69-506: The Abkhaz State Archive ( Abkhaz : Аҧсны Аҳәынҭқарра аҳәынҭқарратә архивтә усбарҭа , romanized: Apsny Ahwynthqarra ahwynthqarratº arhivtº usbartha ; Russian : Государственное архивное управление Республики Абхазия , romanized : Gosudarstvennoye arkhivnoye upravleniye Respubliki Abkhaziya ) is the main archive of Abkhazia , a disputed territory in the South Caucasus and breakaway republic of Georgia . It
138-604: A highly complex verb system that could be called a "sentence in miniature." Chirikba (2003) describes Abkhaz as a "verbocentric" language wherein verbs occupy the "central part of the morphology." However, despite its complexity, Abkhaz verbal morphology is highly regular. Abkhaz, being an ergative language, makes a strong distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs, as well as dynamic and stative . Stative verbs describe states of being, roughly analogous to copular phrases in English, as in дхәыҷуп ( d-x˚əčә́-wə-p - "she
207-479: A literary language for only about 100 years. It was suggested that certain inscriptions on Ancient Greek pottery which had been considered nonsense are in fact written in Abkhaz-Adydge languages. The methodology of the research was criticised and the results called improbable. In 1918, Tbilisi State University became the first institution of higher education to teach Abkhazian language. The founders of
276-462: Is a child"). Dynamic verbs express direct actions, functioning more closely to standard English verbs. Dynamic verbs possess the full range of aspect , mood and tense forms, in contrast to statives, which do not. Some verbs, called inversives, combine certain features of both stative and dynamic verbs. Another important verbal distinction in Abkhaz is finite versus non-finite, referring to
345-631: Is a city in a wide bay on the Black Sea 's eastern coast. It is both the capital and largest city of the Republic of Abkhazia , a partially recognised state that most countries consider a part of Georgia . The city has been controlled by Abkhazia since the Abkhazian war in 1992–93. The city, which has an airport , is a port, major rail junction and a holiday resort because of its beaches, sanatoriums , mineral-water spas and semitropical climate. It
414-752: Is a considerable number of Abkhaz speakers in Adjara in southern Georgia, with the diaspora concentrating itself around the capital Batumi , with about 982 people considering Abkhaz their first language. In the Russian census of 2010, 6,786 speakers of Abkhaz were reported in Russia . In Ukraine there are around 1,458 according to the 2001 census, but of these only 317 speak Abkhazian. There were also communities in Syria , Jordan and Iraq with around 5,000 Abkhazians, although this number could reach 10,000 according to
483-415: Is a high degree of agreement between verbs and other parts of speech. Overall, the Abkhaz verb is constructed as follows: Not all of these elements will necessarily co-occur in every verb. The individual parts of verb morphology are addressed below. First Position The first prefixing element of the verb complex expresses either the subject of an intransitive verb in the absolutive construction, or
552-528: Is agreed that today most of the Abkhaz people do not live in Abkhazia. In the census conducted by the Republic of Abkhazia in 2011, Abkhazians comprised 50.8% of the population, around 122,175 people; of these 92,838 speaking it natively. Only two of the original dialects are still spoken in Abkhazia. The Bzyp dialect is still spoken in its homeland northwest of Sukhumi , stretching from the Bzyp River to
621-456: Is almost cool enough in summer to be an oceanic climate ( Cfb ). On 2 February 2000, President Ardzinba dismissed temporary Mayor Leonid Osia and appointed Leonid Lolua in his stead. Lolua was reappointed on 10 May 2001 following the March 2001 local elections. On 5 November 2004, in the heated aftermath of the 2004 presidential election , president Vladislav Ardzinba appointed head of
690-619: Is also a member of the International Black Sea Club . Sukhumi's history can be traced to the 6th century BC, when it was settled by Greeks, who named it Dioscurias. During this time and the subsequent Roman period, much of the city disappeared under the Black Sea. The city was named Tskhumi when it became part of the Kingdom of Abkhazia and then the Kingdom of Georgia . Contested by local princes, it became part of
