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76-652: In Belgium there are local celebrations of the reigning monarch's accession, but the anniversary of the accession of the first king of modern Belgium, Leopold I , on 21 July 1831, is celebrated as a full national holiday, known as the Belgian National Day . Accession Day in India's Jammu and Kashmir commemorates the day in 1947 when the area joined the Dominion of India . It is a state holiday commemorating 26 October 1947, when Maharaja Hari Singh signed off

152-660: A Royal Salute is fired by the guns of the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery in Green Park and by the Honourable Artillery Company at the Tower of London . Salutes are also fired at Woolwich , Colchester , Edinburgh Castle , Stirling Castle , Cardiff , Belfast , York , Portsmouth , Plymouth and Dover Castle. Special services are required by canon in all cathedrals, churches, and chapels of

228-482: A morganatic marriage and that he had bestowed upon her the title of Countess Montgomery. He would have broken this marriage when the possibility arose that he could become King of Greece . The son of Baron Stockmar denied that these events ever happened, and indeed no records have been found of a civil or religious marriage with the actress. Following a Greek rebellion against the Ottoman Empire , Leopold

304-632: A constitution for the new state. Fears of " mob rule " associated with republicanism after the French Revolution of 1789 , as well as the example of the recent, liberal July Revolution in France, led the Congress to decide that Belgium would be a popular , constitutional monarchy . The choice of candidates for the position was one of the most controversial issues faced by the revolutionaries. The Congress refused to consider any candidate from

380-473: A demotion for Charlotte. The couple lived initially at Camelford House on Park Lane , and then at Marlborough House on Pall Mall. After already having suffered a miscarriage the previous year, Princess Charlotte gave birth to a stillborn son on 5 November 1817. She suffered complications and, just after midnight on 6 November, also died. Leopold was said to have been heartbroken by Charlotte's death. Had Charlotte survived, she would have become queen of

456-547: A national holiday in the UAE. The custom of marking this day was inaugurated during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England in celebration of her restoration of Protestantism as the state religion. Elizabeth's accession day was celebrated in England during her reign and also, according to the 19th-century historian Thomas Lathbury , during the reigns of her successors. A "Form of Prayer and Thanksgiving" to be used in churches on

532-424: A striking resemblance to Charlotte. Caroline was a cousin of his advisor Baron Christian Friedrich von Stockmar . She came to England with her mother and took up residence at Longwood House, a few miles from Claremont House . But, by mid-1829, the liaison was over, and the actress and her mother returned to Berlin. Many years later, in memoirs published after her death, she declared that she and Leopold had engaged in

608-457: A university's graduation ceremony or, more generally, to any formal assembly of the university (similar to congregation in some British universities). At Harvard and Columbia universities it is the name used for the matriculation ceremony that formally welcomes new students at the start of the academic year. At some universities in the UK and other countries, convocation refers to the body of

684-623: Is interred in the Royal Crypt at the Church of Our Lady of Laeken , next to Louise-Marie. Leopold was succeeded by his son, Leopold II , aged 30, who would rule until 1909. A monument in his memory was erected in Brussels at the initiative of Leopold II. Belgian naval vessels named in his honour include the Leopold I , a frigate acquired by Belgium in 2007. His monogram features on

760-424: Is the senate. ) At Durham University , convocation was established as the assembly of members of the university by the university's fundamental statue in 1835. Women were admitted to convocation from 1913. Durham's degrees were awarded at meetings of convocation until 1938, when this power was transferred to the senate and awards were instead made at congregations of the university. As of 2024, it consists of

836-541: The Church of England until the Church Assembly was established in 1920. Their origins date back to the end of the seventh century when Theodore of Tarsus (Archbishop of Canterbury, 668-690) reorganized the structures of the English Church and established a national synod of bishops. With the recognition of York as a separate province in 733, this synod was divided into two. In 1225, representatives of

