Post-nominal letters are used in the United Kingdom after a person's name in order to indicate their positions, qualifications, memberships, or other status. There are various established orders for giving these, e.g. from the Ministry of Justice , Debrett's , and A & C Black 's Titles and Forms of Address , which are generally in close agreement.
191-499: The University of Aberdeen (abbreviated Aberd. in post-nominals ; Scottish Gaelic : Oilthigh Obar Dheathain ) is a public research university in Aberdeen , Scotland. It was founded in 1495 when William Elphinstone , Bishop of Aberdeen and Chancellor of Scotland , petitioned Pope Alexander VI on behalf of James IV, King of Scots to establish King's College , making it one of Scotland's four ancient universities and
382-455: A cannon and twenty-one other guns, and cost the king an estimated £8,000 — more than a quarter of his annual income. The carrack Great Michael was the largest warship of its time. Built at Newhaven and launched in 1511, it measured between 150 feet (46 m) and 180 feet (55 m) in length, weighed around 1,000 tons, and was supposed to have cost around £30,000. Armed with twenty-four bronze cannons and three basilisks , it marked
573-481: A quadrangle with an interior court, two sides of which have been rebuilt and expanded with a library wing in the 19th century. The Crown Tower and the chapel, the oldest parts, date from around 1500. The original foundation contained the chapel, the Great Hall and living accommodation, with its own kitchen and brewery, a well in the quadrangle, and a college garden to provide herbs and vegetables. The Grammar School
764-852: A State Order, and so confers no precedence. The statutes of the order state (statute 32(2)) The letters specified ... may be used ... but admission or promotion to any Grade of the Order ... shall not confer any rank, style, title, dignity, appellation or social precedence whatsoever. The Grades of the Order of St John are: There was also the Privy Council of Northern Ireland (P.C. (N.I.), which ceased to have appointments made in 1972, but there are only 2 members now living - Lord Kilclooney (appointed in 1970) and Robin Baillie . They also use The Right Honourable . These are usually given in ascending order, and may be followed by an abbreviation denoting
955-587: A chain, and "ane turcase [pincer] to tak out teith". It is recorded that James pulled two teeth from one of his own barber-surgeons, for which the king paid him 14 shillings, and also tried bloodletting on patients, and treating and dressing ulcer wounds. He also took an interest in other sciences which are now less creditable, establishing an alchemy workshop at Stirling Castle, where alchemist John Damian looked for ways to turn base metals into gold. The project consumed quantities of mercury , golden litharge , and tin . A goldsmith, Matthew Auchinleck , provided
1146-544: A debate took place in Scottish Parliament, where the University was urged to explore alternative options. EU consulates also spoke out in favour of the languages programmes., as well as scome of Scotland's best-known folk music starts. The local UCU branch successfully balloted for strike action at the University, in support of Modern Languages degrees. Staff-led business proposals were positively received and
1337-407: A decline in the holding of parliaments , which was a departure from the practice of previous reigns. While ten meetings of the three estates were held between 1488 and 1496, there were only three during the remaining seventeen years of the reign, with no parliaments held in the eight years between 1496 and 1504. There was also a substantial reduction in the numbers of those attending parliaments as
1528-512: A general censure against the Scottish people. He also threatened to excommunicate the Scottish king if he was judged to have broken the treaty with England, and granted Bainbridge the power to excommunicate James is such circumstances. James IV sent Andrew Forman , the Bishop of Moray , to Rome to try and persuade the new Pope, Leo X , to countermand the interdict, but without success. Leo sent
1719-530: A graduate of the University of Glasgow drafting a request on behalf of King James IV to Pope Alexander VI resulting in a papal bull being issued. It seems that James was keen to ensure that Scotland had as many universities as England at the time, and it was to possess all the privileges enjoyed by those of Paris and Bologna , two of the most highly favoured in Europe. The university, modelled on that of
1910-511: A huge artillery train, including Mons Meg , a huge medieval bombard or cannon. James IV's use of war as a forceful extension of his diplomacy with England, and Henry VII 's realisation of how vulnerable the Anglo-Scottish border was, saw Henry treat for peace with James. The Treaty of Ayton was signed on 30 September 1497, agreeing to a seven-year truce between Scotland and England. Shipping and trade were to be conducted according to
2101-623: A huge £28,000 by 1512. When these receipts are added to income from ecclesiastical properties and the rental income from Crown lands, James IV may have received a total income of around £44,500 by 1513, although by that time there was an annual deficit of around £7,000. James IV took a close interest in the development of the Royal Scots Navy , viewing a strong fleet as a means of protecting Scottish shipping, gaining international prestige, and providing him with an outlet to pursue foreign policies in alliance with either England or France. In
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#17327655279482292-537: A key role in the Scottish Enlightenment , and it was the most important forum for the promotion of enlightened thought and values in Aberdeen. The Philosophical Society was revived in 1840, with the object of receiving and debating original scientific, literary and philosophical papers from its members; however, the decision was taken on 13 September 1939 to discontinue its meetings, chiefly in view of
2483-543: A large artillery train, crossed the River Tweed into England near Coldstream around 22 August. The Scottish troops were unpaid and were only required by feudal obligation to serve for forty days. Once across the border, a detachment turned south to attack Wark on Tweed Castle , while the bulk of the army followed the course of the Tweed downstream to the northeast to invest the remaining border castles. Norham Castle
2674-604: A large number of modern ones housing most facilities and academic departments. Most date from the second half of the 20th century. Some of these echo the existing architecture of Old Aberdeen , such as the Fraser Noble Building with its distinctive concrete crown designed to resemble the one adorning King's College. Other buildings were constructed of stone in the 1950s (e.g. the Taylor Building and Meston Building). A number of other buildings are designed in
2865-507: A letter to James, threatening him with ecclesiastical censure for breaking peace treaties, and in the summer of 1513 the king was excommunicated by Bainbridge. On 30 June, Henry VIII invaded France, his troops defeating a French army at the Battle of the Spurs , before capturing Thérouanne and Tournai . James IV summoned the Scottish army, and sent a naval fleet of twenty-two vessels, including
3056-745: A major rebellion led by the Master of Huntly , the Earl of Lennox and Lord Lyle in 1489, laying siege to Crookston , Duchal and Dumbarton castles, and defeating a rebel army at Gartloaning in Stirlingshire . James also took a direct interest in the administration of justice, brought the feud between the Murrays and the Drummonds in Strathearn to an end, and went out on justice ayres across
3247-636: A meeting of parliament in Edinburgh in May 1493, the title and possessions of John MacDonald , Lord of the Isles were declared to be forfeited to the Crown. In August 1493, King James made his first expedition to the western Highlands . Accompanied by Chancellor Angus, Bishop Elhinstone , the Earl of Bothwell , Lord Home , and Secretary of State Archibald Whitelaw, James IV sailed to Dunstaffnage Castle , where
3438-470: A motion which "called for an immediate halt in the consultation process until an overall plan is presented in detail to Senate for appropriate scrutiny." Five senators abstained. On 8 December The Gaudie reported that staff had been sent 'Risk of Redundancy' letters which stated that staff who are made redundant would receive four months pay. This contrasts with the University's severance policy which states that "the maximum redundancy package available to staff
3629-627: A much more attractive offer of alliance from the English king. As Ferdinand and Isabella were negotiating an alliance with Henry VII, James knew that Spain would help him in his struggles with England in order to prevent the situation escalating into war with France. Spanish ambassadors arrived in Edinburgh, and later Pedro de Ayala was established as a resident ambassador during the crisis. In September 1496, James IV invaded England alongside Warbeck, destroying Tillmouth, Duddo, Branxton and Howtel towers, and Twizell Castle and Heaton Castle . However,
3820-421: A naval expedition and a small army to Denmark, no further taxation was imposed until 1512, and even then the tax which brought in almost £7,000 was only imposed on the clergy. James's annual income increased remarkably between 1497 and 1513, due to several sources of revenue. In 1497 he received a substantial windfall from the death of Archbishop William Scheves of St Andrews. James appointed his younger brother,
4011-406: A new weapon which had proved devastating in continental Europe, but required training, discipline and suitable terrain to use effectively. The Scottish artillery, consisting mainly of heavy siege guns , included five great curtals and two great culverins , together with four sakers and six great serpentines. The English infantry were equipped with traditional polearms , mostly bills which were
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#17327655279484202-612: A number of Africans , some working as servants or (possibly) slaves, but others appearing to have been courtiers, invited guests or musicians. In 1504, two African women, who were later christened as Margaret and Helen or Elen More , are mentioned in the Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland . The women were visible in court life and Helen More became the presumed subject of the poem " Of Ane Blak-Moir " by William Dunbar describing an African woman offered as
