Order ( Latin : ordo ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between family and class . In biological classification , the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognized by the nomenclature codes . An immediately higher rank, superorder , is sometimes added directly above order, with suborder directly beneath order. An order can also be defined as a group of related families.
26-452: See text Acanthopterygii (meaning "spiny finned one") is a superorder of bony fishes in the class Actinopterygii . Members of this superorder are sometimes called ray-finned fishes for the characteristic sharp, bony rays in their fins; however this name is often given to the class Actinopterygii as a whole. The superorder Acanthopterygii contains the following orders: Figure 1 shows two very different hypotheses or interpretations, in
52-461: A cohors (plural cohortes ). Some of the plant families still retain the names of Linnaean "natural orders" or even the names of pre-Linnaean natural groups recognized by Linnaeus as orders in his natural classification (e.g. Palmae or Labiatae ). Such names are known as descriptive family names. In the field of zoology , the Linnaean orders were used more consistently. That is,
78-509: A capital letter. For some groups of organisms, their orders may follow consistent naming schemes . Orders of plants , fungi , and algae use the suffix -ales (e.g. Dictyotales ). Orders of birds and fishes use the Latin suffix -iformes meaning 'having the form of' (e.g. Passeriformes ), but orders of mammals and invertebrates are not so consistent (e.g. Artiodactyla , Actiniaria , Primates ). For some clades covered by
104-570: A distinct rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a higher genus ( genus summum )) was first introduced by the German botanist Augustus Quirinus Rivinus in his classification of plants that appeared in a series of treatises in the 1690s. Carl Linnaeus was the first to apply it consistently to the division of all three kingdoms of nature (then minerals , plants , and animals ) in his Systema Naturae (1735, 1st. Ed.). For plants, Linnaeus' orders in
130-844: A somewhat different distribution: The Synbranchidae are found in Mexico , Central and South America , West Africa ( Liberia ), Asia, Hawaii, and the Indo-Australian Archipelago. The Mastacembelidae are found in Africa and through Syria to Maritime Southeast Asia , China , and Korea . The Chaudhuriidae are found in northeastern India through Thailand to Korea (including parts of Malaysia and Borneo ). All except three species occur in fresh water . They usually are found in swamps, caves, and sluggish fresh and brackish waters. When found in pools, they typically are associated with leaf litter and mats of fine tree roots along
156-419: Is determined by a taxonomist , as is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognized only rarely. The name of an order is usually written with
182-543: Is known. The Mastacembeloidei were removed from the Perciformes and added to the Synbranchiformes after a phylogenetic analysis by Johnson and Patterson. These authors consider the Synbranchiformes to be part of a monophyletic group called Smegmamorpha , also containing Mugilimorpha , Atherinomorpha , Gasterosteiformes , and Elassomatidae . Later authors have proposed that the Synbranchiformes along with
208-630: The Anabantiformes , Carangiformes , Istiophoriformes and Pleuronectiformes form a sister clade to the Ovalentaria which has been called the "Carangimorpharia" but in the 5th Edition of Fishes of the World this clade remained unnamed and unranked. There are a total of about 99 species divided over 15 genera in three families. There are two suborders: Synbranchoidei and Mastacembeloidei , or Opisthomi. The Synbranchoidei has one family,
234-528: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , several additional classifications are sometimes used, although not all of these are officially recognized. In their 1997 classification of mammals , McKenna and Bell used two extra levels between superorder and order: grandorder and mirorder . Michael Novacek (1986) inserted them at the same position. Michael Benton (2005) inserted them between superorder and magnorder instead. This position