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912-472: The Church of England . The Book of Common Prayer provides options for a stand-alone Accession Day service, or for special propers by which any or all of the services of Matins, Evensong and Holy Communion may be altered for the day. The Church's more recent prayer book Common Worship does not provide a full form of service, but refers the user to the Book of Common Prayer; it does, however, provide propers for

988-512: The Greek War of Independence (1821–1830), Leopold was offered the throne of Greece under the 1830 London Protocol that created an independent Greek state, but turned it down, believing it to be too precarious. Instead, he accepted the throne of Belgium in 1831 following the country's independence in 1830. The Belgian government offered the position to Leopold because of his diplomatic connections with royal houses across Europe, and because as

1064-585: The Instrument of Accession , in which Jammu and Kashmir joined the Dominion of India . This was part of the series of events in 1947 by which rule the British Raj was converted into the two new independent Dominions of India and Pakistan, the latter having two territories separated by the whole of northern India. As a Hindu ruler of a state with both Hindu and Muslim subjects, the Maharaja's decision

1140-682: The Napoleonic Wars , Leopold went to Paris where he became part of the Imperial Court of Napoleon . Napoleon offered him the position of adjutant, but Leopold refused. Instead, he went to Russia to take up a military career in the Imperial Russian cavalry, which was at war with France at the time. He campaigned against Napoleon and distinguished himself at the Battle of Kulm at the head of his cuirassier division. By 1815,

1216-591: The Napoleonic Wars . After Napoleon's defeat, Leopold moved to the United Kingdom, where in 1816 he married Princess Charlotte of Wales , the only child of the Prince Regent (the future King George IV ). Leopold and Charlotte's marriage was happy, but it ended after a year and a half when Charlotte died after delivering a stillborn son. Leopold continued to enjoy considerable status in Britain. After

1292-492: The Place Royale/Koningsplein in Brussels. A stand had been erected on the steps of the Church of St. James on Coudenberg , surrounded by the names of revolutionaries fallen during the fighting in 1830. After a ceremony of resignation by the regent, Leopold, dressed in the uniform of a Belgian lieutenant-general, swore loyalty to the constitution and became king. The enthronement is generally used to mark

1368-687: The United Netherlands rose up against Dutch rule. The rising, which began in Brussels , pushed the Dutch army back, and the rebels defended themselves against a Dutch attack. International powers meeting in London agreed to support the independence of Belgium, even though the Dutch refused to recognize the new state. In November 1830, a National Congress was established in Belgium to create

1444-571: The 1848 revolutions in Belgium was posed by Belgian émigré groups. Shortly after the revolution in France , Belgian migrant workers living in Paris were encouraged to return to Belgium to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic. Around 6,000 armed émigrés of the " Belgian Legion " attempted to cross the Belgian frontier. The first group, travelling by train, was stopped and quickly disarmed at Quiévrain on 26 March 1848. The second group crossed

1520-476: The Archbishop of York Thomas Musgrave stated that since the time of Henry VIII the archbishop had only attended personally two sessions (in 1689 and 1708). The legislative powers of the convocations varied considerably over the centuries. Until 1664, they (not Parliament) determined the taxes to be paid by the clergy, but their powers in general were severely curtailed by Henry VIII in 1532/4; and from

1596-889: The British-backed candidate, he was not affiliated with other powers, such as France, which were believed to have territorial ambitions in Belgium which might threaten the European balance of power created by the 1815 Congress of Vienna . Leopold took his oath as King of the Belgians on 21 July 1831, an event commemorated annually as Belgian National Day . The following year, he married Princess Louise of Orléans , with whom he had four children: Louis Philippe , Leopold , Philippe , and Charlotte , all first cousins of both Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha . The King had another two sons, George and Arthur, by his mistress Arcadie Meyer . Leopold's reign

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1672-555: The Church's influence in politics and society, while supporting free trade , personal liberties and secularization . The Catholics wanted religious teachings to be a fundamental basis for the state and society and opposed all attempts by the liberals to attack the Church's official privileges. Initially, these factions existed only as informal groups with which prominent politicians were generally identified. The liberals held power through much of Leopold I's reign. An official Liberal Party

