Misplaced Pages

#870129

120-475: Human adulthood encompasses psychological adult development . Definitions of adulthood are often inconsistent and contradictory; a person may be biologically an adult, and have adult behavior, but still be treated as a child if they are under the legal age of majority. Conversely, one may legally be an adult but possess none of the maturity and responsibility that may define an adult character. In different cultures, there are events that relate passing from being

240-414: A contract , marriage , voting , having a job , serving in the military , buying/possessing firearms , driving , traveling abroad, involvement with alcoholic beverages , smoking , sexual activity , gambling , being a model or actor in pornography , running for president , etc. Admission of a young person to a place may be restricted because of danger for that person, concern that the place may lead

360-407: A 'full' adult quite yet. Next, the instability feature notes that emerging adults often move around after their high school years whether that is to college, friends' houses, or living with a romantic partner, as well as moving back home with their parents/guardians for a time. This moving around often ends once the individual's family and career have been set. Tagging along with the instability feature

480-461: A Woman's Life, with findings that men and women went through essentially the same crises but differed in "The Dream." The author wrote that men's dreams are centered around occupations and women's are conflicted between occupation and marriage and family. The ' biopsychosocial ' approach to adult development states that to understand human development in its fullness, biological, psychological, and social levels of analysis must be included. There are

600-516: A basic understanding of current issues, the liberal–conservative ideological dimension, and the relative ideological dilemma that are important to understand when making political decisions. Studies from other institutions have suggested that the physical appearance of candidates is a criterion upon which voters base their decision. Voting advice applications can increase political knowledge enabling to cast informed votes. Christadelphians , Jehovah's Witnesses , Old Order Amish , Rastafarians ,

720-493: A candidate or party listed on the ballot, or a write-in where they write out the name of their preferred candidate (if it is not listed). An alternative method that is still paper-based known as ballot letters is used in Israel, where polling booths contain a tray with ballots for each party running in the elections; the ballots are marked with the letter(s) assigned to that party. Voters are given an envelope into which they put

840-455: A career and has a family. In this stage, an individual must either contribute significantly to their careers, families and communities in order to ensure success in the next generation or they stagnate, creating a threat to their well-being which can be referred to as a "mid-life crisis." When individuals feel they have successfully fostered growth in themselves and their relationships, they will feel satisfied in their successes and contributions to

960-494: A child to becoming an adult or coming of age . This often encompasses passing a series of tests to demonstrate that a person is prepared for adulthood, or reaching a specified age, sometimes in conjunction with demonstrating preparation. Most modern societies determine legal adulthood based on reaching a legally specified age without requiring a demonstration of physical maturity or preparation for adulthood. Historically and cross-culturally, adulthood has been determined primarily by

1080-400: A common part of adult development is the midlife crisis. The process that underlies all these stages is individuation - a movement towards balance and wholeness over time. The key stages that he discerned in early adulthood and midlife were as follows: Levinson's work includes research on differences in the lives of men and women. He published The Seasons of a Man's Life and The Seasons of

1200-518: A culture of embeddedness. The culture of embeddedness can be examined in terms of three functions in development: confirmation (holding on), contradiction (letting go), and continuity (staying put). In this book, Kegan describes the process of emergence for the six evolutionary balances. These evolutionary balances have analogues to theories from Piaget, Kohlberg, Loevinger, Maslow, McClelland/Murray, and Erikson. In Over Our Heads further elaborates Kegan's perspective on adult development. The book How

1320-439: A definitive answer of "yes" or "no" but more than likely give the answer that "yes, they have aspects of being an adult but they also have aspects of not being an adult yet." Overall, there is much to the theory of Emerging Adulthood but it still has criticism about its legitimacy. There are some that say that the theory neglects other classes and that this is a flaw. Some of the other things that have been stated about this theory

SECTION 10

#1732772048871

1440-569: A different number of votes - only one (single voting as in First-past-the-post voting , Single non-transferable voting and Single transferable voting ); as many as are being elected in a multiple-member district (multiple voting as used in Plurality block voting ; more than one but fewer than are being elected in a multiple-member district ( Limited voting ). Most allow a voter to put just one vote on each candidate, but others allow

1560-444: A different voter or electorate who will vote in his stead. In South Africa, there is a strong presence of anti-voting campaigns by poor citizens. They make the structural argument that no political party truly represents them. This resulted in the " No Land! No House! No Vote! " campaign, which becomes very prominent each time the country holds elections. The campaign is prominent among three of South Africa's largest social movements:

1680-565: A family may decide which film to see by voting. The method of voting can range from formal submission of written votes, through show of hands , voice voting or audience response systems, to informal noting which outcome seems to be preferred by more people. Some votes are carried out in person if all the people eligible to vote are present. This could be by a show of hands or keypad polling . Deliberative assemblies —bodies that use parliamentary procedure to arrive at decisions —use several methods when voting on motions (formal proposals by

1800-400: A full, mentally developed, adult include traits of personal responsibilities in multiple aspects of life. Although few or no established dictionaries provide a definition for the two-word term biological adult , the first definition of adult in multiple dictionaries includes "the stage of the life cycle of an animal after reproductive capacity has been attained". Thus, the base definition of

