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112-480: The incident sparked national outrage and led to protests against campus violence. Out of 25 convicts, 20 were given death sentence and 5 others were give life sentence in relation to the murder of Abrar Fahad following a highly publicized trial. An autopsy report later confirmed that Fahad died as a result of severe blunt force trauma . Abrar Fahad was born on February 12, 1998, in the village of Radhanagar, Kumarkhali , Kushtia , Bangladesh . His father, Barkat Ullah,

224-427: A cervical collar may be placed if there is suspicion of trauma to the neck. Evaluation of blunt trauma to the head continues with the secondary survey for evidence of cranial trauma, including bruises, contusions, lacerations, and abrasions. In addition to noting external injury, a comprehensive neurologic exam is typically performed to assess for damage to the brain. Depending on the mechanism of injury and examination,

336-498: A group chat to beat Abrar. This information came to light following a confession from Ifti Mosharraf Shakal, the group's Deputy Social Service Secretary.Amit Saha, the Deputy Law Secretary, who was also a member of ISKCON , suggested waiting until Abrar returned from his home. On the night of October 6th, 2019, Abrar was brought to Room 2011, along with his two mobile phones and laptop. At that point, Mujtaba Rafid,

448-441: A hemicraniectomy , in which part of the skull is removed. Injury to extremities (like arms, legs, hands, feet) is extremely common. Falls are the most common etiology , making up as much as 30% of upper and 60% of lower extremity injuries. The most common mechanism for solely upper extremity injuries is machine operation or tool use. Work-related accidents and vehicle crashes are also common causes. The injured extremity

560-557: A human chain on their campus, demanding the capital punishment for Abrar's killers. Students from Islamic University in Kushtia blocked the Kushtia-Khulna highway in protest of the killing, Teachers from the university also joined in, holding a human chain to call for justice for Abrar's murder. In Khulna , students from Khulna University blocked the main road in front of their campus, wearing black badges and forming

672-770: A pulse oximeter . The goal is to maintain greater than 90% oxygen saturation in the blood. If the patient cannot maintain appropriate blood oxygen levels on their own, mechanical ventilation may be indicated. Mechanical ventilation will add oxygen and remove carbon dioxide in the blood. It is also critically important to avoid low blood pressure in the setting of traumatic brain injuries . Studies have demonstrated improved outcomes in patients with systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 120mmHg. Lastly, healthcare professionals should conduct consecutive neurological examinations to allow for early identification of elevated intracranial pressure and subsequent implementation of interventions to improve blood flow and reduce stress to

784-474: A "College of Physicians and Surgeons". All American states have an agency that is usually called the "Medical Board", although there are alternate names such as "Board of Medicine", "Board of Medical Examiners", "Board of Medical Licensure", "Board of Healing Arts" or some other variation. After graduating from a first-professional school, physicians who wish to practice in the US usually take standardized exams, such as

896-412: A CT scan of the skull and brain may be ordered. This is typically done to assess for blood within the skull or fracture of the skull bones . Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and is most commonly caused by falls, motor vehicle crashes, sports- and work-related injuries, and assaults. It is the most common cause of death in patients under the age of 25. TBI

1008-500: A DPM degree. After residency, one to two years of fellowship programs are available in plastic surgery, foot and ankle reconstructive surgery, sports medicine, and wound care. Podiatry residencies and/ or fellowships are not accredited by the ACGME . The overall scope of podiatric practice varies from state to state and is not similar to that of physicians holding an MD or DO degree. DPM is also available at one Canadian university, namely

1120-456: A basic medical qualification, and up to another nine years to become a specialist. In most jurisdictions, physicians (in either sense of the word) need government permission to practice. Such permission is intended to promote public safety, and often to protect government spending, as medical care is commonly subsidized by national governments. In some jurisdictions such as in Singapore , it

1232-721: A beneficial effect on their health and lifestyle. According to a study of male physicians in the United States, life expectancy is slightly higher for physicians (73 years for white and 69 years for black) than lawyers or many other highly educated professionals. Causes of death which are less likely to occur in physicians than the general population include respiratory disease (including pneumonia , pneumoconioses , COPD , but excluding emphysema and other chronic airway obstruction ), alcohol-related deaths, rectosigmoid and anal cancers , and bacterial diseases. Physicians do experience exposure to occupational hazards , and there

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1344-622: A blunt chest injury will likely undergo a focused assessment with sonography for trauma ( FAST ) which can reliably detect a significant amount of blood around the heart or in the lung by using a special machine that visualizes sound waves sent through the body. Only 10–15% of thoracic traumas require surgery, but they can have serious impacts on the heart , lungs , and great vessels . The most immediate life-threatening injuries that may occur include tension pneumothorax , open pneumothorax, hemothorax , flail chest , cardiac tamponade , and airway obstruction/rupture . The injuries may necessitate

1456-558: A feeling of decreased personal achievement, and others. A study by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality reported that time pressure was the greatest cause of burnout; a survey from the American Medical Association reported that more than half of all respondents chose "too many bureaucratic tasks" as the leading cause of burnout. Medical education and career pathways for doctors vary considerably across