1748-642: The Congress was able to draw up a shortlist. The viable possibilities were felt to be Auguste of Leuchtenberg , son of Eugène de Beauharnais , and Louis, Duke of Nemours , son of the French King Louis-Philippe . All the candidates were French and the choice between them was principally between choosing the Bonapartism of Beauharnais or Leuchtenberg and supporting the July Monarchy of Louis-Philippe. Louis-Philippe realized that

1824-658: The Constitution was ambiguous or unclear while generally avoiding involvement in routine politics. Leopold I's reign was also marked by an economic crisis which lasted until the late 1850s. In the aftermath of the revolution, the Dutch had closed the Scheldt to Belgian shipping, meaning that the port of Antwerp was effectively useless. The Netherlands and the Dutch colonies in particular, which had been profitable markets for Belgian manufacturers before 1830, were totally closed to Belgian goods. The period between 1845 and 1849

1900-516: The Convocation was an estate of the realm like Parliament and that the lower clergy were being illegally disfranchised and denied its proper voice in government. Business was resumed in 1701 and by the time Queen Anne died in 1714 draft canons and forms of service had been drawn up for royal assent. However, there was an inherent tension between the two houses, the lower house was mainly Tory in its politics and high church in its doctrine while

1976-616: The Convocations met only for formal business at the beginning of each parliament until the middle of the nineteenth century when Canterbury (in 1852) and York (in 1861) began to discuss issues of the day. The resumption of proper business was brought about by the political changes which had taken place some twenty years earlier. Until the Great Reform Bill of 1832, Parliament had been theoretically an Anglican body, and many churchmen began to argue that neither Parliament nor

2052-472: The Crown. Over the next eight years it was established that it could debate and act provided it did not try to discuss or frame canons and that the archbishop could only prorogue (adjourn) a session with the consent of his fellow diocesans. In 1851, Canterbury received a petition, in 1853 it appointed committees and by 1855 Archbishop Sumner was convinced of the value of Convocation and those bishops who had opposed

2128-475: The Dutch ruling house of Orange-Nassau . Some Orangists had hoped to offer the position to William I or his son, William, Prince of Orange , which would bring Belgium into personal union with the Netherlands like Luxembourg. The Great Powers also worried that a candidate from another state could risk destabilizing the international balance of power and lobbied for a neutral candidate. Eventually

2204-752: The Eucharist on Accession Day. Although not a legal requirement, special services are also held in some churches of other denominations. Divine Worship: The Missal provides the following Collect for use at Masses, Mattins , and Evensong in the Catholic Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham : O GOD, who providest for thy people by thy power, and rulest over them in love: vouchsafe so to bless thy Servant our King (Queen); that under him (her) this nation may be wisely governed, and grant that he (she) being devoted to thee with his (her) whole heart, and persevering in good works unto

2280-553: The French candidates and the increased international pressure for a solution led to his reconsideration. On 22 April, he was finally approached by a Belgian delegation at Marlborough House to officially offer him the throne. Leopold, however, was reluctant to accept. On 17 July 1831, Leopold travelled from Calais to Belgium, entering the country at De Panne . Travelling to Brussels, he was greeted with patriotic enthusiasm along his route. The accession ceremony took place on 21 July on

2356-677: The Queen of Portugal, Maria II . He promoted the marriage of his niece, Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom , to his nephew, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha . In foreign policy, Leopold's principal object was the maintenance of Belgian neutrality imposed by Article VII of the Treaty of London (1839) . Despite pressure from the Great Powers, especially over the Crimean War (1853–56), Belgium remained officially neutral throughout

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2432-685: The Regent was displeased, he found Leopold to be charming and possessing every quality to make his daughter happy, and so approved their marriage. The same year Leopold received an honorary commission to the rank of Field Marshal and Knight of the Order of the Garter . The Regent also considered making Leopold a royal duke , the Duke of Kendal , though the plan was abandoned due to government fears that it would draw Leopold into party politics and would be viewed as