1920-673: A good chance of turning out better than their parents did. According to Jewish tradition, adulthood is reached at age 13 for Jewish boys and 12 for Jewish girls in accordance with the Bar or Bat Mitzvah ; they are expected to demonstrate preparation for adulthood by learning the Torah and other Jewish practices. The Christian Bible and Jewish scripture contain no age requirement for adulthood or marrying , which includes engaging in sexual activity. The 1983 Code of Canon Law states, "A man before he has completed his sixteenth year of age, and likewise

2040-609: A handgun from a federally licensed dealer (although federal law makes an exception for individuals between the ages of 18 and 20 to obtain one from a private dealer if state law permits.) As of July 1984, the National Minimum Drinking Age Act mandated that all states raise their respective drinking ages to 21 to create a uniform standard for legally purchasing, drinking, or publicly possessing alcohol with exceptions made for consumption only in private residences under parental supervision and permission. This

2160-427: A light on the manifestation of development throughout adulthood. Changes in adulthood have been described by several theories and metatheories, which serve as a framework for adult development research. One of which is Erik Erikson who went beyond childhood stages and introduced the concept of continuing development until death. Life span development can be defined as age-relating experiences that occur from birth to

2280-400: A marker for other deficits and illnesses" and can also lead to decreased satisfaction in taste when eating. Losses to the sense of touch are usually noticed when there is a decline in the ability to detect a vibratory stimulus. The loss of sense of touch can harm a person's fine motor skills such as writing and using utensils. The ability to feel painful stimuli is usually preserved in aging, but

2400-422: A member or members of a deliberative assembly). The regular methods of voting in such bodies are a voice vote, a rising vote, and a show of hands. Additional forms of voting include a recorded vote and balloting. The assembly can decide on the voting method by adopting a motion on it. The most common voting method uses paper ballots on which voters mark their preferences. This may involve marking their support for

2520-578: A number between one and ten (the upper and lower bounds may vary). See cardinal voting systems . Some "multiple-winner" systems such as the Single Non-Transferable Vote, SNTV, used in Afghanistan and Vanuatu give a single vote or one vote per elector per available position. STV uses single ranked votes; block voting ( Plurality-at-large voting ) are often used for at-large positions such as on some city councils. Finally,

SECTION 20

#1732772048871

2640-534: A personal level or retreat into isolation, afraid of commitment or vulnerability. Being intimate with someone does not always mean having a sexual component; in a platonic relationship, closeness might take the form of self-disclosure. After reaching this stage, a person is equipped to build strong, enduring relationships with other people. Maladaptation – promiscuity (e.g. sexually needy, vulnerable) Malignancy – exclusivity (e.g. loner, cold, self-contained) This stage usually begins when an individual has established

2760-605: A positive attitude or social support from neighbors, family, and friends, is key to aging successfully. Jeanne Louise Calment exemplifies successful aging as the longest living person, dying at 122 years old. Her long life can be attributed to her genetics (both parents lived into their 80s), her active lifestyle and an optimistic attitude. She enjoyed many hobbies and physical activities, and believed that laughter contributed to her longevity. She poured olive oil on all of her food and skin, which she believed also contributed to her long life and youthful appearance. Adult development

2880-877: A president, or a group, such as a committee or a parliament. In electing a parliament, either each of many small constituencies can elect a single representative, as in Britain; or each of a lesser number of multi-member constituencies may elect two or more representatives, as in Ireland; or multi-member districts and some single-member districts can be used; or the entire country can be treated as one "at-large" district, as in The Netherlands. Different voting systems use different ballot designs. Some ballots allow only one choice to be selected (single X voting); others allow ranking or selecting multiple options ( Ranked ballots ). Different voting systems allow each voter to cast

3000-445: A quota of 1st preferences; to any pair of candidates with two quotas of 1st/2nd preferences; and if seats are still to be filled, to those candidates with the highest MBC scores. In a voting system that uses multiple votes ( Plurality block voting ), the voter can vote for any subset of the running candidates. So, a voter might vote for Alice, Bob, and Charlie, rejecting Daniel and Emily. Approval voting uses such multiple votes. In

3120-535: A result, particular populations feel adult earlier in the life course than do others. Contemporary experiences of and research on young adults today substitute more seemingly subjective criteria for adulthood which resonate more soundly with young adults' experiences of aging. The criteria are marked by a growing "importance of individualistic criteria and the irrelevance of the demographic markers of normative conceptions of adulthood." In particular, younger cohorts' attainment of adulthood centers on three criteria: gaining

3240-527: A sense of pride in their abilities and accomplishments. When parents, teachers, or peers command and encourage kids, they begin to feel confident in their skills. Successfully completing this stage leads to a strong belief in one's ability to handle tasks set in front of them. Maladaptation – narrow virtuosity (e.g. workaholic, obsessive, specialist) Malignancy – inertia (e.g. lazy, apathetic, purposeless) During adolescent years, children begin to find out who they are. They explore their independence and develop