1568-485: A fist or a bat in an assault), acceleration or deceleration (such as that from a rear-end automotive crash), shear force (a combination of acceleration and deceleration), compression (such as a heavy object falling on a person), and blasts (such as an explosion of some sort). Common signs and symptoms include something as simple as bruising , but occasionally as complicated as hypoxia , ventilation-perfusion mismatch , hypovolemia , and reduced cardiac output due to

1680-573: A gas shortage. Perhaps the poet wrote in search of such happiness: 'For others' sake, I say Give all your life and mind, Is there such happiness anywhere That you forget yourself?' ( Translated from Bengali ) Several hundred students from the University of Dhaka held a protest at the base of the Anti Terrorism Raju Memorial Sculpture . Teachers and students from Jahangirnagar University also organized

1792-539: A human chain at the university’s main gate to protest Abrar’s death. In University of Chittagong , female residential students brought out a procession followed by a human chain in front of the Shaheed Minar on the campus demanding death penalty for those involved in the killing. Students from Rajshahi University staged a demonstration and blocked the Rajshahi-Dhaka highway for half an hour protesting

1904-471: A part in catalyzing broader political movements in Bangladesh, culminating in what has been referred to as the " July Revolution ". This movement saw mass protests against the government, calling for greater democratic freedoms, transparency, and a pushback against oppressive political practices. On the fifth anniversary of Fahad's death, a foundation stone was laid after a memorial meeting organized under

2016-457: A physical trauma due to a forceful impact without penetration of the body's surface. Blunt trauma stands in contrast with penetrating trauma , which occurs when an object pierces the skin, enters body tissue , and creates an open wound . Blunt trauma occurs due to direct physical trauma or impactful force to a body part. Such incidents often occur with road traffic collisions , assaults , and sports-related injuries, and are notably common among

2128-418: A physician, in the broad sense). In Commonwealth countries, specialist pediatricians and geriatricians are also described as specialist physicians who have sub-specialized by age of patient rather than by organ system. Around the world, the combined term "physician and surgeon" is used to describe either a general practitioner or any medical practitioner irrespective of specialty. This usage still shows

2240-444: A procedure, most commonly the insertion of an intercostal drain , or chest tube. This tube is typically installed because it helps restore a certain balance in pressures (usually due to misplaced air or surrounding blood) that are impeding the lungs' ability to inflate and thus exchange vital gases that allow the body to function. A less common procedure that may be employed is a pericardiocentesis , which, by removing blood surrounding

2352-619: A professor of internal medicine . Hence, in the 16th century, physic meant roughly what internal medicine does now. Currently, a specialist physician in the United States may be described as an internist . Another term, hospitalist , was introduced in 1996, to describe US specialists in internal medicine who work largely or exclusively in hospitals. Such 'hospitalists' now make up about 19% of all US general internists , who are often called general physicians in Commonwealth countries. This original use, as distinct from surgeon,

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2464-415: A punch, or compression against a non-yielding object such as a seat belt or steering column. This force may deform a hollow organ, increasing its intraluminal or internal pressure and possibly leading to rupture. Deceleration, on the other hand, causes stretching and shearing at the points where mobile contents in the abdomen , like the bowel , are anchored. This can cause tearing of the mesentery of

2576-590: A renewed effort by the Chhatra League to reintroduce student politics at BUET faced widespread resistance, sparking protests and a boycott of academic activities across the university. In response to widespread protests across Bangladesh, the BUET administration implemented measures to enhance campus safety. These measures include: Amnesty International condemned the murder as a "heinous crime requiring urgent investigation." The organization stated that "Abrar

2688-455: A significant cultural content, including conventional western medicine. Ayurveda , Unani medicine , and homeopathy are popular types of alternative medicine. Some commentators have argued that physicians have duties to serve as role models for the general public in matters of health, for example by not smoking cigarettes. Indeed, in most western nations relatively few physicians smoke, and their professional knowledge does appear to have

2800-529: A specialist in surgery ). This meaning of physician conveys a sense of expertise in treatment by drugs or medications, rather than by the procedures of surgeons . This term is at least nine hundred years old in English: physicians and surgeons were once members of separate professions, and traditionally were rivals. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary , third edition, gives a Middle English quotation making this contrast, from as early as 1400: "O Lord, whi

2912-482: A three- or four-year degree, often in science) are usually four or five years in length. Hence, gaining a basic medical degree may typically take from five to eight years, depending on jurisdiction and university. Following the completion of entry-level training, newly graduated medical practitioners are often required to undertake a period of supervised practice before full registration is granted, typically one or two years. This may be referred to as an " internship ", as

3024-481: A traumatic injury is highly variable and depends upon the specific intracranial injuries that occur. However, there is a significant correlation between the severity of the initial insult as well as the level of neurologic function during the initial assessment and the level of lasting neurologic deficits. Initial treatment may be targeted at reducing the intracranial pressure if there is concern for swelling or bleeding within this skull. This may require surgery, such as

3136-529: A variety of care and are therefore also referred to as general practitioners . Family medicine grew out of the general practitioner movement of the 1960s in response to the growing specialization in medicine that was seen as threatening to the doctor-patient relationship and continuity of care. In the United States, the American Podiatric Medical Association (APMA) defines podiatrists as physicians and surgeons who treat

