdülmecid. Palaces and mansions were built with some of

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4264-481: The main goals of the Tanzimat was to encourage Ottomanism among the millets to stop rising nationalist movements within the empire, but despite new laws and reforms to integrate non- Muslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into Ottoman society, in the long term, the movement failed. Abdülmecid forged alliances with the major powers of Western Europe, namely the United Kingdom and France , which fought alongside

4346-547: The morning of 4 June, Abdulaziz asked for a pair of scissors to trim his beard. Shortly after this, he was found dead in a pool of blood flowing from two wounds in his arms. Several physicians were allowed to examine his body. Among which "Dr. Marco, Nouri, A. Sotto, Physician attached to the Imperial and Royal Embassy of Austria-Hungary; Dr. Spagnolo, Marc Markel, Jatropoulo, Abdinour, Servet, J. de Castro, A. Marroin, Julius Millingen , C. Caratheodori; E. D. Dickson, Physician of

4428-725: The museums in Paris (30 June – 10 July 1867), London (12–23 July 1867) and Vienna (28–30 July 1867) he ordered the establishment of an Imperial Museum in Istanbul: the Istanbul Archaeology Museum . In 1868, Abdulaziz received visits from Eugénie de Montijo , Empress consort of Napoleon III of France and other foreign monarchs on their way to the opening of the Suez Canal . He took Eugénie to see his mother in Dolmabahçe Palace . Pertevniyal considered

4510-402: The news reached Istanbul that the empire's army had just been defeated at Nizip by the army of the rebel Egyptian viceroy , Muhammad Ali . At the same time, the empire's fleet was on its way to Alexandria , where it was handed over to Muhammad Ali by its commander Ahmed Fevzi Pasha on the pretext that the young sultan's advisers had sided with Russia . However, through the intervention of

4592-480: The official invitation of the sultan on 19 July 1846, was shown privileged hospitality by the sultan and the vükela (government ministers). So much so that the old vizier built the Galata bridge in 1845 so that he could drive between Beșiktaș Palace and Bab-ı Ali . Although he emphasized his commitment to the ceremonial rules imposed by his ancestors at the ceremonies reflected outside, he adopted radical changes in

4674-461: The presence of a foreign woman within her private quarters of the seraglio to be an insult. She reportedly slapped Eugénie across the face, which almost caused an international incident. According to another account, Pertevniyal was outraged by the forwardness of Eugénie in taking the arm of one of her sons while he gave a tour of the palace garden, and she gave the Empress a slap on the stomach as

4756-400: The rebellions. While no single event led to his deposition, the crop failure of 1873 and his lavish expenditures on the Ottoman Navy and on new palaces which he had built, along with mounting public debt, helped to create an atmosphere that conducted to the end of his reign. Abdulaziz was deposed by his ministers on 30 May 1876. Following Sultan Abdulaziz's dethronement, he was taken into

4838-415: The reform was the Turkish nationalist Ziya Gökalp . It also saw the replacement of the Perso-Arabic script with the extended Latin alphabet . The changes were meant to encourage the growth of a new variety of written Turkish that more closely reflected the spoken vernacular and to foster a new variety of spoken Turkish that reinforced Turkey's new national identity as being a post-Ottoman state . See

4920-616: The reign of Sultan Abdulhamid II , with the completion of the Baghdad Railway and Hejaz Railway . Also in 1867, Abdulaziz became the first Ottoman Sultan to formally recognize the title of Khedive (Viceroy) to be used by the Governor of the Ottoman Eyalet of Egypt and Sudan (1517–1867), which thus became the autonomous Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt and Sudan (1867–1914). Muhammad Ali Pasha and his descendants had been

5002-553: The reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code and the reorganization of education. The General Council of Education ( Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ) was created in 1841, followed by the Ministry of Education  [ tr ] . A new system of civil and criminal courts was established with both European and Ottoman judges. The first modern universities and academies in the European tradition were established in 1848, coinciding with

