Misplaced Pages

#578421

45-451: The city's hot sulphur springs have been famous since this was the Roman town of Aquae Statiellae ; the ancient baths are referred to by Paulus Diaconus and the chronicler Liutprand of Cremona . In 1870 Giovanni Ceruti designed a small pavilion, known as La Bollente , for the spot at the centre of the town where the water temperature up to 75 °C (167 °F). During the Roman period,

90-400: A few months and then to Rodoald (671). He was deposed around 695 by Ansfrid and was forced to flee first to Istria , then to Ravenna and finally to Pavia and the court of King Cunipert . The king seemed to tolerate Ansfrid's usurpation, but a little later he also rebelled from Cunipert and attempted to seize the throne. This rebellion - the last in a series of uprisings which all arose in

135-536: Is twinned with: The city of Acqui was the namesake for the 33rd Infantry Division "Acqui" of the Royal Italian Army , which was active during World War II . Paulus Diaconus Paul the Deacon ( c. 720s – 13 April in 796, 797, 798, or 799 AD), also known as Paulus Diaconus , Warnefridus , Barnefridus , or Winfridus , and sometimes suffixed Cassinensis ( i.e. "of Monte Cassino "),

180-614: Is his Historia Langobardorum , an incomplete history in six books that he wrote after 787 but no later than 795–96. It covers the history of the Langobards from their legendary origins in the north (in "Scadinavia") and their subsequent migrations—notably to Italy in 568–69—to the death of King Liutprand in 744. The books contain much information about the Eastern Roman Empire , the Franks, and other peoples. The history

225-474: Is written from a Lombardian point of view and is especially valuable for its depictions of the relations between the Franks and the Lombards. It begins: The region of the north, in proportion as it is removed from the heat of the sun and is chilled with snow and frost, is so much the more healthful to the bodies of men and fitted for the propagation of nations, just as, on the other hand, every southern region,

270-545: The Gothic War , was the first in former Roman Italy to be conquered by the Lombards under their king Alboin in 568. Before continuing on to penetrate Italy further southwards, Alboin left a large garrison at Cividale and placed the government of the district under his nephew and Marepaphias (shield-bearer), Gisulf as a dux , who was allowed to choose the faras or noble families with which he wished to settle

315-587: The Historia Langobardorum in the Monumenta ; poems and epitaphs edited by Ernst Dümmler were published in the Poetae latini aevi carolini , Band i. (Berlin, 1881). Fresher material having come to light, a newer edition of the poems ( Die Gedichte des Paulus Diaconus ) was edited by Karl Neff (Munich, 1908). Neff denied, however, that Paul had written the most famous poem in the collection,

360-952: The Scriptures , from ecclesiastical historians, and from other sources with the writings of Eutropius. The six books he ultimately added thus carried Lombardian history down to 553. This work, which was very popular during the Middle Ages, has value for its early historical presentation of the end of the Roman Empire in Western Europe . It was edited by Hans Droysen and published in the Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Auctores antiquissimi series, Band ii. (1879) as well as by A. Crivellucci, in Fonti per la storia d' Italia , N° 51 (1914). At

405-697: The Siege of Pavia in 774, the Lombard kingdom was conquered by Charlemagne who was proclaimed "By Grace of God, King of the Franks and Lombards". He created a personal union of the two kingdoms. Although the Leges Langobardorum  [ it ] were maintained, he reorganised the kingdom on the Frankish model, with counts rather than dukes. The duchy of Friuli thus became a county, but Hrodgaud

450-556: The Talmud in 1553, and protecting them from civilian mob violence. In 1570, however, Jews were required to wear the yellow badge ; in the 16th and 17th centuries, the community experienced restrictions such as being forbidden to appear in public on feast days. In 1848, the Jewish ghetto was abolished, which included the destruction of the old synagogue . In 1881, a new synagogue was construction, which still stands, as of 2024. Acqui Terme

495-453: The Avars who invaded the duchy and killed Lupus. They then refused to withdraw and continued their raids until Grimoald himself intervened and managed to induce them to return to Pannonia. Grimoald installed Wechtar as the next duke, rather than Lupus' son Arnefrit . Wechtar, originally from Vicenza , rebuffed a new Slavic incursion at Natisone . After him, the throne passed to Landar for