3248-401: Is evidence-based medicine . Within conventional medicine, most physicians still pay heed to their ancient traditions: The critical sense and sceptical attitude of the citation of medicine from the shackles of priestcraft and of caste; secondly , the conception of medicine as an art based on accurate observation, and as a science, an integral part of the science of man and of nature; thirdly ,

3360-430: Is "yes", an injured extremity index or ankle-brachial index may be used to help guide whether further evaluation with computed tomography arteriography . This uses a special scanner and a substance that makes it easier to examine the vessels in finer detail than what the human hand can feel or the human eye can see. Soft tissue damage can lead to rhabdomyolysis (a rapid breakdown of injured muscle that can overwhelm

3472-481: Is a serious concern due to its tremendous infectious potential. In these cases, it is essential to perform exploratory surgery to assess the internal damage, drain infected fluid in the abdomen, and clean the wound with saline. Prophylactic antibiotics are often necessary. In the case of multiple holes or significant damage to the blood supply of the intestines , the affected segment of tissue may need to be removed entirely. The treatment of blunt cranial trauma

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3584-467: Is a well-known aphorism that "doctors make the worst patients". Causes of death that are shown to be higher in the physician population include suicide among doctors and self-inflicted injury , drug-related causes, traffic accidents, and cerebrovascular and ischaemic heart disease. Physicians are also prone to occupational burnout . This manifests as a long-term stress reaction characterized by poorer quality of care towards patients, emotional exhaustion,

3696-469: Is begun immediately following completion of entry-level training, or even before. In other jurisdictions, junior medical doctors must undertake generalist (un-streamed) training for one or more years before commencing specialization. Hence, depending on the jurisdiction, a specialist physician (internist) often does not achieve recognition as a specialist until twelve or more years after commencing basic medical training—five to eight years at university to obtain

3808-546: Is common for physicians to inflate their qualifications with the title "Dr" in correspondence or namecards, even if their qualifications are limited to a basic (e.g., bachelor level) degree. In other countries such as Germany , only physicians holding an academic doctorate may call themselves doctor – on the other hand, the European Research Council has decided that the German medical doctorate does not meet

3920-553: Is common in most of the world including the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries (such as Australia , Bangladesh , India , New Zealand , Pakistan , South Africa , Sri Lanka , and Zimbabwe ), as well as in places as diverse as Brazil , Hong Kong , Indonesia , Japan , Ireland , and Taiwan . In such places, the more general English terms doctor or medical practitioner are prevalent, describing any practitioner of medicine (whom an American would likely call

4032-437: Is concern for life-threatening bleeding, patients should receive an X-ray of the pelvis. Following initial treatment of the patient, fractures may need to be treated surgically if significant, while some minor fractures may heal without requiring surgery. A life-threatening concern is hemorrhage , which may result from damage to the aorta , iliac arteries, or veins in the pelvis. The majority of bleeding due to pelvic trauma

4144-421: Is dependent on the extent of the injury. A discussion between the patient and healthcare professionals will take place in order to carefully assess the patient's condition and determine the best approach for treatment. When considering the management of cranial trauma, it is crucial to ensure that the patient can breathe effectively. Effective breathing can be monitored using the patient's blood oxygen content via

4256-567: Is due to injury to the veins. Fluid (often blood) may be detected in the pelvis via ultrasound during the FAST scan that is often performed following traumatic injuries. Should a patient appear hemodynamically unstable in the absence of obvious blood on the FAST scan, there may be concern for bleeding into the retroperitoneal space , known as retroperitoneal hematoma . Stopping the bleeding may require endovascular intervention or surgery, depending on

4368-407: Is examined for four major functional components which include soft tissues , nerves , vessels , and bones . Vessels are examined for expanding hematoma , bruit , distal pulse exam, and signs/symptoms of ischemia , essentially asking, "Does blood seem to be getting through the injured area in a way that enough is getting to the parts past the injury?" When it is not obvious that the answer

4480-457: Is graded from mild to severe, with greater severity correlating with increased morbidity and mortality. Most patients with more severe traumatic brain injury have a combination of intracranial injuries, which can include diffuse axonal injury , cerebral contusions , and intracranial bleeding, including subarachnoid hemorrhage , subdural hematoma , epidural hematoma , and intraparenchymal hemorrhage . The recovery of brain function following

4592-792: Is it so greet difference betwixe a cirugian and a physician." Henry VIII granted a charter to the London Royal College of Physicians in 1518. It was not until 1540 that he granted the Company of Barber-Surgeons (ancestor of the Royal College of Surgeons ) its separate charter. In the same year, the English monarch established the Regius Professorship of Physic at the University of Cambridge . Newer universities would probably describe such an academic as

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4704-457: Is often termed biomedicine by medical anthropologists . Biomedicine "formulates the human body and disease in a culturally distinctive pattern", and is a world view learnt by medical students. Within this tradition, the medical model is a term for the complete "set of procedures in which all doctors are trained", including mental attitudes. A particularly clear expression of this world view, currently dominant among conventional physicians,