4393-856: A patron of the arts, including many literary figures, most notably the Scots makars . Poets associated with his court include William Dunbar , Walter Kennedy and Gavin Douglas . James patronised music at Restalrig using rental money from the King's Wark , and gave his backing to the foundation of King's College, Aberdeen , by his chancellor, William Elphinstone, and St Leonard's College, St Andrews , by his illegitimate son, Alexander, Archbishop of St Andrews, and John Hepburn, Prior of St Andrews . In 1496, partly at Elphinstone's instance, he also passed what has been described as Scotland's first education act, which introduced compulsory education at grammar school for
4584-484: A plaything, John Stow writing that "Workmen there for their foolish pleasure hewed off his head." The body disappeared, its last-known resting place at Sheen now lying under the fairway of the 14th hole of the Royal Mid-Surrey Golf Course . Elizabeth I's master glazier, Lancelot Young, is said to have kept James's "sweetly scented" head (still identifiable as James by its red hair and beard) as
4775-666: A prize in jousting tournaments. The poem is critical of her appearance and status as a black woman in a predominantly white court and country. An African drummer referred to as the " More taubronar " travelled with James around Scotland. "Peter the Moor " was an African man whose travel and expenses were paid for by royal funds. He first appears in records in 1500 and some historians believe he and other Africans arrived in Scotland initially as "human booty" captured by Scottish privateers from Portuguese cargo ships. Records show that Peter
4966-755: A shift in design as it was designed specifically to carry a main armament of heavy artillery. The navy's core of four large ships (the Treasurer , the Margaret , the James and the Michael ) were supported by a number of smaller craft and privately owned merchant ships . Like his grandfather and father, James IV also took an enthusiastic interest in artillery , and from early in his reign he added to James III's French train of artillery. In 1507 he shot some "great guns" at Holyrood Abbey with three of his gunners, and
5157-454: A special number of the student publication, Alma Mater , in celebration of the quatercentenary of the university. 'I looked and thought, "All is too gray and cold To wake my place-enthusiasms of old!" Till a voice passed: "Behind that granite mien Lurks the imposing beauty of a Queen." I looked anew; and saw the radiant form Of Her who soothes in stress, who steers in storm, On the grave influence of whose eyes sublime Men count for
5348-530: A subscription, with only the former normally being used in social correspondence. The former include fellowships of "principal learned societies", including, in order of foundation, FRS, FSA, FRSE, FRSL and FBA. In this table, all societies, institutions, etc. are listed alphabetically by substantive name, rather than attempting to establish an order of precedence. Some post-nominals (and associated professional titles) are protected as "Professions Regulated by Professional Bodies Incorporated by Royal Charter" under
5539-661: A supporter of for years. James IV received Warbeck in Scotland in November 1495. The attraction of Warbeck to James lay in the recognition of Warbeck's claim to the English throne by Maximilian, King of the Romans , Ferdinand II and Isabella I of Spain (the Catholic monarchs ), Philip, Duke of Burgundy , and Margaret of York . Embracing Warbeck's cause would give James IV international leverage to seek European alliances, and threatening Henry VII with Warbeck would surely produce
5730-633: A threat to the rest of the kingdom. By that period the Lordship of the Isles was fracturing as rivalries in Clan Donald disrupted the authority of John of Islay , Lord of the Isles . John was a weak leader whose authority had been damaged in 1476 when he had forfeited the earldom of Ross and his lands in Knapdale and Kintyre to James III due to the treasonous Treaty of Westminster he had agreed with Edward IV of England. After this, Ross-shire
5921-568: A university in Old Aberdeen, mentions as the chief motive for the undertaking, the profound ignorance of the inhabitants of the north of Scotland, and the great deficiency of properly educated men to fill the clerical office in that part of his kingdom. The first university in Aberdeen, King's College , formally The university and King's College of Aberdeen (Collegium Regium Aberdonense) , was founded on 10 February 1494 by William Elphinstone , Bishop of Aberdeen , Chancellor of Scotland, and
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6112-535: A very early period, a studium generate, or university, attached to the episcopal chapter of the See of Aberdeen. It is said to have been founded in 1157 by Edward, Bishop of Aberdeen, and although, according to Hector Boece , it still existed at the period when King's College was founded, it is probable that it had in some way ceased to answer the purposes which it must have been designed to serve, since King James IV, in his letter to Pope Alexander VI, requesting him to found
6303-445: Is 12 months of pay or £100,000; whatever is lower." A group of academics from the department released a statement which described the proposed changes as "institutional vandalism". They continued "The management's self-destructive plan would see the University of Aberdeen become the first ancient university in the world not to offer language degrees in one of the most monolingual countries" A University statement said: "Our difficulty
6494-500: Is Brian Buckley. Marischal College is a neo-Gothic building, having been rebuilt in 1836–41, and greatly extended several years later. Formerly an open three-sided court, the college now forms a quadrangle as additions to the buildings were opened by Edward VII in 1906 and form the current facade from Broad Street. The building is widely considered to be one of the best examples of neo-Gothic architecture in Great Britain;
6685-605: Is a rank in the Royal Navy, Army and Royal Marines. To differentiate between the branches, post-nominals such as "RN" are used. However, such post-nominals are not used for the higher positions, since the higher officers are differently-titled in each branch. This is the last set of post-nominals given by the Ministry of Justice and Debrett's; it is not included by Black's. (Nursing Associate - England only) - NAR Awards other than Crown Honours are not normally listed except in
6876-530: Is known about James's early life, but it is known that he received a good education from Archibald Whitelaw, the humanist scholar and secretary of state , and the theologian John Ireland , under the direction of his mother. In addition to Scots , James became fluent in Latin and Spanish , also learned French , German , Flemish and Italian , and was the last Scottish monarch known to have spoken Gaelic . The surviving exchequer records show that Prince James
7067-412: Is no clear distinction between a learned society and a professional institute. With regard to Royal Academicians, Debrett's says: "Although Royal Academicians come second in this list, it is not suggested that they yield in precedence to fellows of learned societies. In practice, the two lists do not coincide." Black's notes that where a professional body or society has multiple grades of membership, only
7258-450: Is no recognised order for placing these letters. In practice, where one society is indisputably of greater importance than another the letters are usually placed in that order." Similarly, for professional institutions: "[T]here is no recognised order for placing qualifications awarded by different bodies, a recipient usually places these letters on headed paper, business cards, etc, in order of importance to his particular profession." There
7449-570: Is sent "To Friar John Cor, by order of the king, to make aquavitae", enough to make about 500 bottles. James IV reportedly had a great liking for whisky, and in 1506 the town of Dundee purchased a large amount of whisky from the Guild of Barber-Surgeons, which held the monopoly on production at the time. James IV's court and royal household were cosmopolitan, containing assorted foreign peoples including French, Italian and German minstrels, Flemish metalworkers, and Spanish dancers. The court also hosted
7640-460: Is that this academic year, following longer term declining demand in the UK for traditional specialist language study, a total of just five students began Single Honours across our four Modern Language programmes including Gaelic." A public petition to save Modern Languages gained over 18,600 signatures. After the submission of two motions calling to protect languages degrees at the University of Aberdeen,
7831-484: Is the Science Teaching Hub . Completed in 2021, the building contains laboratories for subjects including biological sciences, chemistry, geosciences and medical sciences. The Aberdeen Sports Village , located across King Street from the Old Aberdeen campus, houses sports facilities and the aquatics centre. The university's Foresterhill Campus is located approximately 1.75 kilometres (1.09 mi) to
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8022-489: Is very agreeable. He speaks the following foreign languages: Latin , very well; French , German , Flemish , Italian , and Spanish ; Spanish as well as the Marquis, but he pronounces it more distinctly. He likes, very much, to receive Spanish letters. His own Scots language is as different from English as Aragonese from Castilian. The King speaks, besides, the language of the savages who live in some parts of Scotland and on
8213-578: The Great Michael , to join the ships of Louis XII of France. The fleet, commanded by James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran , departed from the Firth of Forth on 25 July and sailed around the north of Scotland. It first created a diversion in Ireland , where it attacked the English royal garrison at Carrickfergus and burnt the town, with support from Hugh Duff O'Donnell . The Scottish fleet then joined
8404-728: The Blessed sword and hat . In 1508 James IV made plans to go on pilgrimage to Jerusalem , after a journey to Venice , before sailing from there to Jaffa in a Venetian ship. James's uncle, King John of Denmark, protested against his projected pilgrimage to Jerusalem in a letter written to the Archbishop of Glasgow in July 1507, remarking that the Scottish king should think first of his young wife and his country. Archbishop Blackadder left Scotland in February 1508 to set out on pilgrimage to
8595-509: The Duke of Ross , to fill the vacant see of St Andrews , bringing the highest office of the Scottish church within the royal family, with the appointment generating an annual income of around £2,500 for the Crown from the revenues of the archbishopric. Although Bishop Elphinstone protested against this scandalous appointment, it was a shrewd move by the king as it removed any potential dynastic threat which his legitimate younger brother might pose in