SECTION 10

#1732793949579

540-639: The Great has also been attributed to Paul, and he is credited with a Latin translation of the Greek Life of Saint Mary the Egyptian . Attribution: [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Paul the Deacon ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Duchy of Friuli The Duchy of Friuli ( Latin : Ducatus Foroiuliensis )

585-584: The Langobards is Paul's Historia Romana ; this is a continuation of Eutropius 's Breviarium , which covers the period 364–553 CE. Paul compiled the Historia Romana at Benevento between 766 and 771. He is said to have advised Adelperga to read Eutropius; she did, but complained that this pagan writer said nothing about ecclesiastical affairs and stopped with the accession of the Emperor Valens in 364. Consequently, Paul interwove extracts from

630-488: The Lombards in 744, deposing Liutprand's successor Hildeprand after a few months of rule. Rachis assigned the duchy to his brother Aistulf , who only held it for a few years, since in 749 he succeeded Rachis (who had been deposed by his dukes) as king of Italy. Information about the situation in the Duchy during the final years of the Lombard kingdom is scarce. It was ruled by the co-regents, Anselm and Peter (749-756) and

675-582: The battle in which their father lost his life and assumed control of Friuli. They undertook a campaign against the Slavs and temporarily extended the eastern borders of the duchy up to Matrei in present East Tyrol . The Slavs continued to pay tribute to Friuli until the reign of Ratchis . The brothers also undertook campaigns against the Byzantine forces in Italy. In 615, Concordia was captured, and around 625

720-458: The beginning of the 8th century, the duchy passed to Ferdulf , "a slippery and arrogant man", according to Paul the Deacon, who sought easy military glory and therefore convinced some Slavs to invade his own duchy. However, the battle resulted in a Lombard defeat, due to internal division between the Duke and a nobleman called Argait. The Slavs achieved an easy victory, due to grave tactical errors on

765-453: The brothers were killed in an ambush at the Byzantine city of Oderzo by the patrician Gregorius. The Ducal throne was then assumed by Grasulf II , brother of Gisulf II (and thus Tasso and Kakko's uncle). However Gisulf's other brothers, Romuald and Grimoald refused to accept Grasulf's superiority and relocated to the court of Arechis in the Duchy of Benevento . Paul the Deacon recounts

810-454: The city during that conquest. Eventually he entered a monastery on Lake Como , and before 782 he entered the great Benedictine house of Monte Cassino , where he made the acquaintance of Charlemagne. Around 776, Paul's brother Arichis was carried off to Francia as a prisoner after a revolt in Friuli. When Charlemagne visited Rome five years later, Paul wrote to him on behalf of Arichis, who

855-546: The consul killed thousands of them, reduced the other Gauls to slavery, and began to organize the sale of slaves from the population. Some of them were transferred to the north of the Po , but others survived free in small villages in the surrounding areas that remained outside of Roman rule. In 2008 a necropolis was found in the nearby town of Montabone. The remains show that the Statielli conserved their own customs and traditions for

900-526: The duke, stripped him of his title and handed the duchy to his oldest son, Rachis . The new duke led an expedition into the Slavic territory ( Carniola ) and pillaged it as a proof of his valour. Rachis and his warriors also distinguished themselves in the defence of Liutprand when he was attacked and betrayed on the march to Fossombrone by the rebellious Duchy of Spoleto . As a result of the prestige that he had gained from these ventures, Rachis became king of

945-538: The dukes of Spoleto , Benevento and Trent , the lords of Friuli often attempted to establish their independence from the royal authority seated at Pavia , though to no avail. After the Lombard campaign of Charlemagne and the defeat of King Desiderius in 774, the last Friulian duke Hrodgaud ruled until 776. Upon his death, Friuli was incorporated as a march of the Carolingian Empire . The Venetian territory around Forum Iulii , still devastated by

SECTION 20

#1732793949579

990-453: The entire the first century B.C., and likely after. While controlled by Rome, an important town was built over Carystum, known for the natural thermal waters and spas. The remains of the aqueduct which supplied the waters and springs can still be found near the center of the town, along the river Bormida . In the 6th century, Acqui became part of the Lombard kingdom of northern Italy. It

1035-452: The final duke that we know of was Hrodgaurd (774-776). It is likely that in these years, when the Lombard kingdom was ruled by sovereigns of Friulian origin and the central power was particularly strong, that the autonomy of the duchy was very limited. An indirect piece of evidence for this is the fact that Istria, which was conquered by Aistulf after he became king, was not annexed to the Duchy, but remained under direct royal control. After