759-874: Is located in Sukhum , the capital of Abkhazia. The precursor of the Abkhaz State Archive was established in March 1929, when the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia adopted a resolution about the "Organization of archival Affairs". In October 1992, during the War in Abkhazia , fire destroyed the archive building; on both sides of
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#1732772815266828-683: Is more likely to be an alteration of its earlier Georgian name. At the request of the pro-Russian Abkhazian prince, the town was stormed by the Russian Marines in 1810 and turned, subsequently, into a major outpost in the North West Caucasus. (See Russian conquest of the Caucasus ). Sukhumi was declared the seaport in 1847 and was directly annexed to the Russian Empire after the ruling Shervashidze princely dynasty
897-407: Is represented by one university, Abkhazian State University , which has a special status in the education system in Abkhazia and it manages its own budget. Abkhaz State University (1979), has its own campus which is a home for 42 departments organized into 8 faculties providing education to about 3300 students (as of 2019, est.). Sukhumi has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ), that
966-569: Is sometimes referred to as Aqujikha (აყუჯიხა), and in Russian as Сухум ( Sukhum ) or Сухуми ( Sukhumi ). The toponym Sokhumi derives from the Georgian word Tskhomi/Tskhumi (ცხომი/ცხუმი), which in turn is supposed to be derived from Svan tskhum (ცხუმ) meaning " hornbeam tree". In Abkhaz, the city is known as Aqwa (Аҟәа) which is believed to derive from a-qwara (а-ҟәара), meaning "stony seashore". According to Abkhaz tradition Aqwa (Аҟәа) signifies water . Medieval Georgian sources knew
1035-574: Is spoken by thousands of members of the Abkhazian diaspora in Turkey , Georgia 's autonomous republic of Adjara , Syria , Jordan , and several Western countries. 27 October is the day of the Abkhazian language in Georgia . Abkhaz is a Northwest Caucasian language and is thus related to Adyghe . The language of Abkhaz is especially close to Abaza , and they are sometimes considered dialects of
1104-583: Is spoken is in Karachay-Cherkessia , where the Northern dialects are spoken, although there they are considered as a separate language and form the literary Abaza language . They are spoken by 37,831 people in Russia, mostly in the south of Stavropol Krai in the area around Kislovodsk , and in the upper Kuma river area. Abkhaz is also spoken as a minority language around the world. There
1173-525: The 1989 riots , Sukhumi was a centre of the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict , and the city was severely damaged during the 1992–1993 War . During the war, the city and its environs suffered almost daily air strikes and artillery shelling, with heavy civilian casualties. On 27 September 1993 the battle for Sukhumi was concluded by a full-scale campaign of ethnic cleansing against its majority Georgian population (see Sukhumi Massacre ), including members of
1242-640: The Georgian SSR . It was also a popular holiday destination. As the Soviet Union dissolved in the early 1990s, the city suffered significant damage during the Abkhaz–Georgian conflict . The present-day population of 60,000 is only half of the population living there toward the end of Soviet rule. In Georgian , the city is known as Sokhumi (სოხუმი), amongst Samurzakans in Megrelian the city
1311-555: The Georgian kings . According to Russian scholar V. Sizov, it became an important "cultural and administrative center of the Georgian state. A Later Tskhumi served as capital of the Odishi — Megrelian rulers, it was in this city that Vamek I ( c. 1384–1396), the most influential Dadiani , minted his coins. Documents of the 15th century clearly distinguished Tskhumi from Principality of Abkhazia . The Ottoman navy occupied
1380-532: The Gulripshi District assembly Adgur Kharazia as acting mayor. During his first speech he called upon the two leading candidates, Sergei Bagapsh and Raul Khadjimba , to both withdraw. On 16 February 2005, after his election as president, Bagapsh replaced Kharazia with Astamur Adleiba , who had been Minister for Youth, Sports, Resorts and Tourism until December 2004. In the 11 February 2007 local elections, Adleiba successfully defended his seat in