2508-601: The Revolution of 1688 which brought William III and Mary II to the throne when attempts to include some of the Protestant dissenters met such resistance in the lower house that the government abandoned them and the Convocations resumed their purely formal meetings In 1697 Francis Atterbury published his Letter to a Convocation Man concerning the Rights, Powers and Privileges of that Body which, in essence, claimed that

2584-524: The United Kingdom on the death of her father and Leopold presumably would have assumed the role of prince consort , later taken by his nephew Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha . Despite Charlotte's death, the Prince Regent granted Prince Leopold the British style of Royal Highness by Order in Council on 6 April 1818. From 1828 to 1829, Leopold had an affair with the actress Caroline Bauer , who bore

2660-520: The anniversary of Pope Francis ' election in 2013. Leopold I of Belgium Leopold I (French: Léopold ; 16 December 1790 – 10 December 1865) was the first King of the Belgians , reigning from 21 July 1831 until his death in 1865. The youngest son of Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld , Leopold took a commission in the Imperial Russian Army and fought against Napoleon after French troops overran Saxe-Coburg during

2736-545: The anniversary of the queen's accession was published in 1576 and used until 1602. In 1568, the tenth anniversary of Queen Elizabeth's accession was marked with the ringing of bells and 17 November became known as "Queen Elizabeth's Day" or " Queene's Day ". As her reign progressed, it was celebrated with increased fervour and, long after her death, it continued to be observed as a day of Protestant rejoicing and expression of anti-Catholic feeling. The observances included triumphal parades and processions, sermons against populism and

2812-496: The arrival of their Armée du Nord in Belgium forced the Dutch to accept a diplomatic mediation and retreat back to the pre-war border. Skirmishes continued for eight years, but in April 1839, the two countries signed the Treaty of London , whereby the Dutch recognised Belgium's independence. Leopold was generally unsatisfied with the amount of power allocated to the monarch in the Constitution, and sought to extend it wherever

2888-476: The bishops in the House of Lords expressed the mind of the Church as a whole In 1847 the routine session at the beginning of a new Parliament coincided with the polemical nomination of Dr Hampden to the see of Hereford. The formal address to the Queen was debated for six hours and an amendment carried praying the Crown to revive the active powers of convocation. The driving force behind the campaign to achieve this

2964-408: The border on 29 March and headed for Brussels. They were confronted by Belgian troops at the hamlet of Risquons-Tout and, during fighting, seven émigrés were killed and most of the rest were captured. To defuse tension, Leopold theatrically offered his abdication, if this was the wish of the majority of his people. The defeat at Risquons-Tout effectively ended the revolutionary threat to Belgium, as

3040-510: The burning of the Pope in effigy. After the Great Fire of London (1666), "these rejoicings were converted into a satirical saturnalia of the most turbulent kind"; the greatest excesses occurred in the years 1679–81 when wealthy members of political clubs paid for processions and bonfires to arouse the populace to political fervour. The inhabitants of Berry Pomeroy in south Devon reinstated

3116-534: The cathedral and monastic chapters were included for the first time and in 1285 the membership of the Convocation of Canterbury assumed the basic form which it retained till 1921: Bishops, Abbots (till the 1530s and the Dissolution of the Monasteries ), Deans, and Archdeacons, plus one representative of each cathedral chapter and two for the clergy from each diocese. By the fifteenth century, each convocation

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3192-399: The celebration was moved three days ahead to 27 April, to instead mark the birthday of Willem-Alexander. The United Arab Emirates is unusual in celebrating the accession of its president, although the president is elected from amongst the seven hereditary emirs (ruling princes) of the constituent states of the UAE, and is therefore also a hereditary and monarchical leader. Accession Day is

3268-421: The chancellor, the vice-chancellor and warden, the deputy vice-chancellor and provost, the pro-vice-chancellors, graduates of the university who have registered as members of convocation, and other officers of the university appointed by the university's council. It appoints the chancellor of the university, most recently Fiona Hill on 28 November 2022, and receives the annual report of the university. In