8786-531: The European professional qualification directives . These are indicated with an asterisk (e.g. CEng*). Memberships and fellowships of the various medical Royal Colleges are listed post-nominally as medical qualifications (see the previous section) rather than with professional bodies and learned societies. Some bodies award Chartered and other professional statuses with separate designatory letters from those indicating membership. These letters are placed before
8977-524: The Holy Land , probably as a reconnaissance for the king's pilgrimage. Blackadder's death on 28 July 1508, presumably from an infectious illness, on board a ship from Venice to Jaffa appears to have convinced James IV of the inadvisability of sailing to Jerusalem. In 1507–1508, Louis XII of France was endeavouring to have James renew the Franco-Scottish alliance, and James wrote to Louis raising
9168-758: The Pope , Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and Louis XII of France ; and James's aspiration to lead a European naval crusade against the Turks of the Ottoman Empire . James was granted the title of Protector and Defender of the Christian Faith in 1507 by Pope Julius II . When Henry VIII of England invaded France in 1513 as part of the Holy League , James chose the Auld Alliance with
9359-662: The Royal Cornhill Hospital to the west of the city centre, and the Rowett Institute in Bucksburn . The King's College campus covers an area of some 35 hectares around the ancient King's College buildings and the High Street. It hosts around two-thirds of the university's built estate and most student facilities, and lies 2 miles north of Aberdeen city centre. The university does not own all
9550-706: The Sceptre of Scotland as a papal gift from Pope Alexander VI . James IV met with Hugh Roe O'Donnell , King of Tyrconnell in June 1495 in Glasgow . O'Donnell was the most powerful northern Irish magnate and a committed enemy of Henry VII's government in Ireland , and the Scottish and Irish kings made a defensive alliance. They also discussed Perkin Warbeck , the pretender to the English throne , who O'Donnell had been
9741-546: The Scottish Enlightenment . Both colleges supported the Jacobite rebellion and following the defeat of the 1715 rising were largely purged by the authorities of their academics and officials. The nearest the two colleges had come to full union was as the Caroline University of Aberdeen , a merger initiated by Charles I in 1641, which united the two colleges for twenty years. Following the civil conflicts of
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#17327655279489932-480: The Scottish Reformation in 1560, King's College was purged of its Roman Catholic staff but in other respects was largely resistant to change. George Keith , the fifth Earl Marischal , was a moderniser within the college and supportive of the reforming ideas of Peter Ramus and Andrew Melville . In April 1593 he founded a second university in the ' New Town ', Marischal College . It is also possible
10123-520: The Senatus Academicus , and his status as vice-chancellor enables him to perform the functions reserved to the chancellor in the latter's absence, such as the awarding of degrees. List of post-nominal letters (United Kingdom) When listing the honours and awards enjoyed by any person it is not customary to include the Order of St John , as this is a Royal Order of Chivalry and not
10314-510: The Tudors failed to produce heirs. Margaret's first pregnancy resulted in the birth of James, Duke of Rothesay at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in February 1507. However, this heir to the throne died a year later in February 1508. At this point Margaret was already pregnant with a second child, a daughter whose name is unknown, and who was born and died in July 1508. In October 1509, a second son
10505-640: The Universities (Scotland) Act 1858 , which also created a new medical school at Marischal College. The 1858 Act of Parliament stated the " united University shall take rank among the Universities of Scotland as from the date of erection of King's College and University. " The university is thus Scotland's third oldest and the United Kingdom's fifth oldest university. The transference of the arts classes from Marischal to King's College required
10696-555: The University Court responsible for finances and administration, and the Academic Senate ( Senatus Academicus )—the university's supreme academic body. There are correspondingly three main officers of the university. It is nominally headed by the chancellor , a largely ceremonial position traditionally held by the Bishop of Aberdeen , but as a result of the Scottish Reformation holders are now elected for life by
10887-399: The University of Paris and intended principally as a law school , soon became the most famous and popular of the Scots seats of learning, largely due to the prestige of Elphinstone and his friend, Hector Boece, the first principal appointed in 1500. Its aim was to train doctors, teachers and clergy who would serve the communities of northern Scotland, as well as lawyers and administrators for
11078-620: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms , a more complete unification was attempted following the ratification of Parliament by Oliver Cromwell during the interregnum in 1654. This united university survived until the Restoration whereby all laws made during this period were rescinded by Charles II and the two colleges reverted to independent status. Charles I is still recognised as one of the university's founders, due to his part in creating
11269-431: The brutalist style , such as the Arts Lecture Theatre and adjoining William Guild Building, opened in 1969 to house the School of Psychology. Also on the site is the Cruickshank Botanic Garden which was presented to the university in 1899 and is open to the public. The Powis Gateway forms the east gate and archway from College Bounds, Old Aberdeen. These oriental style towers with minarets have provoked much interest over
11460-440: The chapel royal , and the reconstruction of the principal defences on the southern and eastern sides of the castle. He also commissioned the construction of the great hall at Edinburgh Castle , rebuilding at Linlithgow Palace , Rothesay Castle , and Dunbar Castle , and furnished his palaces with tapestries . The first evidence of whisky production in Scotland comes from an entry in the Exchequer Rolls for 1494 where malt
11651-414: The fifth-oldest university in the English-speaking world . Along with the universities of St Andrews , Glasgow , and Edinburgh , the university was part of the Scottish Enlightenment during the 18th century. The university as it is currently constituted was formed in 1860 by a merger between King's College and Marischal College , a second university founded in 1593 as a Protestant alternative to
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#173276552794811842-504: The list of Catholic religious institutes for a fuller listing of current Catholic orders (although note that that article gives American-style post-nominals with stops; when used in the UK the stops should be omitted). According to Debrett's, these are placed directly after orders, decorations and medals (i.e. replacing university degrees). Unlike other degrees, medical qualifications are listed in descending order, doctorates first. MB BS; BM BCh; BM BS; BM These are generally placed in
12033-424: The printing press came to Scotland , the University of Aberdeen and the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh were founded, and he commissioned the building of the Palace of Holyroodhouse and Falkland Palace . The education act passed by the Parliament of Scotland in 1496 introduced compulsory schooling . During James's twenty-five-year reign, royal income doubled, the Crown exercised firm control over
12224-418: The 1464 Treaty of York , and Border wardens on either side were given new powers to execute cross-border murderers after 20 days detention and punish thieves caught red-handed, and neither king should harbour the other's rebels. The Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella were appointed to arbitrate future disputes and unresolved issues such as redress for damages caused by the recent invasions. The possibility
12415-458: The 18th and early 19th centuries. William Ogilvie , known as the Rebel Professor, proposed a paper on the union and reform of the two colleges in 1787, but the proposals were rejected by seven (known as the 'seven wise Masters') out of ten professors at King's. The evolving examination system and university research now required much higher academic standards from the students. The two colleges in Aberdeen merged on 15 September 1860 in accordance with
12606-431: The Auld Alliance would be renewed. James gave formal agreement to the renewal of the alliance in July 1512, but this was a gesture rather than a commitment of active support against England, and it was still possible that Scotland would remain neutral in any Anglo-French war. Before his death in February 1513, Pope Julius II had been persuaded by the Archbishop of York, Christopher Bainbridge , to impose an interdict as
12797-474: The British Academy, and a champion Charles Darwin's work, made one of the first announcements that Darwin had undertaken a body of work on evolution and was about to release his findings. The organisers felt that they might be risking something in holding the meeting much further north than they had done before but in the event the Aberdeen meeting was the most well attended the BA had ever had. Further unsuccessful suggestions for union were brought about throughout
12988-427: The Caroline University and his benevolence towards King's College. The Aberdeen Philosophical Society (known locally as the Wise Club) was created by Thomas Reid , George Campbell , David Skene, John Gregory , John Stewart , and Robert Traill , and held its first meeting in the Old Red Lion Inn on 12 January 1758. From its inception, the society was an intimate, private body whose members were drawn exclusively from
13179-446: The Crown would continue to receive the revenues of St Andrews. In 1498, James IV reached the age of twenty-five and was entitled to make a formal act of revocation of all grants made by him during his minority. Although James could — in theory — cancel all grants of lands and offices which had been made since his accession , the purpose of the revocation was only to assert royal authority by re-granting lands and offices surrendered to
13370-480: The Crown, and raise thousands of pounds in revenue, as their holders paid compensation to the Treasurer to receive confirmation of their holdings. The payment of Margaret Tudor's dowry between 1503 and 1505 also brought in a relatively meagre £10,000 sterling. By the end of the reign the Treasurer's annual receipts had increased — due to feudal payments made to the Crown by the holders of land, and judicial fines for criminal offences — from around £4,500 in 1496–1497 to