260-732: The Synbranchidae ; four genera; and 17 species. The Mastacembeloidei has two families: Chaudhuriidae , with four genera and five species, and Mastacembelidae , with three genera and about 26 species. Modern studies have placed Indostomus , the sole genus within the family Indostomidae, within the Synbranchiformes. These eel-like fishes range in size from 8–48 inches (20–150 cm ). Although they are eel-like, they are not related to true eels ( Anguilliformes ). The premaxillae are present as distinct bones and are nonprotrusible. The gills are poorly developed, and their openings are usually single, small, confluent across
286-815: The Systema Naturae and the Species Plantarum were strictly artificial, introduced to subdivide the artificial classes into more comprehensible smaller groups. When the word ordo was first consistently used for natural units of plants, in 19th-century works such as the Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and the Genera Plantarum of Bentham & Hooker, it indicated taxa that are now given
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#1732798063396312-715: The banks. Swamp eels are capable of overland excursions, and some can live out of water for extended periods of time. Some species are burrowers. Four species are found exclusively in caves: Rakthamichthys eapeni and R. roseni from India, Ophisternon candidum from Australia, and O. infernale from Mexico. One species, O. bengalense , commonly occurs in coastal areas of southeastern Asia. Some species are considered air-breathing fishes because of their ability to breathe by highly vascularized buccopharyngeal pouches (pharynx modified for breathing air). They usually are active only at night. They feed on benthic invertebrates , especially larvae , and fishes. At least some of
338-454: The breast, and restricted to the lower half of the body. Oxygen is absorbed through the membranes of the throat or intestine. The dorsal and anal fins are low and continuous around the tail tip. Pelvic fins are absent. Scales are either absent or very small. They lack a swim bladder. These fishes are distributed in tropical America , tropical Africa , southeastern and eastern Asia , East Indies , and Australia . The three families each have
364-428: The essential qualities that define the group, even though discussions and debates concerning taxonomic position and relationships among the different families and orders abounds. A number of families of acanthopterygians share two chief and principal innovations[1] 1. In this group, protractibility and upper jaw movement are predominant. This is attained through the process known as ascending process or
390-399: The extraordinary and remarkable distinctiveness of the fishes that are higher spiny rayed, roughly fourteen thousand eight hundred species in two hundred sixty seven families – it is a commendation to their outstanding suite of adaptations that they are in general acknowledged as a coherent group (Figure 2). Generalities beyond question can be made concerning the group in its entirety as well as
416-1795: The fishes that are higher spiny-rayed and manifest growing change in the course of acanthopterygian phylogeny. A significant thing to remember is that these are the revolutionary and different from the fishes today, exercising control over the deep, rich natural environment of the marine and a number of lake habitats. The cladogram is based on Near et al., 2012 and Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2016. Beryciformes (alfonsinos; whalefishes) [REDACTED] Trachichthyiformes (pinecone fishes & slimeheads) [REDACTED] Holocentriformes (Soldier fishes & squirrel fishes) Ophidiiformes (cusk-eels) [REDACTED] Batrachoidiformes (toadfishes) [REDACTED] Scombroidei (tunas, mackerel) [REDACTED] Syngnathiformes (seahorses) [REDACTED] Kurtiformes (cardinalfishes; nurseryfishes) Gobiiformes (gobies) [REDACTED] Synbranchiformes Anabantiformes Carangiformes (jacks) Istiophoriformes (billfish) Pleuronectiformes ( flatfish ) [REDACTED] Cichliformes Mugiliformes Beloniformes Cyprinodontiformes Atheriniformes Gobiesociformes Blenniiformes [REDACTED] Labridae (wrasses) [REDACTED] Perciformes (perches, seabasses, sticklebacks, etc) [REDACTED] Centrarchiformes (blackbasses, temperate perches) [REDACTED] Pempheriformes (sweepers, banjofish) [REDACTED] Acanthuroidei (surgeonfishes), Leiognathidae (ponyfishes), Chaetodontidae (butterflyfishes) [REDACTED] Siganidae (rabbitfishes), Scatophagidae (scats) [REDACTED] Lophiiformes (anglerfishes) [REDACTED] Tetraodontiformes (pufferfishes) [REDACTED] Superorder What does and does not belong to each order