3360-864: A sense of responsibility, independent decision-making, and financial independence. Jeffrey Arnett, a psychologist and professor at Clark University in Massachusetts, studied the development of adults and argues that there is a new and distinct period of development in between adolescence and adulthood. This stage, which he calls "emerging adulthood", occurs between the ages of 18 and 25. Arnett describes these individuals as able to take some responsibility for their lives, but still not completely feeling like an adult. Arnett articulates five distinct features that are unique to this period of development: identity exploration, feeling in between, instability, self-focus, and having possibilities. Arnett makes it clear that these 5 aspects of emerging adulthood are only relevant during

3480-482: A sense of self. This is Erikson's fifth stage, Identity vs Confusion. Completing this stage leads to fidelity, an ability that Erikson described as useful to live by society's standards and expectations. Maladaptation – fanaticism (e.g. self-important, extremist) Malignancy – repudiation (e.g. socially disconnected, cut-off) In early adulthood, individuals begin to experience intimate relationships in which they must either commit to relating and connecting to others on

3600-399: A set of psychosocial 'seasons' through which adults must pass as they move through early adulthood and midlife. Each of these seasons is characterized by a crisis to overcome. Stages are created by the challenges of building or maintaining a life structure and by the social norms that apply to particular age groups, particularly concerning relationships and career. Levinson also emphasized that

3720-421: A simple lab experiment where students in a class vote for their favorite marble. If five marbles are assigned names and are placed "up for election", and if three of them are green, one is red, and one is blue, then a green marble will rarely win the election. The reason for the green's lack of success is vote splitting. The three green marbles will split the votes of those who prefer green. In fact, in this analogy,

Adult - Misplaced Pages Continue

3840-455: A social construction is illustrated by the changing criteria of adulthood over time. Historically, adulthood in the U.S. has rested on completing one's education, moving away from the family of origin, and beginning one's career. Other key historical criteria include entering a marriage and becoming a parent. These criteria are social and subjective; they are organized by gender, race, ethnicity, and social class, among other key identity markers. As

3960-467: A source of income) that they can repay their credit card balance. Unless that requirement is met, one must wait until 21 to be approved for a credit card on their own. The Affordable Care Act of 2010 expands the age that young adults can remain on their parent's health insurance plan up to age 26. As of December 2019, the federal government raised the legal age to purchase tobacco and vaping products from 18 to 21. In states where recreational marijuana

4080-403: A standard method of examining the universal pattern of development. This model of hierarchical complexity explains development in stages that are not connected to a person's age, but on the ability of the person to complete increasingly complex hierarchical tasks. For one task to be more hierarchically complex than another, the new task must meet three requirements: 1) It must be defined in terms of

4200-546: A variety of biopsychosocial meta-models, but all entail a commitment to the following four premises: Robert Kegan is an American developmental psychologist as well as the author or co-author of books such as In Over Our Heads , The Evolving Self , How the Way We Talk Can Change the Way We Work , and An Everyone Culture: Becoming a Deliberately Developmental Organization among other works. Kegan

4320-449: A very common way of reaching a decision peacefully. The right to vote is usually restricted to certain people. Members of a society or club, or shareholders of a company, but not outsiders, may elect its officers, or adopt or change its rules, in a similar way to the election of people to official positions. A panel of judges, either formal judicial authorities or judges of the competition, may decide by voting. A group of friends or members of

4440-423: A voter's votes to be piled on to one candidate. Different voting systems require different levels of support to be elected. Plurality voting ( First-past-the-post voting ) elects the candidate with more votes than any other single candidate. It does not require the winner to achieve a voting majority, to have more than half of the total votes cast. In First-past-the-post voting , when more than two candidates run,

4560-470: A voting system that uses a ranked vote , the voter ranks the candidates in order of preference. For example, they might mark a preference for Bob in the first place, then Emily, then Alice, then Daniel, and finally Charlie. Ranked voting systems , such as those used in Australia and Ireland, use a ranked vote. In a voting system that uses a scored vote (or range vote ), the voter gives each alternative

4680-850: A woman before she has completed her fourteenth year of age, cannot enter a valid marriage". According to The Disappearance of Childhood by Neil Postman , the Christian Church of the Middle Ages considered the age of accountability, when a person could be tried and even executed as an adult, to be age 7. While certain religions have their guidelines on what it means to be an adult, generally speaking, there are trends that occur regarding religiosity as individuals transition from adolescence to adulthood. The role of religion in one's life can impact development during adolescence. The National Library of Medicine (NCBI) highlights some studies that show rates of religiosity declining as people move out of

4800-422: Is a hallmark of this theory – not all individuals develop and age at the same rate and in the same manner. Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory is an environmental system theory and social ecological model which focuses on five environmental systems: Jeffrey Arnett's theory of Emerging Adulthood The theory of Emerging Adulthood was made by a man named Jeffery Arnett in