13561-413: The Earl of Surrey. The Battle of Flodden was one of Scotland's worst military defeats: the loss of not only a popular and capable king but also a large portion of the political community, was a major blow to the realm. James IV's son, James V , was crowned three weeks after the disaster at Flodden but was only one year old, and his minority was to be fraught with political upheaval. The body of James IV
13752-399: The English army. The Scots had placed their most heavily armoured men in the front rank so that the English archers had little impact. The outnumbered English formation was forced back and elements of it began to run off before Surrey ordered the intervention of Dacre's light horsemen. The eventual result was a stalemate in which both sides stood off from each other and played no further part in
13943-629: The Foresterhill campus began to train medical students in the 1930s next to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary. During the mid-20th century departments which had been at Marischal College moved into one of these new buildings (most at King's College) and by the late 20th-century Marischal College had been abandoned by all but the Anatomy Department, a graduation hall and the Marischal Museum ( Marischal College has now been restored as
14134-603: The French at Brest , from where it might cut the English army in France's line of communication across the English Channel . However, the fleet was so badly delayed that it played no part in the war; James had sent most of his experienced artillerymen with the expedition, a decision which was to have unforeseen consequences for his land campaign. Led by James IV, the Scottish army, numbering some 42,000 men, and including
14325-512: The French over the "Perpetual Peace" with the English, and led a large army across the border into England. James and many of his nobles were killed at the Battle of Flodden on 9 September 1513, fighting against the English forces of Catherine of Aragon , Henry VIII's wife and regent. James was the last monarch in Great Britain to be killed in battle and was succeeded by his son James V . Born on 17 March 1473 at Stirling Castle , James
14516-566: The General Council. There is also a rector of the university , who chairs the University Court and is elected by the students for a three-year term to represent their interests. There are also four assessors, ten masters, including the principal and vice principal, and the factor or procurator. The administrative head and chief executive of the university is its principal and vice-chancellor . The principal acts as chair of
14707-786: The Isles was followed by James's naval expeditions to Argyll and the Hebrides in 1492–1495 and 1498, and in May 1502 James sent a fleet of five ships and 2,000 troops under the command of James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran to Denmark to aid his uncle, John, King of Denmark , who had appealed to James for aid during the Dano-Swedish War . The expedition was a failure, arriving too late to help Queen Christina hold Stockholm . The Danish expedition seems to have concentrated James IV's mind on naval expansion: shipwrights and craftsmen were recruited from across Scotland, and from France, Flanders , Denmark and Spain ; timber for shipbuilding
14898-575: The Moor was a companion to King James in his various trips across the country, appearing in the records until August 1504, when he received a large and final payment. Historian Imtiaz Habib argues that Peter was "clearly a favourite companion to the monarch" and was "well accepted" into the court culture. The status of the Africans in James IV's court is contested, with some historians taking the view that
15089-662: The Pope remitted the sentence. Although Henry VIII obtained a dispensation from Pope Leo X on 29 November 1513 to have the Scottish king buried in St Paul's Cathedral in London , James IV remained unburied. His coffin remained above ground at Sheen Priory , as the decades passed and the priory was dissolved in 1539 during the English Reformation , becoming the secularised estate of Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk . During
15280-549: The Prince Consort, took on the role of president for the year. The young Maxwell himself, still only 28, spoke on three different subjects, one being a presentation of his newly discovered law of molecular velocities in a gas. The ' Maxwell distribution law ', as it is now known, is the law of physics with the strongest Aberdeen connection. In addition, Sir Charles Lyell , president of the Geological Section of
15471-521: The School of Biological Sciences. It also includes the Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health , the Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, and Institute of Education for Medical & Dental Sciences. The Foresterhill site is managed jointly with NHS Grampian. The university has had a presence at Foresterhill since around 1938, and the management of
15662-638: The Scottish Crown. It was a collegiate foundation with 36 full-time staff and students and walls protecting it from the outside world. In 1497 the college established the first chair of medicine in the English-speaking world. The first book (there was no printing press in Scotland at the time) to be printed in Edinburgh and in Scotland was the Aberdeen Breviary , which was written by both Elphinstone and Boece in 1509. Following
15853-660: The Scottish church, and by 1493 had overcome the last independent Lord of the Isles . Relations with England improved with the Treaty of Perpetual Peace in 1502 and James's marriage to Margaret Tudor in 1503, which led to the Union of the Crowns in 1603. The long period of domestic peace after 1497 allowed James to focus more on foreign policy, which included the sending of several of his warships to aid his uncle, John of Denmark , in his conflict with Sweden ; amicable relations with
16044-611: The Spanish monarchs make peace between England and Scotland. The peace mission was entrusted to the Spanish ambassador in Scotland, Pedro de Ayala . Later, wishing to be rid of Warbeck, James IV provided a ship called the Cuckoo and a hired crew under a Breton captain, Guy Foulcart . Horses were hired for 30 of Perkin's companions to ride to the ship at Ayr on 5 July 1497, where Perkin sailed to Ireland. In August 1497, James invaded England once more and laid siege to Norham Castle with
16235-476: The Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Henry VII, the first peace treaty between Scotland and England since 1328. The marriage was completed by proxy on 25 January 1503 at Richmond Palace in the presence of the king and queen of England, the Earl of Bothwell standing as proxy for the Scottish king. Margaret left Richmond for Scotland on 27 June and, after crossing the border at Berwick upon Tweed on 1 August 1503,
16426-525: The Treaty of Westminster — a pledge of mutual aid against the French — with Ferdinand II . Relations between the Scottish and English kings continued to deteriorate with the passing of the Subsidy Act by the English parliament in 1512, with the act preamble declaring that the King of Scotland was "the very homage and obedience of right to your Highness [Henry VIII]". This assault on Scotland's independence
16617-439: The alchemists with a still made of silver . Damian also researched aviation and undertook a failed experiment to fly from the battlements of Stirling Castle, an event which William Dunbar satirised in two separate poems. James poured large amounts of money into the construction or remodelling of several royal residences. He commissioned the construction between 1501 and 1505 of the Palace of Holyroodhouse . The impetus for
16808-553: The architect, Alexander Marshall Mackenzie was a native of Aberdeen as well as an alumnus of the university. The Mitchell Tower at the rear is named for the benefactor (Dr Charles Mitchell ) who paid for the graduation hall. The opening of this tower in 1895 was part of celebrations of the 400th anniversary of the university. Until 1996, Marischal College housed the Departments of Molecular & Cell Biology and Biomedical Sciences, which had been there for many decades. From 1996,
16999-516: The army quickly retreated when resources were expended, and hoped-for support for Perkin Warbeck in Northumberland failed to materialise. The Scottish army left on 25 September 1496 when an English army commanded by Lord Neville approached from Newcastle. When news of this invasion reached Ludovico Sforza , Duke of Milan , on 21 October 1496, he wrote to his ambassador in Spain, to request
17190-410: The awarding Institute. "Hons" or "(Hons)" may be added after bachelor's or integrated master's degrees awarded with honours . University abbreviations Optionally given after the degree(s) to which they refer in formal lists. (Only abbreviated forms shown; other institutions use full names [omitting "University of"] in postnominals. Institutions are sometimes given in parentheses.) This refers to
17381-399: The battle. In the meantime, James had observed Home and Huntly's initial success and ordered the advance of the next formation in line, commanded by the earls of Errol , Crawford and Montrose . At the foot of Branxton Hill, they encountered an unforeseen obstacle, an area of marshy ground, made worse by days of heavy rain. As they struggled to cross the waterlogged ground, the Scots lost
17572-554: The beginning of James III's pursuit of friendship with England, a policy which was unpopular in Scotland. This policy would see further prospective English brides proposed for his son: Anne de la Pole (niece of Richard III of England ) in 1484 and an unspecified daughter of Edward IV in 1487. James III was an unpopular king: he faced two major rebellions during his reign, and alienated members of his close family, especially his younger brother, Alexander, Duke of Albany . James III's unpopular pro-English policy rebounded badly upon him when
17763-502: The buildings on the "campus" which also include private houses, shops and businesses (although many of these rely heavily on custom from the university community) and it is best thought of as a district of the city dominated by the university. It can be reached from the city centre by bus routes 1, 2, 13, 19 and 20 operated by First Aberdeen and from northern Aberdeenshire or Aberdeen bus station by various routes operated by Stagecoach Bluebird . The historic King's College buildings form