4816-455: Is partly from their extensive training requirements, and also because of their occupation's special ethical and legal duties. The term traditionally used by physicians to describe a person seeking their help is the word patient (although one who visits a physician for a routine check-up may also be so described). This word patient is an ancient reminder of medical duty, as it originally meant 'one who suffers'. The English noun comes from

4928-433: Is significant enough to require evaluation by a healthcare provider, treatment is typically aimed at treating life-threatening injuries, such as maintaining the patient's airway and preventing ongoing blood loss . Patients who have suffered blunt trauma and meet specific triage criteria have shown improved outcomes when they are cared for in a trauma center . The management of patients with blunt force trauma necessitates

5040-471: Is sometimes given the mnemonic " SAMPLE ". The amount of time spent on diagnosis should be minimized and expedited by a combination of clinical assessment and appropriate use of technology, such as diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL), or bedside ultrasound examination (FAST) before proceeding to laparotomy if required. If time and the patient's stability permit, a CT examination may be carried out if available. Its advantages include superior definition of

5152-526: Is suspected, emergency medical services personnel may place a pelvic binder on patients to stabilize the patient's pelvis and prevent further damage to these structures while patients are transported to a hospital. During the evaluation of trauma patients in an emergency department, the stability of the pelvis is typically assessed by the healthcare provider to determine whether a fracture may have occurred. Providers may then decide to order imaging such as an X-ray or CT scan to detect fractures; however, if there

5264-512: Is the result of history and is often confusing. These meanings and variations are explained below. In the United States and Canada, the term physician describes all medical practitioners holding a professional medical degree. The American Medical Association , established in 1847, as well as the American Osteopathic Association , founded in 1897, both currently use the term physician to describe members. However,

5376-521: The Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières ; students are typically required to complete an internship in New York prior to obtaining their professional degree. The World Directory of Medical Schools does not list US or Canadian schools of podiatric medicine as medical schools and only lists US-granted MD, DO, and Canadian MD programs as medical schools for the respective regions. Many countries in

5488-551: The American College of Physicians or the Royal College of Physicians in the United Kingdom, and such hard-won membership is itself a mark of status. While contemporary biomedicine has distanced itself from its ancient roots in religion and magic, many forms of traditional medicine and alternative medicine continue to espouse vitalism in various guises: "As long as life had its own secret properties, it

5600-492: The American College of Physicians , established in 1915, does not: its title uses physician in its original sense. The vast majority of physicians trained in the United States have a Doctor of Medicine degree, and use the initials M.D. A smaller number attend osteopathic medical schools and have a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree and use the initials D.O. The World Directory of Medical Schools lists both MD and DO granting schools as medical schools located in

5712-717: The BUET Energy Club . Abrar Fahad was found dead in Room 2011 of Sher-e-Bangla Hall at BUET . He had been staying in Room 1011 of the same dormitory. Abrar had gone home on leave 10 days earlier, intending to stay until October 20th. However, with exams approaching, he decided to return to his hall to focus on his studies. On October 4th, Mehedi Hasan Robin, the Organizing Secretary of the BUET Chhatra League , reportedly gave instructions in

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5824-579: The Dhaka Board . Abrar was offered admission to several universities, including the University of Dhaka and Kushtia Medical College . Despite his mother's desire for him to study medicine, Abrar chose to pursue engineering, enrolling in the Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) department at Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET). At BUET, Abrar maintained his academic focus and became involved in several clubs, including

5936-500: The Heimlich maneuver , attempts at CPR and manual thrusts to clear an airway . Although these are rare examples, it has been suggested that they are caused by applying excessive pressure when performing these life-saving techniques. Finally, the occurrence of splenic rupture with mild blunt abdominal trauma in those recovering from infectious mononucleosis or 'mono' (also known as 'glandular fever' in non-U.S. countries, specifically

6048-525: The Latin word patiens , the present participle of the deponent verb , patior , meaning 'I am suffering', and akin to the Greek verb πάσχειν ( romanized : paschein , lit. to suffer) and its cognate noun πάθος ( pathos , suffering). Physicians in the original, narrow sense (specialist physicians or internists, see above) are commonly members or fellows of professional organizations, such as

6160-739: The USMLE for a Doctor in Medicine. Most countries have some method of officially recognizing specialist qualifications in all branches of medicine, including internal medicine. Sometimes, this aims to promote public safety by restricting the use of hazardous treatments. Other reasons for regulating specialists may include standardization of recognition for hospital employment and restriction on which practitioners are entitled to receive higher insurance payments for specialist services. The issue of medical errors , drug abuse, and other issues in physician professional behavior received significant attention across

6272-516: The axillary , radial , and median nerves in the upper extremity as well as the femoral , sciatic , deep peroneal , and tibial nerves in the lower extremity . Depending on the extent of injury and involved structures, surgical treatment may be necessary, but many are managed nonoperatively. The most common causes of blunt pelvic trauma are motor vehicle crashes and multiple-story falls, and thus pelvic injuries are commonly associated with additional traumatic injuries in other locations. In

6384-518: The elderly who experience falls . Blunt trauma can lead to a wide range of injuries including contusions , concussions , abrasions , lacerations , internal or external hemorrhages , and bone fractures . The severity of these injuries depends on factors such as the force of the impact, the area of the body affected, and the underlying comorbidities of the affected individual. In some cases, blunt force trauma can be life-threatening and may require immediate medical attention. Blunt trauma to