4920-453: Is a somewhat new area of study in the field of psychology. Previously it was assumed that development would cease at the end of adolescence. This new field of research was influenced by the aging population of the "baby boomer" generation. The population of Americans who are the age of 65 or over was at roughly 9 million in 1940. In just 60 years that total has grown to over 35 million people. This rise in population and life expectancy had shined

Adult - Misplaced Pages Continue

5040-613: Is accelerated by physical inactivity. Many of the contributing factors that may cause sarcopenia to include neuronal and hormonal changes, inadequate nutrition, and physical inactivity. Apoptosis has also been suggested as an underlying mechanism in the progression of sarcopenia. The prevalence of sarcopenia increases as people age and is associated with the increased likelihood of disability and restricted independence among elderly people. Approaches to preventing and treating sarcopenia are being explored by researchers. A specific preventive approach includes progressive resistance training, which

5160-440: Is also used in a PR format. PR-STV is used in Australia, Ireland and Malta. Quota is calculated. In say a four-seat constituency, quota (if Droop quota is used) is 20 percent of the valid vote plus 1. Every candidate with quota (of 1st preferences alone or combination of first preferences and later preferences) will be elected. If a candidate has more than a quota and seats are yet to be filled, his/her surplus will be distributed to

5280-418: Is an established biological process, the attainment of adulthood is social in its criteria. In contrast to other perspectives that conceptualize aging and the attainment of adulthood as a largely universal development, regardless of context, nation, generation, gender, race, or social class. Social scientists regard these aspects as paramount in cultural definitions of adulthood. Further evidence of adulthood as

5400-475: Is an official none of the above option and it is counted as a valid vote. Usually, blank and null votes are counted (together or separately) but are not considered valid. Modern political science has questioned whether average citizens have sufficient political knowledge to cast meaningful votes. A series of studies coming out of the University of Michigan in the 1950s and 1960s argued that many voters lack

5520-686: Is based on what a culture normatively views as being the required criteria for adulthood, which in turn, influences the lives of individuals within that culture. This may or may not coincide with the legal definition. Current views on adult development in late life focus on the concept of successful aging, defined as "...low probability of disease and disease-related disability, high cognitive and physical functional capacity, and active engagement with life." Biomedical theories hold that one can age successfully by caring for physical health and minimizing loss in function, whereas psychosocial theories posit that capitalizing upon social and cognitive resources, such as

5640-499: Is being used. The time of puberty varies from child to child, but usually begins between 10 and 12 years old. Girls typically begin the process of puberty at age 10 or 11, and boys at age 11 or 12. Girls generally complete puberty by 15–17, and boys by age 16 or 17. Nutrition, genetics and environment also usually play a part in the onset of puberty. Girls will go through a growth spurt and gain weight in several areas of their body. Boys will go through similar spurts in growth, though it

5760-500: Is common. In most of the world, the legal adult age is 18 for most purposes, with some notable exceptions: Prior to the 1970s, young people were not classed as adults until 21 in most western nations. For example, in the United States, young citizens could not vote in many elections until 21 until July 1971 when the 26th Amendment passed mandating that the right to vote cannot be abridged for anyone 18 or older. The voting age

5880-436: Is elected; others without quota (but with more votes than any other single candidate) may be declared elected as well. Side effects of First-past-the-post voting include a waste of votes due to vote splitting , a two-party system and political polarization due to electing candidates that do not support centrism . To understand why a race using First-past-the-post voting tends to favor less-centric candidates, consider

6000-449: Is generally confined to periodic elections . In a democracy, the government is elected by the people who vote in an election : a way for an electorate to elect , that is choose , from several different candidates. It is more than likely that elections will be between two opposing parties. These two will be the most established and most popular parties in the country. For example, in the US,

6120-412: Is having self-focus. Emerging adults, being away from their parental and societal routines, are now able to do what they want when they want and where they want before they are put back into a routine when they start a marriage, family, and career. Arnett's last feature of emerging adulthood, an age of possibilities, characterizes this stage as one where "optimism reigns". These individuals believe they have

SECTION 50

#1732772048871

6240-483: Is legalized, the default age is also 21, though those younger may be able to obtain medical marijuana prescriptions or cards upon seeing a physician. Gambling also varies from 18 to 21 depending on the state and many rental car companies do not rent cars to those under 21 and have surcharges for drivers under 25 (although this is not codified, and is company policy). In Quebec, Canada the Quebec legislature in 2020 raised

6360-534: Is often referred to as a "crisis," a psycho-social conflict, in which an individual experiences conflict between their inner and outer worlds that are relative to whichever stage they are in. If equilibrium is not found for each task there are potential negative outcomes called maladaptation's (abnormally positive) and malignancies (abnormally negative), where malignancy is worse of the two. It posits eight sequential stages of individual human development influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors throughout

6480-448: Is possible. Scientists have made a distinctive connection between aging and cancer. It has been shown that the majority of cancer cases occur in those over 50 years of age. This may be due to the decline in the strength of the immune system as one ages or to co-existing conditions. There a variety of symptoms associated with cancer, commonly growths or tumors may be indicators of cancer. Radiation, chemotherapy, and in some cases, surgery,