17954-597: The burial of his father at Cambuskenneth Abbey , a scene later portrayed in James IV's book of hours . The new king also hosted his maternal great-uncle, Gerhard VI, Count of Oldenburg , who arrived at Leith with a Danish fleet in August, and remained in Scotland until the following year. James IV quickly proved to be a wise and effective ruler, and entrusted the running of his government to Patrick Hepburn, 1st Earl of Bothwell , Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus , and William Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen . He defeated
18145-539: The chapel contains original oak-canopied stalls, miserere seats, and lofty open screens in the French flamboyant style. They were preserved by the college's Principal during the Reformation , who fought off local barons who had attacked the nearby St Machar's Cathedral . The Cromwell Tower, created between 1658 and 1662 opposite the Crown Tower, was originally built as residential accommodation, but an observatory
18336-485: The chiefs' charters in the summer of 1498. Few of the chiefs turned up. At first, Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll , was set to fill the power vacuum and enforce royal authority, but he met with limited success in a struggle with his brother-in-law, Torquil MacLeod of Lewis . After this defiance, Alexander Gordon, 3rd Earl of Huntly , was granted Torquil's lands. He raised an army in Lochaber and also cleared
18527-538: The church reunion of 1929, Christ's College became a Church of Scotland college and was integrated into the University of Aberdeen. The college building is no longer used by either the church or the university, and the college is contained completely within the buildings of King's College, maintaining its own divinity library. The university hosted its first meeting of the British Science Association in 1859. Having no suitable meeting place to host
18718-600: The city and coastline are available from the upper floors. In addition to expanded facilities it also houses public exhibition space and the university's historic collections, comprising more than a quarter of a million ancient and priceless books and manuscripts collected over five centuries since the university's foundations. Other libraries are in the Taylor Building on the same campus (for law books and materials) and at Foresterhill (for medicine and medical sciences). The university's library service (i.e. including all libraries) holds over one million books. The most recent building
18909-399: The city, which included church services, banquets, torchlight processions, and fireworks displays. In all, the cost of the four days of festivities was the modern equivalent of £1.34 million. The ceremony saw the granting of honorary degrees to over a hundred public and academic figures from across the academic world. In an extravagant display of luxury, Lord Strathcona , the then chancellor of
19100-403: The cohesion and momentum on which pike formations depended for success. Once the line was disrupted, the long pikes became an unwieldy encumbrance, and the Scots began to drop them. Reaching for their side-arms of swords and axes , they found themselves outreached by the English bills in the close-quarter fighting that developed. It is unclear whether James had seen the difficulty encountered by
19291-477: The college. The two rival colleges often clashed, sometimes in court, but also in brawls between students on the streets of Aberdeen. Duncan Liddell endowed the first chair in mathematics at Marischal College in 1613, but the first professor was not appointed until 1626. As the institutions put aside their differences, a process of attempted (but unsuccessful) mergers began in the 17th century. During this time, both colleges made notable intellectual contributions to
19482-545: The conferring on him of the dukedom of Ross in January 1488 — with apprehension. There is no explanation of why James III seemed to be favouring his second son over his heir, although it has been suggested that James III's suspicion and distrust of his heir arose from the young Duke of Rothesay's meeting with the Duke of Albany during the 1482 crisis. On 2 February 1488, the Duke of Rothesay departed from Stirling Castle, without
19673-545: The consultation on Modern Languages was ended in March 2024 with the removal of risk of compulsory redundancies. The university's main campus is at King's College in Old Aberdeen, where the original buildings are still in use in addition to many 20th century buildings. A second campus at Foresterhill accommodates the School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition . In addition, there are smaller facilities at other sites such as
19864-456: The contest between Surrey and James. As other English formations overcame the Scottish forces they had initially engaged, they moved to reinforce the Earl of Surrey. An instruction to English troops that no prisoners were to be taken explains the exceptional mortality amongst the Scottish nobility. James IV himself was killed in the final stage of the battle, having fought to within a spear length of
20055-407: The context of events related to the awarding body King James IV James IV (17 March 1473 – 9 September 1513) was King of Scotland from 11 June 1488 until his death at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. He inherited the throne at the age of fifteen on the death of his father, James III , at the Battle of Sauchieburn , following a rebellion in which the younger James was the figurehead of
20246-441: The course of his reign, James commissioned or acquired a total of at least thirty-eight ships. His naval building programme was large, especially so for the ruler of a small kingdom. Naval spending was by far the greatest single item of royal expenditure in the later years of his reign. In the early years, the annual average spent on ships was about £ 140 Scots. By the early 1510s it was £8,710. In 1491, James determined to address
20437-409: The departments moved to Kings College campus and Foresterhill campus. Teaching no longer takes place at Marischal College, with many of the departments formerly based there having moved to King's College some decades previously. While graduations and other events (e.g. concerts) took place in the cathedral-like Mitchell Hall in the north wing, for many years much of the building (including the frontage to
20628-411: The designatory letters for fellowship or membership of the awarding body, e.g. CPhys MInstP. Where chartered status is a membership level within an institute, this is shown under that institute's entry above, e.g. Chartered Architectural Technologists, MCIAT, or Chartered Tax Advisor, CTA. In the armed forces, two or more branches may have officers with the same or similar titles, such as "Captain", which
20819-439: The difficulties posed by the war, although it does not appear to have been ever formally wound up. The Free Church of Scotland founded Christ's College in Aberdeen in 1843 for the training of ministers. An extravagant Gothic building, with a commanding oriel window and tower, was erected for the college at the western end of Union Street in 1850. Linked to the college was a museum and library (containing 17,000 volumes). Following
21010-418: The difficulty for the Scots of shooting downhill, another factor being that their guns had been hastily sited instead of the careful emplacement which was usually required for such heavy weapons, slowing their rate of fire. This allowed the light English guns to turn a rapid fire on the massed ranks of Scottish infantry. The Scottish left, under Lord Home and the Earl of Huntly , then advanced downhill towards
21201-524: The earls formation, but he followed down the slope regardless, making for Surrey's formation. James has been criticised for placing himself in the front line, thereby putting himself in personal danger and losing his overview of the field. He was, however, well known for taking risks in battle, and it would have been out of character for him to stay back. Encountering the same difficulties as the previous attack, James's men nevertheless fought their way to Surrey's bodyguard. The fierce fighting continued, centred on
21392-414: The east of the Old Aberdeen campus and is home to the university's Life Sciences and Medicine facilities. It is co-located with Aberdeen Royal Infirmary , Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital and Aberdeen Maternity Hospital , all teaching hospitals operated by regional health board NHS Grampian . The campus accommodates the School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition ; the School of Psychology; and
21583-402: The eldest sons and heirs of all barons and freeholders of substance. James was both highly intelligent and well educated. In July 1498, Spanish ambassador, Pedro de Ayala , reported to Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile: The King is 25 years and some months old. He is of noble stature, neither tall nor short, and as handsome in complexion and shape as a man can be. His address
21774-450: The ending of the conflicts with England in 1497, the Crown no longer needed Parliament to grant extraordinary revenue in the form of taxation, with Parliament no longer being summoned with the same regularity as a result. In the decade before 1496, successive parliaments had presided over, or sanctioned, regicide or rebellion, and failed foreign embassies to find the king a bride. With this experience of parliaments, perhaps James IV considered
21965-530: The establishment of Scotland's first printing press , Chepman and Myllar Press , in 1507, and granted the Incorporation of Surgeons and Barbers of Edinburgh a royal charter in 1506. James was also interested in dentistry , an interest which began in 1503 when the king summoned a "barbour" to extract one of his teeth for the sum of 14 shillings. In 1504, he sought more practical experience of dentistry and purchased two gold toothpicks suspended from
22156-437: The extension of King's at the cost of £20,000. This included the rebuilding of two sides of the quadrangle for the class-rooms (1862) and the erection of the library (1870), which for many years had occupied the nave of the chapel. In 1873, university students voted against university degrees being open to women. However, all faculties were open to women in 1892, and in 1894 the first 20 matriculated females began their studies at
22347-472: The favoured pole arm of the English infantry. There was also a large contingent of well-trained archers armed with the English longbow . The English artillery consisted of light field guns of rather old-fashioned design, typically firing a ball of only about 1 pound (0.45 kg), but easy to handle and capable of rapid fire. James IV began the battle with an artillery duel, but his heavy guns did not perform well, contemporary accounts putting this down to