1449-810: The Ottoman Empire in the 1570s, where it remained until it was conquered by the Russian Empire in 1810. After a period of conflict during the Russian Civil War , it briefly became part of the Democratic Republic of Georgia , until it was again taken by the Bolsheviks . Within the Soviet Union , Sukhumi served as the capital of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia and then the Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within
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#17327728152661518-512: The Republic of Genoa . The Genoese established their trading port in Tskhumi in the end of 13th century and a Catholic bishopric existed there which is now a titular see . A Genoese consulate was established in 1354 with the consul dispatched from Caffa . In spite of occasional conflicts with the locals, the consulate functioned until 1456. The city of Tskhumi became the summer residence of
1587-474: The Russian Civil War . A short-lived Bolshevik government was suppressed in May 1918 and Sukhumi was incorporated into the Democratic Republic of Georgia as a residence of the autonomous People's Council of Abkhazia and the headquarters of the Georgian governor-general. The Red Army and the local revolutionaries took the city from the Georgian forces on 4 March 1921, and declared Soviet rule. Sukhumi functioned as
1656-414: The direct object of a transitive verb in an ergative construction. The following table illustrates the various agreement markers which can occupy the first position. These prefixes can either be in their long forms, containing the letters inside the parenthesis, or in the short forms that do not contain them. The rules for using them are the following: Sukhumi Sukhumi (see also other names )
1725-642: The 1880s on behest of Tsar Alexander III of Russia . Northward in the mountains is the Krubera Cave , one of the deepest in the world, with a depth of 2,140 meters. The city hosts a number of research and educational institutions, including the Abkhazian State University , the Sukhumi Open Institute and about a half a dozen of vocational education colleges. From 1945 to 1954 the city's electron physics laboratory
1794-513: The 19th century to the middle of the 20th have been documented at around 30 thousand. Ethnologue gives 150,000 Abkhazians living in Turkey, of these 50,000 still speak the language. The head of the Abkhaz federation says there are in between 500 and 700 thousand Abkhazians in Turkey. In general, Abkhaz seems to have been lost by most of the descendants, and bilingualism being low except in some specific areas, although there seems to be an effort for
1863-511: The 25% required. Since Adleiba was now a member of the city assembly, president Bagapsh could permanently appoint him Mayor of Sukhumi on 18 September. Following the May 2014 Revolution and the election of Raul Khajimba as president, he on 22 October dismissed Labakhua and again appointed (as acting Mayor) Adgur Kharazia , who at that point was Vice Speaker of the People's Assembly . Kharazia won
1932-689: The 4 April 2015 by-election to the City Council in constituency no. 3 unopposed, and was confirmed as mayor by Khajimba on 4 May. The 6th convocation of the Sukhumi City Council was elected 13 April 2016. Sukhumi is served by the Sukhumi Trolleybus , consisting of 3 Lines. There is a railway station in Sukhumi, that has a daily train to Moscow via Sochi . Babushara Airport now handles only local flights due to
2001-417: The Abkhaz tribes; the 14th-century Genoese fort and the 18th-century Ottoman fortress. The 11th century Kamani Monastery (12 kilometres (7 miles) from Sukhumi) is erected, according to tradition, over the tomb of Saint John Chrysostom . Some 22 km (14 mi) from Sukhumi lies New Athos with the ruins of the medieval city of Anacopia . The Neo-Byzantine New Athos Monastery was constructed here in
2070-654: The Abkhazia's Foreign Ministry. The biggest western diaspora is in Germany , with around 5,000 speakers, but other communities are found in countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, Austria, France, Belgium and so on. The earliest indisputable extant written records of the Abkhaz language are in the Arabic script , recorded by the Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi in the 17th century. Abkhaz has been used as