6600-410: Is safe and effective for the elderly. Developmental changes to various organs and organ systems occur throughout life. These changes affect responses to stress and illness, and can compromise the body's ability to cope with the demand for organs. The altered functioning of the heart, lungs, and even skin in old age can be attributed to factors like cell death or endocrine hormones. There are changes to

6720-439: Is self-accepting of who they've become, while the latter is not accepting of themselves or their circumstances in life, which leads to despair. Maladaptation – presumption (e.g. conceited, pompous, arrogant) Malignancy – disdain (e.g. miserable, unfulfilled, blaming) Michael Commons 's Model of Hierarchical Complexity (MHC) is an enhancement and simplification of Bärbel Inhelder and Jean Piaget's developmental model. It offers

6840-419: Is that it is steered too much to our time period and that this can be viewed as a major flaw and that it also focuses too much on Western culture as well. Erik Erikson developed stages of ego development that extended through childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. He was trained in psychoanalysis and was highly influenced by Freud, but unlike Freud, Erikson believed that social interaction is very important to

6960-483: Is the requirement of supervision by a legal guardian , or just by an adult. Sometimes there is no requirement, but rather a recommendation. Using the example of pornography, one can distinguish between: With regard to films with violence, etc.: The age of majority ranges internationally from ages 15 to 21, with 18 being the most common age. Nigeria , Mali , Democratic Republic of Congo and Cameroon define adulthood at age 15, but marriage of girls at an earlier age

7080-415: Is the subject of a branch of welfare economics known as social choice theory . In smaller organizations, voting can occur in many different ways: formally via ballot to elect others for example within a workplace, to elect members of political associations, or to choose roles for others; or informally with a spoken agreement or a gesture like a raised hand. In larger organizations, like countries , voting

7200-491: Is thinned to the number of remaining open seats. In the Quota Borda System (QBS), the voters also cast their preferences, 1,2,3,4... as they wish. In the analysis, all 1st preferences are counted; all 2nd preferences are counted; after these preferences have been translated into points per the rules of a Modified Borda Count (MBC), the candidates' points are also counted. Seats are awarded to any candidates with

7320-646: Is to try to achieve the most authentic outcome, without any risk of pressure, threat, or services linked to one's vote; this way, a person is able to express their actual preferences. Voting often takes place at a polling station but voting can also be done remotely by mail or using internet voting (such as in Estonia ). Voting is voluntary in some countries, like the UK, but it may be required by law in others, such as Australia. There are many electoral methods. The purpose of an election may be to choose one person, such as

SECTION 60

#1732772048871

7440-649: Is used to treat cancer. Osteoarthritis is one of the most commonly experienced illnesses in adults as they age. Although there are a variety of types of arthritis they all include very similar symptoms: aching joints, stiff joints, continued joint pain, and problems moving joints. Voting Condorcet methods Positional voting Cardinal voting Quota-remainder methods Approval-based committees Fractional social choice Semi-proportional representation By ballot type Pathological response Strategic voting Paradoxes of majority rule Positive results Voting refers to

7560-509: Is usually not in a similar style or time frame. This is due to the natural processes of puberty, but genetics also plays a part in how much weight they gain or how much taller they get. One recent area of debate within the science of brain development is the most likely chronological age for full mental maturity , or indeed, if such an age even exists. Common claims repeated in the media since 2005 (based upon interpretations of imaging data) have commonly suggested an "end-point" of 25, referring to

7680-407: Is where one comes into the area of life where everything is going to be changing frequently and some of the things that change dramatically are the status of ones love life and schooling. When one is in this stage of life, they have not yet established themselves, who they want to become, and what their career will look like. Many see this time of life in a negative light but it is where you can obtain

7800-457: The Assemblies of Yahweh , and some other religious groups , have a policy of not participating in politics and this extends to voting. Rabbis from all Jewish denominations encourage voting and some even consider it a religious obligation. The Catholic Church teaches that it is morally obligatory to vote. Whenever several people who do not all agree need to make some decision, voting is

7920-742: The Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign , Abahlali baseMjondolo , and the Landless Peoples Movement . Other social movements in other parts of the world also have similar campaigns or non-voting preferences. These include the Zapatista Army of National Liberation and various anarchist-oriented movements. It is possible to make a blank vote , carrying out the act of voting, which may be compulsory, without selecting any candidate or option, often as an act of protest. In some jurisdictions, there

8040-517: The Condorcet rule is used (sometimes) in decision-making. The voters or elected representatives cast their preferences on one, some, or all options, 1,2,3,4... as in PR-STV or QBS. In the analysis, option A is compared to option B, and if A is more popular than B, then A wins this pairing. Next, A is compared with option C, then D, and so on. Likewise, B is compared with C, D, etc. The option which wins

8160-507: The Industrial Revolution, children went to work as soon as they could in order to help provide for their family. There was not a huge emphasis on school or education in general. Many children could get a job and were not required to have experience as adults are nowadays. Adulthood, in more recent years, as it has been studied has developed a characteristic list, that goes far beyond just ones physical maturity. These markers for