3344-678: The choice of either of the Bonapartists could be first stage of a coup against him, but that his son would also be unacceptable to other European powers suspicious of French intentions. Nemours refused the offer. With no definitive choice in sight, Catholics and Liberals united to elect Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier , a minor Belgian nobleman, as regent to buy more time for a definitive decision in February 1831. Leopold of Saxe-Coburg had been proposed at an early stage, but had been dropped because of French opposition. The problems caused by

3420-557: The end of the revolution and the start of the Kingdom of Belgium and is celebrated each year as the Belgian national holiday . Less than two weeks after Leopold's accession, on 2 August, the Netherlands invaded Belgium, starting the Ten Days' Campaign . The small Belgian army was overwhelmed by the Dutch assault and was pushed back. Faced with a military crisis, Leopold appealed to the French for support. The French promised support, and

3496-567: The end, may, by thy guidance, come to thine everlasting kingdom; through Jesus Christ thy Son our Lord, who liveth and reigneth with thee, in the unity of the Holy Spirit, ever one God, world without end. Amen. The Vatican counts the Anniversario dell'Elezione del Santo Padre , or the anniversary of the election of the reigning pontiff, among its statutory public holidays. Since 2014, the city-state has observed this holiday on 13 March,

3572-586: The father of Albert, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom . In 1797, at just six years old, Leopold was given an honorary commission of the rank of colonel in the Izmaylovsky Regiment , part of the Imperial Guard , in the Imperial Russian Army . Six years later, he received a promotion to the rank of Major General . When French troops occupied the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg in 1806 during

3648-703: The flag of the Flemish town of Leopoldsburg . His likeness has also appeared on postage stamps and commemorative coins issued since his death. Convocation A convocation (from the Latin convocare meaning "to call/come together", a translation of the Greek ἐκκλησία ekklēsia ) is a group of people formally assembled for a special purpose, mostly ecclesiastical or academic. The Britanica dictionary defines it as "a large formal meeting of people (such as church officials). In academic use, it can refer variously to

3724-418: The formal body of an institutions alumni or to a ceremonial assembly of the university, particularly at a graduation or commencement ceremony but, at some institutions, for a ceremony at the start of the academic year to welcome incoming students. A synodical assembly of a church is at times called "Convocation" The Convocations of Canterbury and York were the synodical assemblies of the two Provinces of

3800-642: The great seal notably the Thirty-Nine Articles (1571) and the 141 Canons of 1603. The Convocations were abolished during the Commonwealth but restored on the accession of Charles II in 1660 and they synodically approved the Book of Common Prayer which was imposed by the Act of Uniformity in 1662. Formal sessions at the start of each parliament continued but no real business was discussed until after

3876-400: The king. Koninginnedag (Queen's Day) was, during the reign of Queen Beatrix , celebrated on 30 April, the date of her accession in 1980 upon the abdication of her mother, Queen Juliana, whose birthday fell on 30 April). Beatrix abdicated on Koninginnedag 2013, which led to the accession of King Willem-Alexander . As a result, the holiday became known as Koningsdag (King's Day) from 2014 and

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3952-400: The lay members of the diocesan conferences. These were not part of Convocation; they had no constitutional status and were merely advisory. At the beginning of the twentieth century, both Convocations together with their respective houses of laity began to meet as a Representative Council which however had no legal authority or position. This was superseded in 1920 by the Church Assembly which

4028-541: The members of the university that meets to make official decisions. In the University of Oxford , convocation was originally the main governing body of the university, consisting of all doctors and masters of the university, but it now comprises all graduates of the university and its only remaining functions are to elect the chancellor of the university and the Professor of Poetry . (The equivalent body at Cambridge

4104-500: The provincial constitutions of Canterbury which were not repugnant or prejudicial to its own should be allowed in the Northern Province and by 1530 the Archbishop of York rarely attended sessions and the custom that York waited to see what Canterbury had decided and either accepted or rejected it was well established. The Convocation of York was, in practice, taking second place to that of Canterbury so much so that in 1852