2139-641: The Abkhazian Scientific Society, Абхазское научное общество, АбНО/ABNO) burned down, too. In the course of the Geneva International Discussions , the Georgian central government provided the de facto authorities of Abkhazia with important archival documents in 2015. Additionally, one year later a meeting of the head of the Abkhaz State Archive with the director of the National Archives of Georgia
Abkhaz State Archive - Misplaced Pages Continue
2208-741: The Byzantine strongholds in Colchis until being sacked by the Arab conqueror Marwan II in 736. Afterwards, the town came to be known as Tskhumi . Restored by the kings of Abkhazia from the Arab devastation, it particularly flourished during the Georgian Golden Age in the 12th–13th centuries, when Tskhumi became a center of traffic with the European maritime powers, particularly with
2277-621: The Caucasus. Sukhumi houses a number of historical monuments, notably the Besleti Bridge built during the reign of queen Tamar of Georgia in the 12th century. It also retains visible vestiges of the defunct monuments, including the Roman walls, the medieval Castle of Bagrat , several towers of the Kelasuri Wall , also known as Great Abkhazian Wall, constructed between 1628 and 1653 by Levan II Dadiani to protect his fiefdom from
2346-489: The State Customs Committee and appointed him acting Mayor of Sukhumi, a post temporarily fulfilled by former Vice-Mayor Anzor Kortua . On 27 May Labakhua appointed Vadim Cherkezia as Deputy Chief of staff. On 2 September, Labakhua won the by-election in constituency No. 21, which had become necessary after Adleiba relinquished his seat. Adleiba was the only candidate and voter turnout was 34%, higher than
2415-471: The Sukhumi city assembly and was thereupon reappointed mayor by Bagapsh on 20 March. In April 2007, while President Bagapsh was in Moscow for medical treatment, the results of an investigation into corruption within the Sukhumi city administration were made public. The investigation found that large sums had been embezzled and upon his return, on 2 May, Bagapsh fired Adleiba along with his deputy Boris Achba ,
2484-455: The Tapanta dialect of Abkhaz. Chirikba mentions that there are possible indications that proto-Northwest Caucasian , could have divided firstly into proto-Circassian and to proto-Ubykh-Abkhaz; Ubykh then being the closest relative to Abkhaz, with it only later on being influenced by Circassian. There is not an agreed number of speakers of Abkhaz, and there are widely different numbers. It
2553-441: The basis for literary Abaza are spoken in Karachay-Cherkessia , while the other dialects such as Sadz are spoken in Turkey due to Russian invasions in the 19th century. While most differences are phonetic, differences in the lexicon are present, although mostly due to exterior contact. Bzyp contains the most preserved lexicon, with few borrowings. Abzhywa has adopted many loans from Kartvelian , specially Mingrelian ; Sadz on
2622-574: The capital of the "Union treaty" Abkhaz Soviet Socialist Republic associated with the Georgian SSR from 1921 until 1931, when it became the capital of the Abkhazian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Georgian SSR. By 1989, Sukhumi had 120,000 inhabitants and was one of the most prosperous cities of Georgia. Many holiday dachas for Soviet leaders were situated there. Beginning with
2691-542: The charioteers of the Dioscuri. The Greek pottery found in Eshera , further north along the coast, predates findings in the area of Sukhumi bay by a century suggesting that the centre of the original Greek settlement could have been there. It became busily engaged in the commerce between Greece and the indigenous tribes, importing salt and wares from many parts of Greece, and exporting local timber, linen , and hemp . It
2760-561: The city began in the mid-6th century BC when an earlier settlement of the second and early first millennia BC, frequented by local Colchian tribes , was replaced by the Milesian Greek colony of Dioscurias ( Greek : Διοσκουριάς ). The city is said to have been founded and named by the Dioscuri , the twins Castor and Pollux of classical mythology . According to another legend it was founded by Amphitus and Cercius of Sparta ,