6496-417: The kidneys ) or may potentially develop compartment syndrome (when pressure builds up in muscle compartments damages the nerves and vessels in the same compartment). Bones are evaluated with plain film X-ray or computed tomography if deformity (misshapen), bruising, or joint laxity (looser or more flexible than usual) are observed. Neurologic evaluation involves testing the major nerve functions of

6608-591: The withdrawal of water from the Feni River , and the import of LPG from Bangladesh. The post reads: 1.After the partition in 1947 , there was no seaport in the western part of the country. The then government requested India to use the Kolkata Port for six months, but the response was dismissive. Consequently, the Mongla Port was opened prematurely to combat famine . Ironically, India now seeks to use

6720-551: The "foundation" years in the UK, or as "conditional registration". Some jurisdictions, including the United States, require residencies for practice. Medical practitioners hold a medical degree specific to the university from which they graduated. This degree qualifies the medical practitioner to become licensed or registered under the laws of that particular country, and sometimes of several countries, subject to requirements for an internship or conditional registration. Specialty training

6832-631: The Deputy Office Secretary of BUET Chhatra League, and Khandaker Tabakkharul Islam Tanvir, a third-year Mechanical Engineering student, inspected his phones. Meanwhile, Muntasir Al Jemi, a second-year student from the same department, checked his laptop. During this, Mehedi Hasan Robin began slapping Abrar. Shamsul Arefin Rafat, a second-year Mechanical Engineering student, brought a cricket stump , which Ifti Mosharraf Shakal used to hit Abrar multiple times until it broke. Later, Anik Sarkar,

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6944-677: The Information and Research Secretary of BUET Chhatra League and a fourth-year Mechanical Engineering student, repeatedly beat Abrar on his knees, legs, soles, and arms with another stump. Meftahul Islam Zion, the Sports Secretary, also slapped Abrar and hit him on the knees with the stump. Meanwhile, Mehedi Hasan communicated with the General Secretary of the BUET Chhatra League, Rasel Mehedi Hasan, over

7056-490: The Mongla Port. 2. There were headlines a few years ago about disputes over the sharing of water from the Kaveri River between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu . In contrast, we are willing to supply 150,000 cubic meters of water daily without exchange. 3. A few years ago, North India ceased exporting coal and stones to protect its resources, yet we are providing them with gas, even though our own factories are shut due to

7168-558: The Order of Physicians to practice medicine. In some countries, including the United Kingdom and Ireland, the profession largely regulates itself, with the government affirming the regulating body's authority. The best-known example of this is probably the General Medical Council of Britain. In all countries, the regulating authorities will revoke permission to practice in cases of malpractice or serious misconduct. In

7280-449: The UK) is well reported. The supervised environment in which most sports injuries occur allows for mild deviations from the traditional trauma treatment algorithms, such as ATLS , due to the greater precision in identifying the mechanism of injury. The priority in assessing blunt trauma in sports injuries is separating contusions and musculo-tendinous injuries from injuries to solid organs and

7392-515: The US state-level depend upon continuing education to maintain competence. Through the utilization of the National Practitioner Data Bank , Federation of State Medical Boards ' disciplinary report, and American Medical Association Physician Profile Service, the 67 State Medical Boards continually self-report any adverse/disciplinary actions taken against a licensed physician in order that the other Medical Boards in which

7504-609: The United States. After completion of medical school , physicians complete a residency in the specialty in which they will practice. Subspecialties require the completion of a fellowship after residency. Both MD and DO physicians participate in the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) and attend ACGME -accredited residencies and fellowships across all medical specialties to obtain licensure. All boards of certification now require that physicians demonstrate, by examination, continuing mastery of

7616-402: The ability to breathe properly on their own, encourages the excretion of pulmonary secretions, and decreases the aggravation of inflammation and low oxygen levels in the blood. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs , opioids , or regional pain management methods, such as local anesthetic , can be used for pain control. Worldwide, a significant cause of disability and death in people under

7728-576: The activist was, but the Chhatra League did not allow them to enter the hall afterward." Abrar's classmates suggested that his death might have been related to his Facebook posts . In a status update, Abrar criticized the signing of bilateral agreements with India during Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina 's four-day official visit. In his post, he discussed the Indian use of the Mongla Port ,

7840-460: The admission test for BUET, the same institute where Abrar was murdered. He added, "I took the decision upon discussing the matter with my family members". In October 2024, a short film titled Room Number 2011 was released, named after the dorm room where he was killed. Directed by Sheikh Jisan Ahamed , the film was based on the events surrounding his death and the subsequent impact on student politics and free speech . Abrar's death also played

7952-614: The age of 35 is trauma, of which most are due to blunt trauma. Medical Officer A physician , medical practitioner ( British English ), medical doctor , or simply doctor is a health professional who practices medicine , which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the study , diagnosis , prognosis and treatment of disease , injury , and other physical and mental impairments. Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients, and methods of treatment—known as specialities —or they may assume responsibility for