22538-538: The following year it is recorded that he held shooting matches with hand culverins in the great halls of Holyrood Palace and Stirling Castle. James also took a culverin to stalk deer in the park of Falkland Palace and shot at sea birds with one from a row boat off the Isle of May . James IV imported guns, shot and powder from France, and in 1511 the royal gun foundry was moved from Stirling Castle to Edinburgh Castle, where Scots, Dutch, German, and French gunmakers worked under
22729-422: The forfeiture of rebels following further risings in the western Highlands. James IV managed to govern effectively without regular parliaments from 1496 onwards due to his use of general councils (a sister institution to Parliament) in 1497, 1498, 1502, 1511 and 1512, and the use of greatly enlarged sessions of the Privy Council in 1508, 1511 and 1513. From the beginning of his reign, one of James's objectives
22920-471: The former. The university's iconic buildings act as symbols of wider Aberdeen, particularly Marischal College in the city centre and the crown steeple of King's College in Old Aberdeen . There are two campuses; the predominantly utilised King's College campus dominates the section of the city known as Old Aberdeen , which is approximately two miles north of the city centre. Although the original site of
23111-579: The founding of the Fraserburgh University in nearby Fraserburgh by Sir Alexander Fraser , a business rival of Keith, was instrumental in its creation. Aberdeen was highly unusual at this time for having two universities in one city: as 20th-century university prospectuses observed, Aberdeen had the same number as existed in England at the time (the University of Oxford and University of Cambridge ). Initially, Marischal College offered
23302-430: The frequent calling of parliaments inimical to good royal government. The absence of parliaments between 1496 and 1504 may also have been due to James's discovery of other methods of raising revenue, and his reluctance to summon meetings of the three estates due to their propensity for dissent. The last three parliaments of James IV's reign in 1504, 1506 and 1509 were all called to address the administration of justice and
23493-710: The future James V , was still alive and well a year later, while his uncle continued to remain childless. As a result of the Italian Wars , in October 1511 Pope Julius II created a Holy League against France . The new alliance included the Papacy, Venice, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. In November 1511, England also joined the League, with Henry VIII deciding to use the occasion as an excuse to conclude
23684-413: The future. James also appointed Ross as abbot of Holyrood (1498), Dunfermline (1500) and Arbroath (1503). These offices, in combination with his appointment to the chancellorship in 1501, gave the Duke of Ross the highest status after the king. Following the death of the Duke of Ross in 1504, James IV appointed his eleven-year-old illegitimate son, Alexander , as archbishop, thereby ensuring that
23875-717: The headquarters of Aberdeen City Council, which is leasing a portion of the complex from the university). Following extensive fundraising, a £57 million new university library (the Sir Duncan Rice Library ) opened in autumn 2011 at the King's College campus to replace the outgrown Queen Mother Library and was officially opened by the Queen in September 2012. Today, most students spend most of their time in modern buildings which provide up-to-date facilities for teaching, research and other activities such as dining. However,
24066-469: The highest is used except in professional correspondence, and that fellowships "election to which is a distinction" (e.g. FRS, RSA, RA, FBA) should be used on all correspondence, whereas initials only indicating support for a society are limited to correspondence on matters of interest to that society. Initials can also be used in professional contexts to indicate expertise. Debrett's also distinguishes between initials issued as an honour, and those available as
24257-518: The idea of a joint Franco-Scottish crusade to the Holy Land. James's maintenance of Scotland's traditional good relations with France occasionally created diplomatic problems with England. In April 1508, Thomas Wolsey was sent to Scotland discuss Henry VII's concerns over rumours that James would renew the Auld Alliance with France. Wolsey found "there was never a man worse welcome into Scotland than I. ... They keep their matters so secret here that
24448-436: The indirect role which he had played in the death of his father. He decided to do penance for his sin, constantly wearing an iron belt around his waist, next to the skin, to which he added weight every year throughout his life. The victorious rebels moved swiftly to consolidate their power, and on 12 June, only a day after Sauchieburn, the new king issued his first charter. Edinburgh and Stirling castles were secured, as were
24639-848: The institution for 2022–23 was £268.6 million of which £56.3 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £259.3 million. Aberdeen has educated a wide range of notable alumni, and the university played key roles in the Scottish Reformation , Scottish Enlightenment , and the Scottish Renaissance . Five Nobel laureates have since been associated with the university: two in Chemistry , one in Physiology or Medicine , one in Physics , and one in Peace . There appears to have existed in Old Aberdeen, from
24830-551: The institution granting the degree, not the place of study, e.g. London or Wales for degrees awarded by those federal universities, with the college name (e.g. UCL) only being used for degrees granted using the college's own degree awarding powers. University diplomas, certificates, etc. These are not given as postnominals according to Debrett's , however the Oxford University Calendar style guide lists them after degrees. Some examples are given here. See
25021-462: The islands. It is as different from Scots as Biscayan is from Castilian. His knowledge of languages is wonderful. He is well read in the Bible and in some other devout books. He is a good historian. He has read many Latin and French histories, and profited by them, as he has a very good memory. He never cuts his hair or his beard. It becomes him very well. James also ensured that the very best education
25212-525: The king in person, who confirmed them in their lands and offices. In October 1496, the Privy Council ordered that the clan chiefs in the region would be held responsible by the king for crimes of the islanders. This act for the governance of the region was unworkable, and after the Act of Revocation of 1498 undermined the chiefs' titles to their lands, resistance to Edinburgh rule was strengthened. James waited at Kilkerran Castle at Campbeltown Loch to regrant
25403-409: The king only received a small amount of the income from burgh revenues, as the majority of that income was alienated to provide annuities to reward numerous nobles and Crown servants. Taxation imposed by Parliament offered the king greater opportunities to raise income. Between 1488 and 1497, Parliament voted taxation almost annually to support diplomacy and war, including embassies to the continent,
25594-598: The king's knowledge. This defection saw the start of another major rebellion against James III, led by the earls of Angus and Argyll , and the Home and Hepburn families. Pitscottie claimed that the prince defected as he had heard that his father was approaching Stirling with a large army to imprison him. The prince became the figurehead of the rebels, who claimed that they had removed him from Stirling to protect him from his vindictive father, who had surrounded himself with wicked Anglophile counsellors. Like Prince James, many of
25785-409: The king's naval expeditions to the western Highlands, and the 1496–97 conflicts with England. However, James soon learned that using taxation extensively as a means of generating revenue was likely to provoke resistance without bringing in the sums required. Following the failure to raise the huge sum of £12,000 Scots from the three estates (clergy, nobility and burghs) in 1502–1504 to fund the sending of
25976-562: The kingdom throughout his reign. A tax of £5,000 was granted by the Parliament of Scotland to fund an embassy to France and Spain to search for a foreign bride for the king. Pope Innocent VIII conferred the Golden Rose on James in 1491, and the alliance with France was renewed in 1492. Treaties were also made with Denmark and Spain , and truces were negotiated with Henry VII of England in 1493 and 1494. In 1494 James received
26167-442: The late king's money and jewels, and the rebel leaders were rewarded with offices of state and posts in the royal household. James IV's coronation took place on 24 June 1488 at Scone Abbey . The Archbishop of St Andrews , William Scheves , a favourite of James III, did not officiate during the coronation ceremony, with the new king being instead crowned by Robert Blackadder , Bishop of Glasgow . A few days later, James IV attended
26358-579: The lawn opposite King's College was removed before the First World War. New King's groups to form a yet larger quadrangle-like green for the campus also bordered by the High Street, King's and Elphinstone Hall , a traditional 1930 replacement for the Great Hall. The Elphinstone Hall was subsequently used as a dining facility but is now used for graduations, examinations, fairs, and other large university events. However, most students and staff spend relatively little time in these historic buildings, with
26549-547: The learned professions, and this feature differentiated it from the more open and socially inclusive societies like the Glasgow Literary Society or the Select Society of Edinburgh . Over 133 papers were given and discussed at the meeting, and many of these formed the basis of books subsequently published. The society was eventually disbanded in March 1773. The society and its individual members played
26740-563: The local chiefs, including John MacLean of Lochbuie and John MacIain of Ardnamurchan, made their submissions of loyalty to him. John of Islay surrendered and was brought back to the royal court and given an annual pension of £133 6s 8d. The following year, Sir John MacDonald of Dunnyveg rebelled, and in July the king sailed with an army from Dumbarton to Tarbert Castle , before sailing south to Dunaverty Castle in Kintyre . The royal forces repaired both castles and soon afterwards Sir John
26931-410: The many attacks on Scottish shipping in the vicinity of the Firth of Forth from the English and other pirates. He erected fortresses at Largo and Inchgarvie , and made extensive repairs to Dunbar Castle , to defend the firth from hostile attacks. In 1493 James ordered every burgh to provide the Crown with a boat of 20 tons, and to conscript able men to crew them. The forfeiture of the Lordship of