2829-502: The conflict many believe that the archive was burned down intentionally by the Georgian forces. About 95% of the archived documents was destroyed. On the Georgian side, many people refute the idea that the archive was deliberately burned down. The same day as the Abkhaz State Archive burned down, the Abkhazian Scientific-Research Institute of Language, Literature and History (ABNII, founded in 1922 as
Abkhaz State Archive - Misplaced Pages Continue
2898-461: The duration of the action . Finite verbs usually contain enough information to form a complete sentence, whereas non-finite verbs typically form dependent clauses . Verb stems can be derived in a number of ways, including compounding , affixation, reduplication or conversion from another part of speech. Roughly equivalent to the infinitive, or to a so-called "verbal noun," the Masdar form of
2967-414: The fully conjugated personal Abkhaz verb forms are "templatic," with each grammatical distinction occupying a specific "slot" or "position" within the broader verb template. Verbs are thus formed by the addition of various affixes to the verb stem; these affixes express such distinctions as transitivity, person and stative/dynamic quality, occupying rigid positions within the overall verb structure. There
3036-469: The head of the Sukhumi's finance department Konstantin Tuzhba and the head of the housing department David Jinjolia . On 4 June Adleiba paid back to the municipal budget 200,000 rubels. and on 23 July, he resigned from the Sukhumi city council, citing health reasons and the need to travel abroad for medical treatment. On 15 May 2007, president Bagapsh released Alias Labakhua as First Deputy Chairman of
3105-528: The inhabitants belong to the Orthodox and Armenian Apostolic Churches, Islam and the Abkhaz traditional religion . Sukhumi theatres which offer classical and modern performances, with the theatre season lasting from September to June. Several galleries and museums exhibit modern and historical Abkhaz visual art. Sukhumi Botanical Garden was established in 1840 and is one of the oldest botanical gardens in
3174-732: The late 19th-early 20th century and rapidly grew until the second half of the 20th century. For example, the number of college students grew from few dozens in the 1920s to several thousands in the 1980s. According to the official statistical data, Abkhazia has 12 TVET colleges (as of 2019, est.) providing education and vocational training to youth mostly in the capital city, though there are several colleges in all major district centers. Independent international assessments suggest that these colleges train in about 20 different specialties attracting between 1200 and 1500 young people annually (aged between 16 and 29) (as of 2019, est.). The largest colleges are as follows: Higher education in Sukhumi currently
3243-458: The lowest levels so far reached by archaeologists are of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. According to Gregory of Nyssa there were Christians in the city in the late 4th century. In 542 the Romans evacuated the town and demolished its citadel to prevent it from being captured by Sasanian Empire . In 565, however, the emperor Justinian I restored the fort and Sebastopolis continued to remain one of
3312-413: The new generation to learn the language with public schools being able to teach Abkhaz and together with 7,836 second language speakers. Abkhazian villages are concentrated around the cities of Adapazarı , Düzce , Sinop , Hendek and Samsun in the northern part, and in the west around cities such as Bilecik , Inegöl and Eskişehir ; they are mainly found in the provinces of Sakarya and Bolu in
3381-549: The object of a transitive verb. Notably, Abkhaz expresses ergativity entirely through the ordering of subjects and objects within verb constructions rather than through overt case marking as most other ergative languages do. All Latin transliterations in this section utilize the system explicated in Chirikba (2003) (see Abkhaz alphabet for the details). DETR:detrimental BENF:benefactive PREV:preverb SPREV:stem preverb EXT:extension MSD:masdar Abkhaz morphology features
3450-432: The other hand has more words from Circassian . Northern dialects in general have more loanwords from Persian, Arabic, Turkish and Circassian. Abkhaz has a very large number of consonants (58 in the literary dialect), with three-way voiced / voiceless / ejective and palatalized / labialized /plain distinctions. By contrast, the language has only two phonemically distinct vowels, which have several allophones depending on