442-448: The form of cladograms, of relationships among acanthopterygians, spiny-rayed fishes: Figure A from Nelson (2006) and B from Johnson and Patterson (1993B). Both agree on the major composition of the superorder Acanthopterygii, but significant differences include the placement of the mugiliform mullets and atheriniform silversides at the base of the lineage in A, whereas in B, those groups are considered higher, percomorph taxa.[1] +Because of
468-524: The gape; a physoclistous gas bladder; anal and pelvic fins with spines; two apparent and evident dorsal fins wherein the first one is spiny while the second one is soft-rayed; pelvic fins located towards the front consisting of one leading spine as well as five or a smaller numbers of soft rays and pectoral fins situated next to the body; and an apparently evenly shaped tail fin assisted by combined or merged basal elements. Several other trends in locomotion, feeding and predator protection identify and distinguish
494-708: The orders in the zoology part of the Systema Naturae refer to natural groups. Some of his ordinal names are still in use, e.g. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) and Diptera (flies, mosquitoes, midges, and gnats). In virology , the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 's virus classification includes fifteen taxomomic ranks to be applied for viruses , viroids and satellite nucleic acids : realm , subrealm , kingdom , subkingdom, phylum , subphylum , class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily , genus, subgenus , and species. There are currently fourteen viral orders, each ending in
520-449: The pharyngeal apparatus, a redistribution of the muscles and bones’ attachments aids the pharyngeal apparatus. The retractor dorsalis muscle[3] now placed on the 3rd pharyngobranchial curve, pharyngeal jaws that are on the upper are likewise kept up essentially by the 2nd and 3rd epibranchial bones. Acanthopterygians likewise usually have: ctenoid scales; an evidently symmetrical tail fin kept up by fused basal elements; maxilla excluded from
546-564: The precursor of the currently used International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants . In the first international Rules of botanical nomenclature from the International Botanical Congress of 1905, the word family ( familia ) was assigned to the rank indicated by the French famille , while order ( ordo ) was reserved for a higher rank, for what in the 19th century had often been named
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#1732798063396572-437: The progress and development of a dorsal extension of the premaxilla's anterior tip. This ascending process moves smoothly beside the rostral cartilage hitting the upper jaw further and down. A camlike link between the maxilla and premaxilla aids protrusion, wherein the maxilla rotates and helps push the premaxilla forward[2] 2. The highest level of development is attained by pharyngeal dentition and action. In
598-502: The rank of family (see ordo naturalis , ' natural order '). In French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille (plural: familles ) was used as a French equivalent for this Latin ordo . This equivalence was explicitly stated in the Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle 's Lois de la nomenclature botanique (1868),
624-524: The species of the family Synbranchidae, that is, O. infernale , are sexually dimorphic. Adult males grow a head hump, and males are larger than females. These fishes lay about 40 spherical eggs per clutch. The eggs measure between 0.05 and 0.06 in (1.2–1.5 mm) in diameter and have a pair of long filaments for adhesion to the substrate. Reproduction takes place during the wet season, which lasts for several months, during which females probably spawn more than once. Data acquired from studying juvenile growth and
650-413: The suffix -virales . Synbranchiformes Synbranchidae Chaudhuriidae Mastacembelidae Indostomidae Synbranchiformes , often called swamp eels , though that name can also refer specifically to Synbranchidae , is an order of ray-finned fishes that are eel -like but have spiny rays, indicating that they belong to the superorder Acanthopterygii . No synbrachiform fossil
676-418: Was adopted by Systema Naturae 2000 and others. In botany , the ranks of subclass and suborder are secondary ranks pre-defined as respectively above and below the rank of order. Any number of further ranks can be used as long as they are clearly defined. The superorder rank is commonly used, with the ending -anae that was initiated by Armen Takhtajan 's publications from 1966 onwards. The order as
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