14-578: Carnoidea Conopoidea Diopsoidea Ephydroidea Lauxanioidea Lonchaeoidea Nerioidea Opomyzoidea Sciomyzoidea Sphaeroceroidea Tephritoidea The Acalyptratae or Acalyptrata are a subsection of the Schizophora , which are a section of the order Diptera , the "true flies". In various contexts the Acalyptratae also are referred to informally as the acalyptrate muscoids , or acalyptrates , as opposed to
28-605: A monophyletic group. One molecular analysis found that its constituent families are more closely related to members of other superfamilies, such as Braulidae to Drosophilidae (superfamily Ephydroidea ). Drosophilidae The Drosophilidae are a diverse, cosmopolitan family of flies , which includes species called fruit flies, although they are more accurately referred to as vinegar or pomace flies. Another distantly related family of flies, Tephritidae , are true fruit flies because they are frugivorous, and include apple maggot flies and many pests. The best known species of
42-418: A common vector in propagating acetic acid bacteria in nature. This often ruins the alcohol fermentation process and can ruin beer or wine by turning it into vinegar . There are sinking traps available on the market for this nuisance, but one quick way to strongly limit the extent of it is to vacuum clean the flies both at rest and in their slow flight. The diagnostic characteristics for Drosophilidae include
56-538: A serious agricultural pest. The leaf mining Scaptomyza flava , which is nested in the genus Drosophila phylogenetically , is an obligate leaf miner of mustard plants, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and is a major pest of salad brassicas in New Zealand and an emerging pest of canola in the UK. Drosophila repleta larvae inhabit drains and spread bacteria. Fruit flies in general are considered as
70-468: Is evidence to support that pathogens living within certain flies are beneficial to the behavior and survival of the host. One such example of this is in the fly Scaptomyza flava, which carries the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae in exchange for the pathogen damaging the anti-herbivore defenses of plants in the family Brassicaceae , which are the main food source for the fly. The family contains more than 4,000 species classified under 75 genera. Recently,
84-1025: Is known about their larvae, but they are believed to mainly feed on algae in the intertidal zone. Australimyzidae are also found on seashores, being associated with dead or decaying plant matter. Carnidae are scavengers found in various kinds of plant matter, animal dung, carrion and vertebrate nests. Milichiidae are also scavengers and most occur in a range of habitats, though some are restricted to ant nests, bee nests or bat dung in caves. Chloropidae are more varied in their larval ecology, including scavengers, herbivores in plant shoots and stems (these may be largely bacterial feeders ), parasites feeding on frog blood, and predators of insect or spider eggs. Adults of Inbiomyiidae are believed to be microbial grazers, as dissections have found fungal, algal and probably bacterial material in their guts. The larvae are unknown. Australimyzidae and Inbiomyiidae are sister groups , meaning they are more closely related to each other than to any other family. Carnoidea may not be
98-474: The Calyptratae . All forms of the name refer to the lack of calypters in the members of this subsection of flies. An alternative name, Acalypterae is current, though in minority usage. It was first used by Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart in 1835 for a section of his tribe Muscides; he used it to refer to all acalyptrates plus scathophagids and phorids , but excluding Conopidae . The confusing forms of
112-549: The Drosophilidae is Drosophila melanogaster , within the genus Drosophila , also called the "fruit fly." Drosophila melanogaster is used extensively for studies concerning genetics , development, physiology , ecology and behaviour . Many fundamental biological mechanisms were discovered first in D. melanogaster. The fruit fly is mostly composed of post-mitotic cells, has a very short lifespan, and shows gradual aging. As in other species, temperature influences
126-513: The evolution of herbivory and specialist on toxic mustard leaves. Generally, drosophilids are considered to be nuisance flies rather than pests, since most species breed in rotting material. Zaprionus indianus is unusual among Drosophilidae species in being a serious, primary pest of at least one commercial fruit, figs in Brazil. Another species, Drosophila suzukii , infests thin-skinned fruit such as raspberries and cherries and can be
140-557: The group, but most of these have later been challenged. As of 2006, the following synapomorphies were described: uppermost fronto-orbital bristle(s) of the head is exclinate; phallus of the male is flexible, unsclerotized, simple and elongate; and phallus is microtrichose. Braulidae are associated with honey bees , with larvae developing in beeswax while adults attach to bees and feed from bee mouthparts. Canacidae adults are mainly found on seashore habitats such as beaches, estuarine tidal flats, wave-swept rocks and mangroves . Little
154-441: The life history is common throughout other Dipteran sections. The classification of the Acalyptratae has varied over time, and the below list is likely to change in future. Carnoidea Carnoidea is a superfamily of Acalyptratae flies . In general, member of Carnoidea are small flies no more than a few millimetres long. Carnoidea is a poorly defined superfamily. In 1989, ten synapomorphies were described for
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#1732772038439168-404: The life history of the animal. Several genes have been identified that can be manipulated to extend the lifespan of these insects. Additionally, Drosophila subobscura , also within the genus Drosophila , has been reputed as a model organism for evolutionary-biological studies, along with D. sechellia for the evolution of host specialization on the toxic noni fruit and Scaptomyza flava for
182-556: The names stem from their first usage; Acalyptratae and Acalyptrata actually are adjectival forms in Neo-Latin . They were coined in the mid 19th century in contexts such as "Muscae Calyptratae and Acalyptratae" and "Diptera Acalyptrata", and the forms stuck. The Acalyptratae are a large assemblage, exhibiting very diverse habits, with one notable and perhaps surprising exception: no known acalyptrates are obligate blood-feeders ( hematophagous ), though blood feeding at various stages of
196-611: The presence of an incomplete subcostal vein , two breaks in the costal vein, a small anal cell in the wing , convergent postocellar bristles; and usually three frontal bristles on each side of the head, one directed forward and the other two directed rearward. More extensive identification characteristics can be found in " Drosophila : A Guide to Species Identification and Use" by Therese A. Markow and Patrick O'Grady, (Academic Press, 2005) ISBN 0-12-473052-3 or " Drosophila : A Laboratory Handbook" by M. Ashburner , K. Golic, S. Hawley, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2005). There
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