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5084-496: The same way, with a possessive pronoun if needed, and copula وار var , followed by the 3rd person singular form of the verb 'to do: ایتمك etmek attached as a suffix (or separate as a stanadalone verb); as conjugated in the above section. The verbs 'not to exist' and 'not to have' are created in the exact same manner and conjugation, except that the copula یوق yok is used. Turkish being an agglutinative language as opposed to an analytical one (generally), means that from

5166-609: The second front vowels; both containing non-rounded vowels (which also impacts pronounciation and modern Latin orthograhpy). Below table shows the conjugation of a negative verb, and a positive complex verb expressing ability. In Turkish, complex verbs can be constructed by adding a variety of suffixes to the base root of a verb. The two verbs are یازممق yazmamaq (not to write) and سوه‌بلمك sevebilmek (to be able to love). Another common category of verbs in Turkish (more common in Ottoman Turkish than in modern Turkish),

5248-674: The shore of the Sava River . In 1873, the first Sirkeci Terminal in Istanbul was opened. The temporary Sirkeci terminal building was later replaced with the current one which was built between 1888 and 1890 (during the reign of Abdülhamid II) and became the final destination terminus of the Orient Express . In 1871, Sultan Abdulaziz established the Anatolia Railway . Construction works of the 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) standard gauge on

5330-410: The suffixes for creating possessed nouns. Each of these possessed nouns, in turn, take case suffixes as shown above. For third person (singular and plural) possessed nouns, that end in a vowel, when it comes to taking case suffixes, a letter - ـنـ [n] comes after the possessive suffix. For singular endings, the final vowel ی is removed in all instances. For plural endings, if the letter succeeding

5412-642: The sultan explaining that marriage would be politically counterproductive and would give Egypt an undue advantage. However, the Grand Chamberlain, instead of handing the note to the sultan, read it to him in public, humiliating him. Although the marriage project was abandoned, Fuad was fired for the accident. Abdülaziz had six sons: Abdülaziz had seven daughters: [REDACTED] Media related to Abdül Aziz I at Wikimedia Commons [REDACTED] Works by or about Abdülaziz at Wikisource Ottoman Turkish language Historically, Ottoman Turkish

5494-537: The summer of 1867. In addition to his interest in literature, Abdulaziz was also a classical music composer. He took a special interest in documenting the Ottoman Empire. Some of his compositions, together with those of the other members of the Ottoman dynasty , have been collected in the album European Music at the Ottoman Court by the London Academy of Ottoman Court Music. Between 1861 and 1871,

5576-483: The support of progressive viziers such as Mustafa Reşit Pasha , Mehmet Emin Âli Pasha and Fuad Pasha . Abdülmecid was also the first sultan to listen directly to the public's complaints on special reception days, which were usually held every Friday. Abdülmecid toured the empire's territories to see in person how the Tanzimat reforms were being applied. He travelled to İzmit , Mudanya , Bursa , Gallipoli , Çanakkale , Lemnos , Lesbos and Chios in 1844 and toured

5658-431: The time were afraid the public would become outraged and revolt to bring Abdulaziz back to power. Thus, they arranged the assassination of Abdulaziz by cutting his wrists and announced that "he committed suicide". This book of memoir was commonly referred to as a first-hand testimony of the assassination of Abdulaziz. Yet it was proven, later on, that Abdulhamid II never wrote nor dictated such a document. Abdülaziz's family

5740-628: The war and were winning signatories at the Treaty of Paris (1856) . The Empire would be inducted into the Concert of Europe . In a compromise with the Great Powers , Abdul Mecid issued another reform edict in February 1856 known as the Imperial Reform Edict (Islâhat Hatt-ı Hümâyûnu) which was perceived by many subjects as relinquishing sovereignty. The Ottoman Empire received the first of its foreign loans on 25 August 1854 during

5822-421: The war. This major foreign loan was followed by those of 1855, 1858 and 1860, which culminated in default and led to the alienation of European sympathy from the Ottoman Empire and indirectly to the later dethronement and death of Abdülmecid's brother Abdülaziz . On the one hand, financial imperfections, and on the other hand, the discontent caused by the wide privileges given to the non-Muslim subjects again led