3519-553: The palatal and/or labial quality of adjacent consonants. Labialised alveolo-palatal fricatives are found in the Bzyp and Sadz dialects of Abkhaz, but not in Abzhywa. Plain alveolo-palatal consonants and the pharyngealised and labialised-pharyngealised uvular fricatives are unique to the Bzyp dialect. The consonants highlighted in red and in brackets are the 4 kinds of labialisation described by Chirikba. Affricate The nature of
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#17327728152663588-412: The pro-Georgian Abkhazian government ( Zhiuli Shartava , Raul Eshba and others) and mayor of Sukhumi Guram Gabiskiria . Although the city has been relatively peaceful and partially rebuilt, it is still suffering the after-effects of the war, and it has not regained its earlier ethnic diversity. A relatively large infrastructure reconstruction program was launched in 2019–2020 focusing on the renovation of
3657-399: The same language, Abazgi , of which the literary dialects of Abkhaz and Abaza are simply two ends of a dialect continuum . Grammatically, the two are very similar; however, the differences in phonology are substantial, it also contains elements characteristic of Kabardian ; these are the main reasons for many others to prefer keeping the two separate, while others still refer to it as
3726-594: The symbols of the Dioskuri and Dionysus . Under the Roman emperor Augustus the city assumed the name of Sebastopolis ( Greek : Σεβαστούπολις ). But its prosperity was past, and in the 1st century Pliny the Elder described the place as virtually deserted though the town still continued to exist during the times of Arrian in the 130s. The remains of towers and walls of Sebastopolis have been found underwater; on land
3795-409: The town as Tskhumi (ცხუმი). Later, under Ottoman control, the town was known in Turkish as Suhum-Kale ( Ottoman Turkish : صخوم قلعه ), which was derived from the earlier Georgian form Tskhumi or read to mean "Tskhumi fortress". The ending -i in the above forms represents the Georgian nominative suffix. The town was officially called Сухум ( Sukhum ) in Russian until 16 August 1936, when this
3864-472: The town in 1451, but for a short time. Later contested between the princes of Abkhazia and Mingrelia , Tskhumi finally fell to the Turks in the 1570s. The new masters heavily fortified the town and called it Sohumkale , with kale meaning "fort" but the first part of the name of disputed origin. It may represent Turkish su ( Ottoman Turkish : صو ), "water", and kum ( Ottoman Turkish : قوم ), "sand", but
3933-415: The university began to take care of the development and scientific study of the Abkhazian language. At the meeting of the Council of Professors held at Tbilisi State University in 1918, Ivane Javakhishvili noted the scientific importance of studying Caucasian languages. In 1918, by the decision of the Council of Professors, Petre Charaia was invited to teach the Abkhazian language, and from 1925, this mission
4002-597: The verb resembles the English gerund. It is formed by the addition of a specific suffix to a bare verb stem, -ра ( -ra ) for a dynamic verb and -заара ( -zaara ) for a stative. аԥхьара á-px’a-ra ART -read- MSD аԥхьара á-px’a-ra ART-read-MSD "to read/be reading" Various prefixes can be added to the Masdar to form entire dependent clauses, as in аԥибаҽра a-pә́-j+ba-č-ra ART - PREV - RECI -break- MSD аԥибаҽра a-pә́-j+ba-č-ra ART-PREV-RECI-break-MSD "breaking each other" However,
4071-431: The vowels differently. They describe the sound of 'ә' being completely different from [ɨ], and by their descriptions being closer to [ə]. The 'а' is described as being particularly back, likely [ɑ]. Typical of Northwest Caucasian languages, Abkhaz is an agglutinative language that relies heavily on affixation. It has an ergative-absolutive typology, such that the subject of an intransitive verb functions identically to
4140-515: The vowels of Abkhaz is not clear. Some linguists, characterise the vowel system as a 2 degree vertical vowel system ; with the two vowels being distinguished by height, 'ә' being the high/close vowel, and 'а' being the low/open. This system would very closely resemble the one found in Adyghe . The quality of 'ә' in this case, is usually represented as [ɨ] if the vowel is in a stressed position, and being unaffected by its neighbouring consonants. Other linguists however, mainly Russian ones, describe