8280-467: The State of Washington tossed the life without parole sentences of a 19-year-old and a 20-year-old convicted in separate cases of first-degree aggravated murder decades ago, saying, as with juveniles, the court must first consider the age of those under 21 before sentencing them to die behind bars. This comes at a time where there are ongoing debates about whether those between 18 and 20 should be exempted from

8400-404: The Way We Talk Can Change the Way We Work presents a practical method called the "immunity map" to help people overcome an immunity to change, an obstacle to further psychological development. The map is made of a four-column worksheet that guides a process of self-reflective inquiry. The book An Everyone Culture: Becoming a Deliberately Developmental Organization Kegan and colleagues connect

8520-495: The age of 16 although they cannot purchase spirits or hard liquor until 18. The age of consent in Germany is 14 if both partners are under 18. Sexual activity with a person under 18 is punishable if the adult is a person of authority over the minor in upbringing, education, care, or employment. In contrast to biological perspectives of aging and adulthood, social scientists conceptualize adulthood as socially constructed. While aging

8640-437: The age of 30 years, marking this interpretation as incorrect and outdated. Legally, adulthood typically means that one has reached the age of majority – when parents lose parental rights and responsibilities regarding the person concerned. Depending on one's jurisdiction, the age of majority may or may not be set independently of and should not be confused with the minimum ages applicable to other activities, such as engaging in

8760-463: The age one could purchase recreational marijuana from 18 to 21 stepping out of line with most of the country that set a minimum age of 19 (except Alberta, which is 18.) The Quebec government cited the risk that marijuana poses to the brain development of people under 21 as justification for the age raise. In March 2021, the state of Washington in a 5–4 decision, justices in the Supreme Court of

8880-503: The age that one can buy tobacco from 18 to 21 in an attempt to curb teen and young adult use to get to a "smoke-free" UK by 2030. All of these laws made over the years reflect the growing awareness that young adults, while not children, are still in a transitional stage between adolescence and full adulthood and that there should be policy adjustments or restrictions where necessary, especially where it pertains to activities that carry certain degrees of risk or harm to themselves or others. At

9000-409: The breakdown of muscle, bones, and joints. Which leads to physical ailments such as sarcopenia or arthritis . At the sensory level, changes occur to vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell. Two common sensory changes that begin in midlife include our ability to see close objects and our ability to hear high pitches. Other developmental changes to vision might include cataracts , glaucoma , and

9120-609: The changes that occur in biological and psychological domains of human life from the end of adolescence until the end of one's life. Changes occur at the cellular level and are partially explained by biological theories of adult development and aging. Biological changes influence psychological and interpersonal/social developmental changes, which are often described by stage theories of human development. Stage theories typically focus on "age-appropriate" developmental tasks to be achieved at each stage. Erik Erikson and Carl Jung proposed stage theories of human development that encompass

9240-520: The competition is between the Republicans and the Democrats. In an indirect democracy, voting is the method by which the person elected (in charge) represents the people, whilst making decisions. Direct democracy is the complete opposite, the people make the policy decisions directly without selecting a representative to do it for them. A majority vote is when more than half of voters vote for

9360-493: The concept of deliberately developmental organizations (DDOs) with adult development theories and argues for the importance of transitioning from a socialized mind to a self-authoring mind and then from a self-authoring mind to a self-transforming mind. Physical development in midlife and beyond include changes at the biological level ( senescence ) and larger organ and musculoskeletal levels. Sensory changes and degeneration begin to be common in midlife. Degeneration can include

9480-433: The death penalty. In Germany, courts largely sentence defendants under the age of 21 according to juvenile law in a bid to help them reintegrate into society and mete out punishments that fit the crime as well as the offender. In May 2021, the state of Texas raised the age that one can be an exotic dancer and work and patronize sexually oriented businesses from 18 to 21. In the UK, there have been many proposals to raise

9600-738: The dependability and quality of their caregivers. If a child successfully develops trust, he or she will feel safe and secure. Maladaptation – sensory distortion (e.g. unrealistic, spoilt, deluded) Malignancy – withdrawal (e.g. neurotic, depressive, afraid) After gaining trust in their caregivers, infants learn that they are responsible for their actions. They begin to make judgments and move on their own. When toddlers are punished too severely or too often, they are likely to experience shame and self-doubt. Maladaptation – impulsivity (e.g. reckless, inconsiderate, thoughtless) Malignancy – compulsion (e.g. anal, constrained, self-limiting) During preschool years children start to use their power and control over

9720-491: The drinking age (with most states having a minimum age of 18 or 19) and also to lower the age of legal majority (adulthood) to 18. However, there are legal activities where 18 is not the default age of adulthood. There are still some exceptions where 21 (or even higher) is still the benchmark for certain rights or responsibilities. For example, in the US the Gun Control Act of 1968 prohibits those under 21 from purchasing

9840-410: The early 2000s. The theory is a concept about some of the changes one goes through during the transition from being an adultescent to being an adult. This time period takes place usually between the ages of 18 and 29. There are five main characteristics describing what Emerging Adulthood looks like. To examine these five characteristics, in 1995 Jeffery Arnett interviewed 300 young adults aged 18 to 29 on