5904-476: The words of Arabic origin. The conservation of archaic phonological features of the Arabic borrowings furthermore suggests that Arabic-incorporated Persian was absorbed into pre-Ottoman Turkic at an early stage, when the speakers were still located to the north-east of Persia , prior to the westward migration of the Islamic Turkic tribes. An additional argument for this is that Ottoman Turkish shares

5986-449: Was a clandestine operation carried out by the British. Another similar claim is based on the book The Memoirs of Sultan Abdulhamid II . In the book, which turned out to be a fraud, the author claims that Sultan Murad V had begun to show signs of paranoia, madness, and continuous fainting and vomiting until the day of his coronation, and he even threw himself into a pool yelling at his guards to protect his life. High-ranking politicians of

6068-402: Was abolished and aşar was to be equally levied everywhere. Plans were also set to abolish slave markets . After the Imperial Reform Edict , further reforms towards equality between millets were implemented, including the abolition of a capitation tax which imposed higher tariffs on non-Muslims and the right to serve as soldiers in the Ottoman army . Other French-inspired reforms included

6150-470: Was agreed to reduce it to £1,000 (£122,505.38 in 2019 ) at the insistence of either his own ministers or British diplomats to avoid violating protocol by giving more than Queen Victoria , who had made a donation of £2,000. Food and grain were also sent. On 16 October 1853, the Ottoman Empire entered another war against Russia that would be known as the Crimean War , where it was soon joined by France and Britain. The Ottomans successfully participated in

6232-531: Was also convinced that he was murdered, according to the statements of one of his consorts Neşerek Kadın and his daughter Nazime Sultan . Abdülaziz had six consorts: In addition to these, Abdülaziz planned to marry the Egyptian princess Tawhida Hanim , daughter of the Egyptian Khedive Isma'il Pasha . His Grand Vizier, Mehmed Fuad Pasha , was opposed to marriage and wrote a note for

6314-648: Was made a Knight of the Garter by Queen Victoria and shown a Royal Navy Fleet Review with Ismail Pasha . He travelled by a private rail car, which today can be found in the Rahmi M. Koç Museum in Istanbul. His fellow Knights of the Garter created in 1867 were Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond , Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland , Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort , Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (a son of Queen Victoria), Franz Joseph I of Austria and Alexander II of Russia . Impressed by

6396-403: Was not instantly transformed into the Turkish of today. At first, it was only the script that was changed, and while some households continued to use the Arabic system in private, most of the Turkish population was illiterate at the time, making the switch to the Latin alphabet much easier. Then, loan words were taken out, and new words fitting the growing amount of technology were introduced. Until

6478-567: Was notable for the rise of nationalist movements within the empire's territories. Abdülmecid's greatest achievement was the announcement of the Tanzimat Edict upon his accession, prepared by his then Foreign Minister Mustafa Reshid Pasha , which effectively began the reorganization of the Ottoman Empire in 1839. Abdülmecid was a mild-mannered monarch, giving the Sublime Porte the autonomy needed for its reform projects. One of

6560-549: Was to see the Paris exhibition of 1867 at Napoleon III 's invitation, however the real goal was to reestablish Ottoman credit and forestall a Franco-Russian intervention in rebellious Crete . His voyage in visiting order (from 21 June 1867 to 7 August 1867): Istanbul – Messina – Naples – Toulon – Marseille – Paris – Boulogne – Dover – London – Dover – Calais – Brussels – Koblenz – Vienna – Budapest – Orșova – Vidin – Ruse – Varna – Istanbul. In London, he

6642-475: Was transformed in three eras: In 1928, following the fall of the Ottoman Empire after World War I and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey , widespread language reforms (a part in the greater framework of Atatürk's Reforms ) instituted by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk saw the replacement of many Persian and Arabic origin loanwords in the language with their Turkish equivalents. One of the main supporters of

6724-404: Was very pale, and entirely free from bruises, marks or spots of any kind whatever. There was no lividity of the lips indicating suffocation nor any sign of pressure having been applied to the throat". Abdulaziz's death was documented as a suicide. There are several sources claiming the death of Abdulaziz was due to an assassination. Islamic nationalist author Necip Fazıl Kısakürek claimed that it

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