8064-479: The art or craft of the profession. Both the role of the physician and the meaning of the word itself vary around the world. Degrees and other qualifications vary widely, but there are some common elements, such as medical ethics requiring that physicians show consideration, compassion, and benevolence for their patients . Around the world, the term physician refers to a specialist in internal medicine or one of its many sub-specialties (especially as opposed to

8176-468: The banner of "Abrar Fahad Smriti Sangsad" at Plassey intersection in Dhaka . BUET Vice-Chancellor A. B. M. Badruzzaman inaugurated the foundation stone of the memorial. They also demanded the government to announce October 7, the day of Abrar's death, as the 'National Anti-Aggression Day'. Blunt force trauma Blunt trauma , also known as blunt force trauma or non-penetrating trauma , describes

8288-503: The best approach, tailored to the patient's specific condition and injury. Conservative measures such as maintaining a clear and open airway, oxygen support, tube thoracostomy , and volume resuscitation are often given to manage blunt thoracic trauma. Oftentimes, pain control is the most basic and effective treatment approach because the presence of severe pain may lead to impairment of proper breathing, further exacerbating impaired lungs. Pain management in thoracic trauma patients improves

8400-447: The body. Of note, patients taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy during the time of blunt cranial trauma should undergo rapid reversal of anticoagulating agents. Nine out of ten patients with thoracic trauma can be treated effectively without a surgical operation . If surgery is indicated, there are numerous options available. A comprehensive discussion between the patient and the surgeon will take place to carefully evaluate

8512-469: The bowel and injury to the blood vessels that travel within the mesentery. Classic examples of these mechanisms are a hepatic tear along the ligamentum teres and injuries to the renal arteries . When blunt abdominal trauma is complicated by 'internal injury,' the liver and spleen (see blunt splenic trauma ) are most frequently involved, followed by the small intestine . In rare cases, this injury has been attributed to medical techniques such as

8624-428: The collaboration of an interpersonal healthcare team, which may include but is not limited to; a trauma surgeon , emergency department physician, anesthesiologist , and emergency and trauma nursing staff. In cases of blunt abdominal injury, the most frequent damage occurs in the small intestines , and in severe situations, this can result in small intestine perforation . Perforation of the small or large intestines

8736-536: The core knowledge and skills for a chosen specialty. Recertification varies by particular specialty between every seven and every ten years. Primary care physicians guide patients in preventing disease and detecting health problems early while they are still treatable. They are divided into two types: family medicine doctors and internal medicine doctors. Family doctors, or family physicians, are trained to care for patients of any age, while internists are trained to care for adults. Family doctors receive training in

8848-528: The developing world have the problem of too few physicians. In 2015, the Association of American Medical Colleges warned that the US will face a doctor shortage of as many as 90,000 by 2025. Within Western culture and over recent centuries, medicine has become increasingly based on scientific reductionism and materialism . This style of medicine is now dominant throughout the industrialized world, and

8960-507: The foot, ankle, and associated structures of the leg. Podiatrists undergo training with the Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) degree. The American Medical Association (AMA), however, advocates for the definition of a physician as "an individual possessing degree of either a Doctor of Medicine or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ." In the US, podiatrists are required to complete three to four years of podiatry residency upon graduating with

9072-538: The gut. It is also crucial to recognize the potential for developing blood loss and to react accordingly. Blunt injuries to the kidney from helmets, shoulder pads, and knees are described in American football, association football, martial arts, and all-terrain vehicle crashes. The term blunt thoracic trauma, or, more informally, blunt chest injury , encompasses a variety of injuries to the chest . Broadly, this also includes damage caused by direct blunt force (such as

9184-513: The head and/or severe blood loss are the most likely causes of death due to blunt force traumatic injury. Blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) represents 75% of all blunt trauma and is the most common example of this injury. Seventy-five percent of BAT occurs in motor vehicle crashes, in which rapid deceleration may propel the driver into the steering wheel , dashboard , or seatbelt, causing contusions in less serious cases, or rupture of internal organs from briefly increased intraluminal pressure in

9296-407: The heart, permits the heart to regain some ability to appropriately pump blood. In certain dire circumstances an emergent thoracotomy may be employed. The primary clinical concern with blunt trauma to the head is damage to the brain, although other structures, including the skull, face, orbits , and neck are also at risk. Following assessment of the patient's airway, circulation, and breathing,

9408-603: The high moral ideals, expressed in that most "memorable of human documents" (Gomperz), the Hippocratic oath ; and fourthly , the conception and realization of medicine as the profession of a cultivated gentleman. In this Western tradition, physicians are considered to be members of a learned profession , and enjoy high social status , often combined with expectations of a high and stable income and job security . However, medical practitioners often work long and inflexible hours, with shifts at unsociable times. Their high status

9520-505: The initial assessment. These algorithms take into account the mechanism of injury, physical examination , and patient's vital signs to determine whether patients should have imaging or proceed directly to surgery. In 2011, criteria were defined that might allow patients with blunt abdominal trauma to be discharged safely without further evaluation. The characteristics of such patients include: To be considered low-risk, patients would need to meet all low-risk criteria. When blunt trauma