9960-409: The entire life span, and emphasized the potential for positive change very late in life. The concept of adulthood has legal and socio-cultural definitions. The legal definition of an adult is a person who is fully grown or developed. This is referred to as the age of majority , which is age 18 in most cultures, although there is a variation from 15 to 21. The socio-cultural definition of being an adult

10080-402: The entirety of a human's life. The theory considers the lifelong accumulation of developmental additions and subtractions, with the relative proportion of gains to losses diminishing over an individual's lifetime. According to this theory, life span development has multiple trajectories (positive, negative, stable) and causes (biological, psychological, social, and cultural). Individual variation

10200-410: The first preferences. If no single candidate has 50% of the vote, then the candidate with the fewest votes is excluded and their votes are redistributed according to the voter's nominated order of preference. The process repeats itself until a candidate has 50% or more votes. The system is designed to produce the same result as an exhaustive ballot but using only a single round of voting. Ranked voting

10320-537: The foundation to what you're future will be. The Age of Self Focus is the time where you start to decide who you are and what you want to become. This is where the individual will work a lot harder on themselves and begin to see significant personal growth, and will also become far more independent and self motivated. The Age of Feeling in Between stage is where one is in an area of life when you cannot do everything on your own but are starting to move away from being under

10440-590: The house and live on their own. Oftentimes when people live on their own, they change their life goals and religion tends to be less important as they discover who they are. Other studies from the NCBI show that as adults get married and have children they settle down, and as they do, there tends to be an increase in religiosity. Everyone's level of religiosity builds at a different pace, meaning that religion relative to adult development varies across cultures and time. Adult development Adult development encompasses

10560-454: The individual's psychosocial development. His stage theory consists of 8 stages in life from birth to old age, each of which is characterized by a specific developmental task. During each stage, one developmental task is dominant, but may be carried forward into later stages as well. According to Erikson, individuals may experience tension when advancing to new stages of development, and seek to establish equilibrium within each stage. This tension

10680-505: The life stage of emerging adulthood. The first feature, identity exploration, describes emerging adults making decisions for themselves about their career, education, and love life. This is a time of life when a young person has yet to finalize these decisions but are pondering them, making them feel somewhere in between adolescent and adult. This leads into a second feature of this phase of life—feeling in between. Emerging adults feel that they are taking on responsibilities but do not feel like

10800-406: The lifespan. This bio-psychosocial approach has influenced several fields of study, including gerontology, personality development, identity formation, life cycle development, and more. [2] Trust vs. Mistrust is experienced in the first years of life. Trust in infancy helps the child be secure about the world around them. Because an infant is completely dependent, they start building trust based on

10920-428: The loss of central visual field with macular degeneration . Hearing also becomes impaired in midlife and aging adults, particularly in men. In the past 30 years, hearing impairment has doubled. Hearing aids as an aid for hearing loss still leave many individuals dissatisfied with their quality of hearing. Changes in olfaction and sense of taste can co-occur. "Olfactory dysfunction can impair quality of life and may be

11040-526: The lower stage actions; 2) it must coordinate the lower stage actions; 3) it must do so in a non-arbitrary way. The following are the Common's 15 stages of development which demonstrate the increasingly complex nature of development. Carl Jung , a Swiss psychoanalyst, formulated four stages of development and believed that development was a function of reconciling opposing forces. Daniel Levinson 's theory, influenced by Erikson's theory of development, explain

11160-685: The majority runs multiple candidates, and if the minority group runs just one candidate. This minority rule success can also result if multiple winners are elected and voters cast multiple votes ( Plurality block voting ). But even if the majority is split among multiple candidates, proportionate results can still be produced if votes can be transferred, as under STV, or if multiple winners are elected and each voter has just one vote. Alternatives to First-past-the-post voting include approval voting , two-round , proportional representation , and instant-runoff voting . With approval voting , voters are encouraged to vote for as many candidates as they approve of, so

11280-452: The most individual votes (i.e. they may have lose the popular vote but still win the seat count). (It is also possible for a party to win plurality in a minority of constituencies (but more than any other one party) and thus win minority government.) All modern liberal democracies use voting by secret ballot to prevent individuals from becoming influenced by other people and to protect their political privacy . The objective of secret ballots

11400-606: The most pairings, (if there is one), is the Condorcet winner.--> When the citizens of a country are invited to vote, they are participating in an election. However, people can also vote in referendums and initiatives . Since the end of the eighteenth century, more than five hundred national referendums (including initiatives) were organized in the world; among them, more than three hundred were held in Switzerland . Australia ranked second with dozens of referendums. Most referendums are binary. The first multi-option referendum

11520-407: The only way that a green marble is likely to win is if more than three-fifths of the voters prefer green. If the same number of people prefer green as those who prefer red and blue, that is to say, if one-third of the voters prefer green, one-third prefer blue, and one-third prefer red, then each green marble will only get one-ninth of the vote, if the green marbles each take same number of votes, while