27122-551: The master gunner, Robert Borthwick, in what was the earliest significant foundry for producing large bronze guns in the British Isles . Their output included guns for the Michael , and the Seven Sisters , a set of cannons captured by the English at Flodden. James's artillery also included arquebus à croc (mounted heavy arquebuses ), hand culverins and falconets . James IV was a true Renaissance prince and
27313-492: The meeting, the town raised the money themselves by personal subscription and built the Music Hall . It was capable of holding about 2,500 people and so successful was the meeting that associate membership, necessary to gain access to the proceedings, had to be capped. Prominent among the local organisers were Professors James Clerk Maxwell (Natural Philosophy) and James Nicol (Geology) of Marischal College. Prince Albert ,
27504-487: The old buildings at King's College are still in use as lecture and tutorial rooms and accommodation for various academic departments. In February 2020, the Scottish Funding Council (SFC) found that in approving a financial settlement agreement with the former Principal Sir Ian Diamond , the university failed to make best use of public funds or exercise good governance. As a result of the investigation,
27695-417: The order learned societies first, then Royal academicians, then professional institutions. There are two schools of thought as to how these should be ordered within each category: A & C Black 's Titles and Forms of Address states that "As a general rule, letters should be shown in the order of the foundation of the societies, etc." Contrary to this, Debrett's consider that within learned societies: "There
27886-399: The peace with England broke down in 1480. This led to the invasion of Scotland and capture of Berwick in 1482 by Richard, Duke of Gloucester , in the company of the Duke of Albany. When James III attempted to lead his army against the invasion, his army rebelled against him and he was briefly imprisoned by his own councillors. During James III's imprisonment, Albany visited Queen Margaret and
28077-411: The principal of King's College a role in selecting its academics, but this was refused – the first blow in a developing rivalry. Marischal College, in the commercial heart of the city (rather than the ancient but much smaller collegiate enclave of Old Aberdeen), was quite different in nature and outlook. For example, it was more integrated into the life of the city, such as allowing students to live outwith
28268-411: The rebels also feared for their safety if James III continued to rule. Matters came to a head on 11 June 1488, when the royal and rebel armies fought outside Stirling at the Battle of Sauchieburn . The royal army was defeated and James III was killed during the battle, though several later sources claimed that the Duke of Rothesay had forbidden any man to harm his father. James IV bore intense guilt for
28459-602: The rebels. James IV is generally regarded as the most successful of the Stewart monarchs. He was responsible for a major expansion of the Scottish royal navy , which included the founding of two royal dockyards and the acquisition or construction of 38 ships, including the Michael , the largest warship of its time. James was a patron of the arts and took an active interest in the law, literature and science. With his patronage
28650-469: The reign of Edward VI of England the antiquarian John Stow was shown the coffin, lying in a store room: "since the dissolution of the House I have been shewed the same body (as was affirmed) so lapped in lead throwne into an old wast roome, amongst old timber, stone, lead, and other rubble". James IV's coffin was rediscovered during the reign of Elizabeth I of England when it was opened and his body became
28841-521: The reign progressed. This development matched that of the English and European monarchies in the playing down of the role of their representative assemblies, and placing more reliance on conciliar government: Edward IV of England only held six parliaments during his twenty-three-year reign, and Henry VII held seven in his twenty-four years on the throne. In France, the Estates General were not summoned again for seventy-six years after 1484. With
29032-452: The site was formalised in 1997 by the completion of an operational agreement between the two parties. A new campus in Doha , Qatar was established in May 2017. Known as AFG College with the University of Aberdeen, it is a partnership with Al Faleh Group for Educational and Academic Services (AFG). The courses currently offered are accounting, finance and business management. The campus Principal
29223-467: The stability of the time' In the 20th century, the university expanded greatly, particularly at King's College. New buildings were constructed on the land around King's College throughout the 20th century. Initially, these were built to match the ancient buildings (e.g. the New King's lecture rooms and Elphinstone Hall), but later ones from the 1960s onward were constructed in brutalist style. Meanwhile,
29414-524: The street) was derelict. The majority of the building was leased to Aberdeen City Council in 2008, with significant re-development taking place to allow the council to occupy it as its new administrative headquarters. Occupation of the rear portion of the building is retained by the university including the former Marischal Museum and Mitchell Hall, which was used previously for graduation and other academic ceremonies before moving to Elphinstone Hall at King's College. A small campus at Hilton became part of
29605-553: The tenants of that area, replacing them with his supporters. After the parliament of 1504, a royal fleet sailed north from Ayr to attack the Castle of Cairn-na-Burgh , west of Mull , where it is thought that Maclean of Duart had Domhnall Dubh in his keeping. As progress at the siege was slow, James sent Hans the royal gunner in Robert Barton 's ship and then the Earl of Arran with provisions and more artillery. Cairn-na-Burgh
29796-440: The terms of the Treaty of Perpetual Peace , there was to be "good, real and sincere, true, sound, and firm peace, friendship, league and confederation, to last all time coming" between England and Scotland, neither king or their successors were to make war against the other, and if either king broke the treaty, the Pope would excommunicate him. In a ceremony at the altar of Glasgow Cathedral on 10 December 1502, James confirmed
29987-506: The two women Elen and Margaret More were "enjoying in the royal service a benevolent form of ... black slavery". Other historians emphasise that these individuals were treated as "court curiosities" rather than being in control of their own lives, and were most likely enslaved to some extent. James was granted the title Protector and Defender of the Christian Faith in 1507 by Pope Julius II , and in April 1507 at Holyrood Abbey he received
30178-593: The university estate following a merger in 2001 between the university and the Aberdeen campus of the Northern College of Education, and temporarily became home to the university's Faculty of Education. It was less than a mile southwest of King's College campus. Following the renovation of the MacRobert Building at King's College to house the School of Education (completed in 2005), the Hilton campus
30369-512: The university was ordered to repay £119,000 of grant finance to the SFC and undertake an externally-facilitated examination of its governance and culture. On 5 December 2023 it was announced that a working group, chaired by Professor Karl Leydecker, had been set up to look at the future of teaching of modern languages at the University. It was looking at three options, "all of which involve the end of single honours French, Gaelic, German and Spanish", and
30560-445: The university's foundation, most academic buildings apart from the King's College Chapel and Quadrangle were constructed in the 20th century during a period of significant expansion. The university's Foresterhill campus is next to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary and houses the School of Medicine and Dentistry as well as the School of Medical Sciences. Together these buildings form one of Europe's largest health campuses. The annual income of
30751-409: The university, spent £8518 in entertaining around 2500 invited guests in a tent specially designed for the occasion. After having received an honorary degree (LLD) in 1905, Thomas Hardy celebrated Aberdeen as 'a University which can claim in my opinion to an exceptional degree that breadth of view & openness of mind that all Universities profess to cultivate, but many stifle'. Hardy wrote a poem for
30942-459: The university. Four women graduated in arts by 1898, and by the following year, women made up a quarter of the faculty. The closing of the quadrangle of Marischal College was completed during the university's quatercentenary in 1906, which was officially opened by Edward VII and Alexandra , and which saw some of the most extravagant celebrations and expressions of civic pride ever demonstrated in Aberdeen. Four days of festivities took place across
31133-475: The wives in the market know every cause of my coming." Wolsey was unable to persuade James to abandon the Auld Alliance, but Anglo-Scottish relations nonetheless remained stable until the death of Henry VII in 1509. Relations between Scotland and England deteriorated with the accession of Henry VIII of England in April 1509. Unlike his father, Henry had no interest in appeasing James, because his focus
31324-520: The work probably came from his marriage to Margaret Tudor, which took place in Holyrood Abbey in August 1503. James also commissioned the construction of Falkland Palace in Fife between 1501 and 1513, on a site to the south of Falkland Castle. At Stirling Castle, James commissioned the construction of the great hall and a new royal lodging (the present-day King's Old Building), the remodelling of
31515-642: The years. At one time there was a portrait of John Leslie dressed in Turkish costume, on the walls of Powis House, but there is no obvious connection between the estate and the Middle East. The gateway is also adorned with panels bearing the coats of arms of the Lairds of Powis. The Estate of Powis was owned by the Frasers—their crest is shown on the towers—until the marriage of an heiress to a Leslie. Powis House
31706-445: The young Duke of Rothesay at Stirling Castle to discuss the crisis with them. For the nine-year-old heir to the throne, the crisis of 1482 had shattered the calm of his youthful existence at Stirling. Following the death of Margaret of Denmark in July 1486, Prince James may have viewed the king's deliberate promotion of his second son — the 1486 and 1487 proposals to marry him to one of the younger daughters of Edward IV of England, and