4209-466: The waterfront, rebuilding city roads and cleaning city parks. Its population in 2017 was 65,716, compared to about 120,000 in 1989. During summer holidays season its population usually doubles and triples with a large inflow of international tourists. In 2021, there was unrest in the city leading to the resignation of President Aslan Bzhani . Historic population figures for Sukhumi, split out by ethnicity, based on population censuses: Most of
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#17327728152664278-404: The western environs of Sukhumi and the Psyrtskha valley, whereas the Abzhywa dialect is spoken south-east of Sukhumi. The rest of the Abkhaz speaking population inhabits other neighbouring areas. The exact number of Abkhazians and Abkhaz speakers in Turkey is not clear. The Turkish census denotes 13,951, but the figures are dubious, since the numbers of Abkhazians that came from the beginning of
4347-450: The western part, and near the Çoruh river in the north-east. Historically the dialects of Sadz, Ahchypsy and Tsabal were located in Abkhazia; Sadz being spoken from the Bzyp river to the Matsesta River , and further to the north-west bordering the Sochypsta River . Today they are exclusively spoken in the northwestern part of Turkey, specially in the Sakarya province, it being spoken in 14 villages. The other major place where Abkhaz
4416-450: Was also a prime center of slave trade in Colchis. The city and its surroundings were remarkable for the multitude of languages spoken in its bazaars. Although the sea made serious inroads upon the territory of Dioscurias, it continued to flourish and became one of the key cities in the realm of Mithridates VI of Pontus in the 2nd century BC and supported his cause until the end. Dioscurias issued bronze coinage around 100 BC featuring
4485-492: Was changed to Sukhumi (Сухуми). This remained so until 4 December 1992, when the Supreme Council of Abkhazia restored the previous version. Russia also readopted its official spelling in 2008, though Сухуми is also still being used. In English, the most common form today is Sukhumi , although Sokhumi is increasing in usage and has been adopted by sources including United Nations , Encyclopædia Britannica , MSN Encarta , Esri and Google Maps . The history of
4554-447: Was continued by Dimitri Gulia and Simon Janashia . Abkhaz is generally viewed as having three major dialects: The literary language is based on the Abzhywa dialect. Below is a classification of Abkhaz dialects according to Chirikba (1996): In some form or the other, all dialects are richer in phonemes than the standard Abzhywa dialect. The only dialects spoken in Abkhazia are Abzhywa and Bzyp. Northern dialects which are
4623-502: Was involved in the Soviet program to develop nuclear weapons. Additionally, the Abkhaz State Archive is located in the city. Until 19th century young people from Abkhazia usually received their education mainly at religious schools (Muslims at Madrasas and Christians at Seminaries), although a small number of children from wealthy families had opportunity to travel to foreign countries for education. The first modern educational institutions (both schools and colleges) were established in
4692-400: Was ousted by the Russian authorities in 1864. During the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878 , the town was temporarily controlled by the Ottoman forces and Abkhaz- Adyghe rebels. After its annexation, Sukhumi became the administrative center of the Sukhumi Okrug of the Kutais Governorate . Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 , the town and Abkhazia in general were engulfed in the chaos of
4761-412: Was planned. 2019/2020 material has been preserved with the help of Czech historians from the Czech National Archives . Abkhaz language Abkhaz , also known as Abkhazian , is a Northwest Caucasian language most closely related to Abaza . It is spoken mostly by the Abkhaz people . It is one of the official languages of Abkhazia , where around 190,000 people speak it. Furthermore, it
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