1080-520: The hymn to St.  John the Baptist Ut queant laxis , which Guido of Arezzo set to a melody that had previously been used for Horace 's Ode 4.11 . From the initial syllables of the first verses of the resultant setting, Guido then took the names of the first notes of the musical scale. Paul also wrote an epitome , which has survived, of Sextus Pompeius Festus 's De verborum significatu , which he dedicated to Charlemagne. While Paul

1125-680: The land. The original duchy was bound by the Carnic Alps and Julian Alps to the north and northeast and was hardly accessible from those directions. It was bound by the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna to the south, where it did not have a coastline until later, and by a plain that led to the Pannonian Basin in the east, a perfect access point for invaders, such as the Avars and later the Magyars . Its western border

1170-543: The nearer it is to the heat of the sun, the more it abounds in diseases and is less fitted for the bringing up of the human race. Among Paul's sources were the document called the Origo gentis Langobardorum , the Liber pontificalis , the lost history of Secundus of Trent , and the lost annals of Benevento . He also heavily drew upon the works of Bede , Gregory of Tours , and Isidore of Seville . Related to his history of

1215-510: The north-eastern sector of the Lombard kingdom - was a manifestation of the unwillingness of the Lombards of this region (known as 'Austria') to accept the pro-Catholic policy of the Bavarian dynasty . Under the leadership of the dukes of Friuli and Trent on various occasions these revolts gathered together the Arian and traditionalist (i.e. militaristic and expansionist) groups in opposition to

1260-581: The pacifist policy followed by the kings in Pavia, who were inclined to maintain the status quo with the Byzantines and the Papacy . On this occasion however, King Cunipert had the better of it; Ansfird was captured near Verona and sent into exile. In his place, Cunipert installed a loyal supporter, Ado , the brother of the deposed Duke Rodoald. He reigned as duke for a little over a year. On Ado's death, at

1305-434: The part of the Lombards and exterminated almost the entire Friulian nobility. Both Ferdulf and Argait died and the only person who performed well was Munichis, father of the future duke Peter . The reign of Ferdulf's successor Corvulus was also brief, since he was arrested and deposed for offending the king. He was replaced with Pemmo around 710. Pemmo was esteemed by Paul the Deacon (who calls him "an intelligent man who

1350-539: The rank of king. Grisulf, a capable ruler according to the Historia Langobardorum chronicles by Paul the Deacon , suppressed the Roman population in Friuli. He gained even greater influence during the Lombard interregnum upon the death of King Cleph in 574. Little is known of Gisulf's first successor, Grasulf I Around 610, Avar forces invaded Friuli pillaging the Lombard settlements. While King Agilulf did not take any action, Duke Gisulf II

1395-470: The region was connected by road with Alba Pompeia and Augusta Taurinorum ( Turin ) and was populated by the local Celto- Ligurian tribe of the Statielli . The region was subject to Roman rule after their main center, Carystum (Acqui Terme), was attacked in 173 BC by the legions led by the consul Marcus Popilius Laenas . The Statielli did not oppose resistance, but in contravention of the Roman law of war,

Acqui Terme - Misplaced Pages Continue

1440-680: The reigns of Grasulf and his successor Ago very briefly, but they continued the war against the Byzantines and Opitergium was conquered in 642. Duke Lupus undertook an expedition against Grado in 662, in which he sacked the city and seized the treasures of the Patriarchate of Aquileia himself. The Duke was very closed with Grimoald (now King of the Lombards), who entrusted him with his palace in Pavia when he went away to Benevento, but in 663 Lupus rebelled. Grimoald then made an agreement with

1485-535: The request of Angilram , Bishop of Metz (d. 791), Paul wrote a history of the bishops of Metz to 766, the first work of its kind north of the Alps . This was translated into English in 2013 as Liber de episcopis Mettensibus . He also wrote many letters, verses, and epitaphs, including those of Duke/Prince Arichis II of Benevento and of many members of the Carolingian family. Some of these letters were published with

1530-499: The rudiments of Greek from a teacher named Flavian. Paul was probably the secretary of the Lombard king Desiderius , a successor of Ratchis. After Desiderius's daughter Adelperga had married Arichis II, duke of Benevento , Paul, at her request, wrote his continuation of Eutropius 's Summary of Roman History ( Latin : Breviarium Historiae Romanae ). He lived at the court of Benevento for at least several years before 774, when Charlemagne captured Pavia, and he may have fled