4180-445: The reigns of William III and Mary II , the service was revised and used again during the reign of Queen Anne . King George V 's accession day ( r.  1910–36 ) was 6 May. Queen Elizabeth II 's ( r.  1952–2022 ) was on 6 February. The present monarch, Charles III 's, accession day is 8 September. Accession day is observed in the United Kingdom by the flying of specific flags and various official functions . In London,

4256-714: The reigns of Leopold I and II, although Belgian historian Jan Anckaer has interpreted Leopold's diplomatic efforts in the Second Egyptian-Ottoman War in 1840 and Belgium's manufacture of arms for Russia during the Crimean War as breaches of neutrality. Leopold married Louise-Marie of Orléans (daughter of Louis Philippe I ) on 9 August 1832. They had four children: Queen Louise-Marie died of tuberculosis on 11 October 1850, aged 38. Leopold had two sons, George and Arthur, by his mistress Arcadie Meyer ( née  Claret ). George von Eppinghoven

4332-497: The revival were taking part positively in its debates. Archbishop Musgrave maintained his opposition until his death in 1860—he even locked the room where it was due to meet—and the Northern Convocation remained inactive until his successor took office. The Convocations have always been exclusively clerical assemblies. However, in 1885 the Convocations agreed to the establishment of parallel Houses of Laity elected by

4408-403: The situation in Belgium began to recover that summer after a good harvest, and fresh elections returned a strong Liberal majority. Because of his family connections and position at the head of a neutral and unthreatening power, Leopold was able to act as an important intermediary in European politics during his reign. As a result of this, he earned the nickname the " Nestor of Europe", after

4484-443: The special service for 29 May. When King James II acceded the throne, he ordered the preparation of a special form of prayer and thanksgiving for the anniversary of his accession day and a revised version of the old service was prepared and set forth by authority in 1685. The form of words "the day on which His Majesty began his happy reign" was first used in this service and has been retained ever since. After falling out of use during

4560-472: The time of the Reformation till 1965 they were summoned and dissolved at the same time as Parliament. Under Henry VIII and his successor Edward VI between 1534 and 1553 the Convocations were used as a source of clerical opinion but ecclesiastical legislation was secured by statute from Parliament. Later between 1559 and 1641, Elizabeth I, James I and Charles I gave the force of law to decisions of Convocation without recourse to Parliament by letters patent under

4636-521: The time of the final defeat of Napoleon, he had reached the rank of lieutenant general at only 25 years of age. Leopold received British citizenship in March 1816. Leopold married Princess Charlotte of Wales at Carlton House, London on 2 May 1816. Charlotte was the only legitimate child of Prince George, Prince Regent (later George IV), and therefore second in line to the British throne . The Prince Regent had hoped Charlotte would marry William, Prince of Orange , but she favoured Leopold. Although

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4712-403: The tradition of Queene's Day in 2005 with a special church service and bonfire. On the accession of King James I of England , a form of prayer and thanksgiving was issued for use in all churches "upon his entry to this kingdom". In 1625, a new service was issued which was sanctioned by Convocation in 1640 but set aside by Parliament at the Restoration when certain parts of it were included in

4788-414: The upper house was mainly Whig and latitudinarian and therefore in favour of toleration for Protestant dissenters and their possible reincorporation into the Church of England and feelings ran high until in 1717 the session was prorogued by Royal Writ to avoid the censuring of Bishop Benjamin Hoadly by the lower house (see the Bangorian controversy ) and with the exception of an abortive session in 1741

4864-408: The wise mediator in Homer 's Iliad . Leopold played a particularly important role in moderating relations between the hostile Great Powers . In the later part of his reign, his role in managing relations between the United Kingdom and the French Empire of Napoleon III was particularly important. In 1835–1836, he promoted the marriage between his nephew Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and

4940-403: Was able to slightly expand the monarch's powers during his reign. He also played an important role in stopping the spread of the Revolutions of 1848 into Belgium. He died in 1865 and was succeeded by his son Leopold II. Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duke of Saxony , was born in Coburg in the tiny German duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld in modern-day Bavaria on 16 December 1790. He