9632-573: The initial evaluation and stabilization of traumatic injury follows the same general principles of identifying and treating immediately life-threatening injuries. In the US, the American College of Surgeons publishes the Advanced Trauma Life Support guidelines, which provide a step-by-step approach to the initial assessment, stabilization, diagnostic reasoning, and treatment of traumatic injuries that codifies this general principle. The assessment typically begins by ensuring that

9744-484: The injury, leading to grading of the injury and sometimes the confidence to avoid or postpone surgery. Its disadvantages include the time taken to acquire images, although this gets shorter with each generation of scanners, and the removal of the patient from the immediate view of the emergency or surgical staff. Many providers use the aid of an algorithm such as the ATLS guidelines to determine which images to obtain following

9856-837: The international standards of a PhD research degree. Among the English-speaking countries, this process is known either as licensure as in the United States, or as registration in the United Kingdom , other Commonwealth countries, and Ireland . Synonyms in use elsewhere include colegiación in Spain , ishi menkyo in Japan , autorisasjon in Norway , Approbation in Germany , and άδεια εργασίας in Greece. In France , Italy and Portugal , civilian physicians must be members of

9968-770: The killing and "expresses grave concern on this situation of lawlessness and culture of fear". Eventually, eighteen members of the BUET Chhatra League were detained in connection with the murder. Later on, 25 people were convicted in the Abrar Fahad murder case and all were students at the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) and members of the Bangladesh Chhatra League (BCL). The Dhaka Speedy Trial Tribunal-1 sentenced 20 of them to death and 5 to life imprisonment. On 2022, Fahad's younger brother, Abrar Faiyaz, cleared

10080-907: The killing. Students from Shahjalal University of Science and Technology also formed a human chain at the main entrance of the Sylhet campus. Later, they organized a protest march, which circled the Sylhet-Sunamganj highway. Students in other districts, including Mymensingh , Comilla , Noakhali , Barisal , Bogura , Gazipur , Manikganj , Jessore , Patuakhali , Brahmanbaria , Tangail , and Rajbari , also held human chains. Celebrities also voiced their protest. Lyricist Prince Mahmud , filmmaker Mostofa Sarwar Farooki , playwright Masum Reza , drama director Chayanika Chowdhury , film director Redoan Rony , actor Zayed Khan , actress Moushumi Hamid , and musician Konal expressed their sorrow and protest on social media regarding this incident. In 2024,

10192-574: The large English-speaking federations ( United States , Canada , Australia ), the licensing or registration of medical practitioners is done at a state or provincial level, or nationally as in New Zealand. Australian states usually have a "Medical Board", which has now been replaced by the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) in most states, while Canadian provinces usually have

10304-592: The location and severity. Blunt cardiac trauma, also known as Blunt Cardiac Injury (BCI), encompasses a spectrum of cardiac injuries resulting from blunt force trauma to the chest. While BCIs necessitate a substantial amount of force to occur because the heart is well-protected by the rib cage and sternum , the majority of patients are asymptomatic. Clinical presentations may range from minor, clinically insignificant changes to heartbeat or may progress to severe cardiac failure and death . Oftentimes, chest wall injuries are seen in conjunction with BCI, which confounds

10416-416: The more serious, depending on the force applied. Initially, there may be few indications that serious internal abdominal injury has occurred, making assessment more challenging and requiring a high degree of clinical suspicion. There are two basic physical mechanisms at play with the potential of injury to intra-abdominal organs: compression and deceleration . The former occurs from a direct blow, such as

10528-469: The morning. Abrar's phone and laptop were in the possession of Chhatra League members, making it impossible for any of his friends to inform his family immediately after his death. Eventually, they obtained the contact number of Abrar's younger brother, Abrar Faiyaz, from a BUET student named Diganta who used to tutor him. Faiyaz was called, and after a few rings, he picked up, allowing the family to learn about his death. News of Abrar's death spread fear among

10640-471: The original meaning of physician and preserves the old difference between a physician, as a practitioner of physic , and a surgeon. The term may be used by state medical boards in the United States, and by equivalent bodies in Canadian provinces, to describe any medical practitioner. In modern English, the term physician is used in two main ways, with relatively broad and narrow meanings respectively. This

10752-430: The pelvis specifically, the structures at risk include the pelvic bones , the proximal femur , major blood vessels such as the iliac arteries , the urinary tract , reproductive organs , and the rectum . One of the primary concerns is the risk of pelvic fracture , which itself is associated with a myriad of complications including bleeding, damage to the urethra and bladder , and nerve damage . If pelvic trauma

10864-406: The phone. By around 10:30 PM, Abrar was lying on the floor, weakened from the beating Ifti Mosharraf Shakal forced him to stand up and slapped him. Mujahidur Rahman, a third-year Electrical Engineering student, then hit him with a skipping rope . Ifti Mosharraf Shakal continued to strike Abrar's knees and legs with a stump, and Khandaker Tanvir repeatedly slapped him. Around 11 PM, Anik Sarkar entered

10976-551: The police, labeling him as a " Shibir activist" (a term used for members of the student wing of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami ). One leader at the scene even called the Duty Officer at Chawkbazar Police Station , stating, "We have caught an activist; come take him away." A police patrol team was dispatched to Sher-e-Bangla Hall following this call. However, a security guard at the hall, who wished to remain anonymous, told Bangla Tribune , "A police vehicle arrived and asked where