1575-421: The ruined fortunes of his house. The grandson of the younger Leupichis was Warnefrid, who by his wife Theodelinda became the father of Paul. Paulus was his monastic name; he was born Winfrid, son of Warnefrid, about 720 in the Duchy of Friuli . Thanks to the possible noble status of his family, Paul received an exceptionally good education, probably at the court of the Lombard king Ratchis in Pavia , learning

1620-422: Was Aquileia , but who had himself moved to Cormons because Aquileia was too vulnerable to Byzantine attack, considered another bishop based in the ducal capital to be inconvenient. So he drove Amator out of the city and took over his residence for himself. Pemmo did not accept the patriarch's actions and moved against Callixtus, imprisoning him in harsh conditions. At this point, King Liutprand intervened against

1665-469: Was a Benedictine monk , scribe , and historian of the Lombards . An ancestor of Paulus's named Leupichis emigrated to Italy in 568 in the train of Alboin , King of the Lombards. There, he was granted lands at or near Forum Julii ( Cividale del Friuli ). During an invasion by the Avars , Leupichis's five sons were carried away to Pannonia , but one of them, his namesake, returned to Italy and restored

1710-628: Was a Lombard duchy in present-day Friuli , the first to be established after the conquest of the Italian peninsula in 568. It was one of the largest domains in Langobardia Major and an important buffer between the Lombard kingdom and the Slavs , Avars , and the Byzantine Empire . The original chief city in the province was Roman Aquileia , but the Lombard capital of Friuli was Forum Julii , modern Cividale . Along with

1755-612: Was allowed to keep it until he rebelled in 776, when he was killed in battle and replaced with Macarius . In 781, Friuli, along with the other territory of the old Lombard kingdom was placed under the control of Charlemagne's son Pepin . In 828, Friuli was subdivided into a number of smaller counties and then in 846 it was reformed as the March of Friuli . In the early modern period, the Habsburg-ruled Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca covered large parts of

1800-456: Was in Francia, Charlemagne asked him to compile a collection of homilies . Paul granted this request after returning to Monte Cassino; the compilation was largely used in the Frankish churches. Paul also composed two important homilies In Assumptione , in the second of which, unlike Ambrose Autpert , he admits the possibility of Mary's bodily assumption into heaven. A life of Pope Gregory

1845-414: Was killed in battle when the invaders occupied his residence at Cividale. Paul the Deacon recounts the event in epic tones. Paul, who was originally from the duchy of Friuli also recounts in detail the betrayal of Romilda, Gisulf's wife, who handed the city of Cividale over to the Avars. They sacked the duchy and then withdrew to Pannonia. Gisulf II's sons, Tasso and Kakko had narrowly managed to escape

Acqui Terme - Misplaced Pages Continue

1890-660: Was originally undefined, until further conquests had established the Lombard duchy of Ceneda , which lay beyond the Tagliamento river, between the Livenza and the Piave Rivers. From the beginning, then, the Duchy of Friuli had a military role which it retained throughout the whole period of the Lombard kingdom and meant that it always played an important role in Italian politics, such that several of its dukes achieved

1935-642: Was ruled by its bishop from 978, becoming an independent commune in 1135. In 1278 it was annexed to the Marquisate of Montferrat , to which it belonged until the acquisition by the Duchy of Savoy . It was connected by a railway line to Genoa in 1892. Jews first settled in Acqui in the 15th century. Initially, the Gonzaga dynasty was benevolent towards them, refusing to comply with the Papal order to confiscate

1980-557: Was then freed. After Paul's literary achievements had drawn the attention of Charlemagne , he became an important contributor to the Carolingian Renaissance . In 787 he returned to Monte Cassino, where he died on 13 April probably in the year 799. His epithet Diaconus indicates that he took orders as a deacon ; and some believe he was a monk before the fall of the Lombard Kingdom . Paul's chief work

2025-562: Was useful to the country" ). He had to confront the Slavs whom he defeated and forced to accept his terms. A little later, however, he came into conflict with the Patriarch of Aquileia , Callixtus  [ it ] . The Patriarch protested against the fact that the bishop of Zuglio , Fidentius, had moved his seat from his actual diocese to Cividale - a decision which was confirmed by Fidentius' successor, Amator. Callixtus, whose titular see

#578421