31897-440: Was a "court of appeal" which had the power to adjudicate such differences between the parties to the treaty: the Papacy. But Pope Julius II was now an ally of England, and far from being an honest broker. James IV had so far refused the French king's requests to renew the Franco-Scottish alliance as Louis XII was not offering a sufficient benefit in return. However, Henry VIII's increasingly belligerent stance effectively ensured that
32088-407: Was a reassertion of claims to English overlordship which had been implicitly revoked on a permanent basis by the 1502 Treaty of Perpetual Peace. The English justification of the claim was that James IV had broken the peace, and was preparing for war. This was completely specious as James had by then not even acceded to Louis XII 's urgent requests to renew the Franco-Scottish alliance. In theory, there
32279-424: Was also raised of strengthening the peace between both kingdoms with the marriage of James IV to Henry VII's eldest daughter, Margaret . Following several years in which the Treaty of Ayton held, Scottish and English commissioners met at Richmond Palace on 24 January 1502. They agreed the marriage between James IV and Margaret, with a dowry of £35,000 Scots , and a peace treaty between the two kingdoms. Under
32470-411: Was born and named Arthur, a name recalling Margaret's late brother, Arthur, Prince of Wales , and reminding the still heirless Henry VIII that, if he were unable to produce a legitimate son to succeed him, it might be a son of Margaret Tudor who would succeed. From the perspective of the new administration in the early 1490s, the Western Highlands and the Hebrides were regarded as a problem area and
32661-408: Was built by Hugh Leslie. The house was the home of John Leslie, Professor of Greek at Kings College. It was subsequently owned by the Burnett family. In 1936, J.G. Burnett sold most of the estate to Aberdeen Town Council who built a housing estate in the area comprising over 300 residences. The Sir Duncan Rice Library was designed by Danish architects Schmidt Hammer Lassen and completed in 2011. It
32852-408: Was built on top in 1826. The library wing was converted into an exhibition and conference venue in the 1990s and today also houses the university's Business School. The first of the modern age of construction in the King's campus began with the construction in 1913 of the New Building (now known as "New King's" ), largely in a similar architectural style to the old buildings. A large manse located on
33043-419: Was captured by June 1504 but Domhnall Dubh remained at liberty. In September 1507, Torquil MacLeod was besieged at Stornoway Castle on Lewis. Domhnall Dubh was captured and imprisoned for 37 years until he was released in 1543 and died in 1545 in Ireland; Torquil MacLeod died in exile in 1511. The Earl of Huntly was richly rewarded for his troubles, a price that James was prepared to pay. James IV's reign saw
33234-445: Was childless and had no recognised heir. Through his wife Margaret, James IV was an heir to the English throne. When Margaret gave birth to a son in October 1509, the baby was christened Arthur, not after Margaret and Henry's elder brother, but to advertise the Scottish claim to the Arthurian legend and as a British name for a potential British king. Then on 10 April 1512, Margaret gave birth to another boy, to be called James. This boy,
33425-431: Was closed and sold to developers. The campus was demolished and the land is now occupied by a residential development called "The Campus". In common with the other ancient universities in Scotland, the university's structure of governance is largely regulated by the Universities (Scotland) Acts of 1858. This gives the university a tripartite constitution comprising the General Council of senior academics and graduates,
33616-410: Was continually invaded by the MacDonald islanders. In 1491, Alexander MacDonald of Lochalsh , heir to the lordship of the Isles, attempted to recover the earldom of Ross by raiding Ross-shire in alliance with Clan Cameron and Clan Chattan . They marched to Inverness , where they stormed Inverness Castle , and clashed with Clan Mackenzie before being routed. In consequence of this insurrection, at
33807-435: Was engaging in consultation with student and faculty. It was stated that departmental "income does not cover even the direct costs of staff delivering Modern Languages provision before any central costs ... leading to a projected deficit for Modern Languages of £1.64m in 2023/24." The financial statements were contested by staff and UCU. At an online meeting of the University Senate on 6 December, senators voted 78–15 in favour of
33998-417: Was felled in Lanarkshire and the Highlands and imported from Norway and France. James was also responsible for the founding of new dockyards on the Forth at Newhaven in 1504, and Pool of Airth in 1506. The king also wore the insignia of an Admiral — a whistle and a chain of gold. The Margaret , built at Leith and launched in 1506, weighed around 600–700 tons, was armed with four falconets ,
34189-455: Was found the following day amongst the thousands of Scottish dead on the battlefield, having been identified by two Scottish soldiers captured by the English, and by Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre . James's lower jaw had been pierced by an arrow, an injury which would have disabled him sufficiently for the attacking English soldiers to move in and slash him with their bills , almost severing his left hand and slicing his throat open. James's body
34380-446: Was given to his illegitimate son, Alexander, who was tutored by Erasmus in Padua , Siena and Rome . James IV allegedly conducted a language deprivation experiment in which two children were sent to be raised by a mute woman alone on the island of Inchkeith , to determine if language was learned or innate. James IV had a wide range of intellectual interests and took an interest in practical and scientific matters. He patronised
34571-426: Was just outside the walls, in front of the college. The Crown Tower is surmounted by a structure about 40 ft (12 m) high, consisting of a six-sided lantern and Imperial crown, both sculptured, and resting on the intersections of two arched ornamental slips rising from the four corners of the top of the tower. This crown, also known as the "Crown of Kings", frequently acts as a symbol of the university. The choir of
34762-417: Was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in September 2012 and named after Duncan Rice , a previous Principal of the university. This seven-storey tower, clad in zebra-like jagged stripes of white and clear glass, replaced the smaller Queen Mother Library as the university's main library and can be seen prominently from the entire campus and much of the city. It is open to the public and outstanding views of
34953-425: Was on France. Henry VIII also believed that whatever the implications of the Treaty of Perpetual Peace, the King of Scotland owed him obedience. At the core of the increasing hostility between James and Henry was James IV's position in relation to the English throne. From his accession in 1509 until the birth of his daughter Mary in 1516 — apart from the short life of his son Henry, Duke of Cornwall in 1511 — Henry
35144-516: Was portrayed as the marriage of The Thrissil and the Rois (the thistle and rose — the flowers of Scotland and England, respectively) by the poet William Dunbar , who was then resident at James's court. Margaret did not bear her first child until 1507 when she was seventeen. James IV's marriage to Margaret meant that only the future Henry VIII stood between the Scottish king and the English succession, as Henry's lack of an heir made it possible that either James or one of his successors might succeed if
35335-431: Was received at Lamberton by the Archbishop of Glasgow and the Bishop of Moray. On 8 August 1503, the marriage of the 30-year-old Scottish king and his 13-year-old English bride was celebrated in person in Holyrood Abbey . The rites were performed by Robert Blackadder , Archbishop of Glasgow and Thomas Savage , Archbishop of York . Their wedding was commemorated by the gift of the Hours of James IV of Scotland , and
35526-523: Was summoned for treason committed in Kintyre. Sir John ignored the summons and continued to reside at Islay , but was later captured by John MacIain of Ardnamurchan and brought to Edinburgh to be hanged for treason. In 1495 King James sailed on his third and final expedition to the Isles to find and reward supporters of the Crown within the forfeited lordship, sailing to Mingary Castle , where Lachlan Maclean of Duart , Alan Cameron, and MacNeil of Barra came in to Mingary to submit and offer their allegiance to
35717-526: Was taken and partly demolished, and the army then moved south, capturing the castles of Etal and Ford . On 8 September the Scottish army took up position against an English army commanded by Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey on Branxton Hill in Northumberland . James's army, somewhat reduced from the original 42,000 by sickness and desertion, still amounted to about 34,000, outnumbering the English force by 8,000. The Scottish infantry had been equipped with 18-foot-long (5.5 m) pikes by their French allies;
35908-410: Was taken from Stirling to visit Edinburgh in the summers of 1474 and 1479, and that his nurse in the 1470s was Agnes Turing, the wife of an Edinburgh burgess. In October 1474, James III agreed a peace treaty with Edward IV of England , the foundation of which was to be a marriage between Prince James and Edward's daughter, Cecily of York , when they both reached marriageable age. The treaty marked
36099-402: Was taken to Berwick-upon-Tweed , where it was embalmed, sealed in a lead-lined coffin, and transported to Sheen Priory in Surrey , where it remained unburied. James's slashed and bloodstained surcoat was sent to Henry VIII (then on campaign in France) by his queen, Catherine of Aragon . As James had been excommunicated prior to his death, he could not be buried in consecrated ground until
36290-416: Was the eldest son of King James III and Margaret of Denmark . As heir apparent to the Scottish crown, he became Duke of Rothesay at birth. James probably spent most of his infancy and youth at Stirling Castle in the care of his mother, along with his two younger brothers, James and John . In 1478, Queen Margaret was officially entrusted with the custody and education of the Duke of Rothesay. Not much
36481-416: Was to increase the relatively limited Crown income by extracting larger returns from all available sources of revenue. The king had to fund all government expenses out of his own income, which came from the revenue from Crown lands, and from burgh customs, mails, tolls and duties. The annual revenues of the Crown from these sources remained constant throughout James's reign (around £5–6,000 Scots ). However,
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