5016-401: Was born in 1849, and Arthur von Eppinghoven in 1852. At Leopold's request, in 1862 his two sons were created Freiherr von Eppinghoven by his nephew, Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ; in 1863 Arcadie was also created Baronin von Eppinghoven. Leopold died in Laeken near Brussels on 10 December 1865. His funeral was held on 16 December, on what would have been his 75th birthday. He

5092-400: Was completed in 1835. When completed, it was one of the first passenger railways in continental Europe . The success of economic reforms partially mitigated the effects of the economic downturn and meant that Belgium was not as badly affected as its neighbours by the Revolutions of 1848 . Nevertheless, in early 1848, a large number of radical publications appeared. The most serious threat of

5168-413: Was crucial. Festivities of the day include holding rallies, lighting firecrackers , singing India's national anthem , and raising the flag of India . The present accession day of the Moroccan monarch is on 30 July, the date in 1999 when King Mohammed VI was enthroned following the death of his father. The day is marked by several official and civilian celebrations, including a televised speech from

5244-405: Was divided into an upper house (the Bishops) and a lower house (the remaining members). In 1921, the number of proctors (elected representatives) of the diocesan clergy was increased to make them a majority in the lower houses. The Convocation of York was a relatively small part of the Church in England and Wales with only five member dioceses in Henry VIII's reign. In 1462 it decided that all

5320-504: Was formed in 1846, although a formal Catholic Party was only established in 1869. Leopold, who was himself a Protestant, tended to favor liberals and shared their desire for reform, even though he was not partisan. On his own initiative, in 1842, Leopold proposed a law which would have stopped women and children from working in some industries, but the bill was defeated. Leopold was an early supporter of railways, and Belgium's first stretch of railway, between northern Brussels and Mechelen ,

5396-406: Was given the right to propose measures to Parliament by the " Enabling Act of 1919 ". The Convocations still exist and their members constitute the two clerical houses of the General Synod but, apart from some residual and formal responsibilities, all legal authority is now vested in the Synod which was established in 1970. At universities, "convocation" can refer (particularly in North America) to

5472-488: Was marked by attempts by the Dutch to recapture Belgium and, later, by internal political division between liberals and Catholics. As a Protestant , Leopold was considered liberal and encouraged economic modernisation, playing an important role in encouraging the creation of Belgium's first railway in 1835 and subsequent industrialisation . As a result of the ambiguities in the Belgian Constitution , Leopold

5548-652: Was offered the throne of an independent Greece as part of the London Protocol of February 1830 . Though initially showing interest in the position, Leopold eventually turned down the offer on 17 May 1830. The role would subsequently be accepted by Otto of Wittelsbach in May 1832 who ruled until he was finally deposed in October 1862. At the end of August 1830, rebels in the Southern provinces (modern-day Belgium) of

5624-604: Was particularly hard in Flanders, where harvests failed and a third of the population became dependent on poor relief, and have been described as the "worst years of Flemish history". The economic situation in Flanders also increased the internal migration to Brussels and the industrial areas of Wallonia , which continued throughout the period. Politics in Belgium under Leopold I were polarized between liberal and Catholic political factions, though before 1847 they collaborated in " Unionist " governments. The liberals were opposed to

5700-424: Was the London banker, Henry Hoare , who dedicated himself to the task. The opposition was formidable: half the clergy and most of the laity rejected the idea, many politicians were against it and the two archbishops— John Bird Sumner and Thomas Musgrave—had no desire to revive Convocation. The legal basis of the resistance was the claim that convocation could only discuss such business as was expressly specified by

5776-408: Was the youngest son of Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld , and Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf . In 1826, Saxe-Coburg acquired the city of Gotha from the neighbouring Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and gave up Saalfeld to Saxe-Meiningen , becoming Saxe-Coburg and Gotha . The dynasty of this name was therefore founded by Leopold's eldest brother, Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ,

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