11088-578: The presence of chest pain experienced by most patients. To evaluate the spectrum of cardiac injury, the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) organ injury scale may be used to aid in determining the extent of the injury (see Evaluation and Diagnosis below). BCI may be broken down into pericardial injury, valvular injuries, coronary artery injuries, cardiac chamber rupture, and myocardial contusion . In most settings,

11200-400: The provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families, and communities—known as general practice . Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines , such as anatomy and physiology , underlying diseases , and their treatment, which is the science of medicine, and a decent competence in its applied practice, which is

11312-417: The room again and hit Abrar with the stump and the group eventually left the room around midnight. Abrar, struggling to breathe, was given two pillows under his head by Ifti Mosharraf Shakal. Abrar vomited several times. The group then moved him to Room 2005 of the dormitory. Amit Saha tried to extract more information from Abrar, suggesting they continue beating him to get more details. Realizing his condition

11424-463: The same time. CCTV footage from the second floor of the dormitory showed several individuals dragging Abrar by his hands and feet down a corridor. Footage also revealed that at 3:26 AM, the Director of BUET's Student Welfare Council, Professor Mizanur Rahman, stood beside the body and had a conversation with the suspects before leaving. The next day, he claimed he knew nothing about the incident until

11536-500: The students of Sher-e-Bangla Hall. Many were too scared to share information, fearing retaliation from Chhatra League members . A few students from the 17th batch decided to write a message and posted it across all BUET-related Facebook pages and groups, including the Alumni Association. This helped the news gradually spread. Initially, when Abrar was in critical condition, Chhatra League leaders planned to hand him over to

11648-515: The subject's airway is open and competent, that breathing is unlabored, and that circulation—i.e. pulses that can be felt—is present. This is sometimes described as the "A, B, C's"—Airway, Breathing, and Circulation—and is the first step in any resuscitation or triage. Then, the history of the accident or injury is amplified with any medical, dietary (timing of last oral intake) and history, from whatever sources that might be available such as family, friends, and previous treating physicians. This method

11760-431: The way the thoracic organs may have been affected. Blunt thoracic trauma is not always visible from the outside and such internal injuries may not show signs or symptoms at the time the trauma initially occurs or even until hours after. A high degree of clinical suspicion may sometimes be required to identify such injuries, a CT scan may prove useful in such instances. Those experiencing more obvious complications from

11872-476: The world, in particular following a critical 2000 report which "arguably launched" the patient-safety movement. In the US, as of 2006 there were few organizations that systematically monitored performance. In the US, only the Department of Veterans Affairs randomly drug tests physicians, in contrast to drug testing practices for other professions that have a major impact on public welfare. Licensing boards at

11984-439: The world. In all developed countries, entry-level medical education programs are tertiary -level courses , undertaken at a medical school attached to a university . Depending on jurisdiction and university, entry may follow directly from secondary school or require pre-requisite undergraduate education . The former commonly takes five or six years to complete. Programs that require previous undergraduate education (typically

12096-409: Was a banker at BRAC Bank , while his mother, Rokeya Khatun, was a homemaker. Abrar began his formal education at Kushtia Mission Primary School before moving on to Kushtia Zilla School , where he completed his Secondary School Certificate (SSC) exam. After completing SSC, He was admitted to Notre Dame College in Dhaka , where he completed his Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) examination under

12208-435: Was coordinating with the police. When Muntasir Al Jemi informed Ifti Mosharraf Shakal that Abrar's condition had worsened, Shakal suggested massaging him. Ismail and Monir called for an ambulance, but due to a delay, Tamim brought a doctor from BUET Medical Center. At 3 AM on Monday, police recovered Abrar's body from the ground floor of BUET's Sher-e-Bangla Hall. Medical Officer Dr. Md. Mashuk Elahi declared him dead around

12320-400: Was deteriorating, Amit suggested they take him out of the hall. Mehedi Hasan and Anik Sarkar went into Room 2005, saw that Abrar seemed somewhat stable, and left. Shortly after, Abrar vomited again. Mehedi Hasan talked about handing him over to the police. Members of the 17th batch then moved Abrar to the ground floor with a mattress. During this time, Mehedi Hasan Rasel, the General Secretary,

12432-757: Was possible to have sciences and medicines based on those properties". The US National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) classifies complementary and alternative medicine therapies into five categories or domains, including: alternative medical systems, or complete systems of therapy and practice; mind-body interventions, or techniques designed to facilitate the mind's effect on bodily functions and symptoms; biologically based systems including herbalism ; and manipulative and body-based methods such as chiropractic and massage therapy. In considering these alternate traditions that differ from biomedicine (see above), medical anthropologists emphasize that all ways of thinking about health and disease have

12544-503: Was simply exercising his right to freedom of expression through his Facebook posts criticizing the government." Brad Adams , Asia Director at Human Rights Watch , remarked, "A government that overlooks torture, enforced disappearances, extrajudicial killings by security forces, and arbitrary arrests of dissenters fosters an environment where students can operate a 'torture cell' on a university campus." Asian Forum for Human Rights and Developments member organisation Odhikar condemned

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