11640-450: The other candidates in proportion to all of that candidate's 2nd preferences, in line with secondary preferences marked on the vote if any. If there are still candidates to be elected and no surplus votes to be transferred, the least-popular is eliminated, as above in AV or IRV, and the process continues until four candidates have reached a quota or are declared elected when the field of candidates

11760-424: The person to immoral behavior, or because of the risk that the young person causes damage (for example, at an exhibition of fragile items). One can distinguish the legality of acts of a young person, or of enabling a young person to carry out that act, by selling, renting out, showing, permitting entrance, allowing participation, etc. There may be distinction between commercially and socially enabling. Sometimes there

11880-407: The prefrontal cortex as one area that is not yet fully mature at the age of 18. However, this is based on an interpretation of a brain imaging study by Jay Giedd, dating back to 2004 or 2005, where the only participants were aged up to 21 years, and Giedd assumed this maturing process would be done by the age of 25 years, whereas more recent studies show prefrontal cortex maturation continuing well past

12000-573: The process of choosing officials or policies by casting a ballot , a document used by people to formally express their preferences. Republics and representative democracies are governments where the population chooses representatives by voting. The procedure for identifying the winners based on votes varies depending on both the country and the political office. Political scientists call these procedures electoral systems , while mathematicians and economists call them social choice rules . The study of these rules and what makes them good or bad

12120-405: The process of decline for touch is accelerated in those with diabetes. Physical deterioration to the body begins to increase in midlife and late life, and includes degeneration of muscle, bones, and joints. Sarcopenia , a normal developmental change, is the degeneration of muscle mass, which includes both strength and quality. This change occurs even in those who consider themselves athletes, and

12240-401: The red and blue marbles will each get one-third, putting the green marbles at a serious disadvantage. If the experiment is repeated with other colors, the color that is in the majority (if the majority is split among multiple choices) will still rarely win. In other words, from a purely mathematical perspective, a single-winner system tends to favor a winner that is different from the majority, if

12360-423: The reproductive system in midlife adults, most notably menopause for women, the permanent end of fertility. In men, hormonal changes also affect their reproductive and sexual physiology, but these changes are not as extreme as those experienced by women. As adult bodies undergo a variety of physical changes that cause health to decline, a higher risk of contracting a variety of illnesses, both physical and mental,

12480-403: The right to vote in school board elections. There is a growing movement to lower the voting age in the US and many other countries from 18 to 16 in hopes of engaging the youth vote and encouraging greater electoral participation. Some countries already have a voting age of 16 which include Austria, Scotland, Argentina, Brazil, Wales, Cuba, and Ecuador. In Germany, one can purchase beer and wine at

12600-526: The rule of your parents. The Age of Possibilities is the stage where many emerging adults have many different futures ahead of them and a sense of optimism for the different opportunities life has to offer. In addition to, this stage any emerging adults believe that they have the opportunity to have better lives than what their parents had before them. Some emerging adults in America between the ages of 18 and 25 when asked if they were adults, were unable to give

12720-409: The same person or party. However, whilst it is usually said each individual's vote does count, many countries use a combination of factors to decide who has power, not the at-large "popular vote". Most influential of these factors are districts that divide the electorate. For example, in the UK a party winning plurality in a majority of constituencies wins majority government, but they may not always have

12840-491: The same time, however, even though the generally accepted age of majority is 18 in most nations, there are rights or privileges afforded to adolescents who have not yet reached legal adulthood. In the United States, youth are able to get a part-time job at 14 provided they have a work permit. At 16, one is able to obtain a driver's permit or license depending on state laws and is able to work most jobs (except ones requiring heavy machinery) and consent to sexual activity (depending on

12960-426: The start of puberty (the appearance of secondary sex characteristics such as menstruation and the development of breasts in women, ejaculation , the development of facial hair, and a deeper voice in men, and pubic hair in both sexes). In the past, a person usually moved from the status of child directly to the status of adult, often with this shift being marked by some type of coming-of-age test or ceremony. During

13080-569: The state). At 17, one is able to enlist in the armed forces with parental consent although they cannot be deployed to be in combat roles until age 18. The voting age for local elections in most American cities is 18. But in five localities nationwide — four of which are in Maryland — 16 and 17-year-olds are eligible to vote. The cities are Takoma Park, Riverdale, Greenbelt, and Hyattsville. In 2020, students 16 or older in Oakland, California gained

13200-520: The topic of what they wanted out of life. Due to this, Jeffery Arnett came up with the five characteristic and they go as follows: The Age Of Identity Exploration, The Age of Instability, The Age of Self Focus, The Age of Feeling in Between, and The Age of Possibilities. The Age Of Identity Exploration is one that Arnett found to be the most prevalent in the young people's lives, due to most people at this stage trying to figure out what they want in life and what their values are in life. The Age of Instability

13320-529: The two candidates with the most significant plurality run again for the second round of voting. Variants exist regarding these two points: the requirement for being elected at the first round is sometimes less than 50%, and the rules for participation in the runoff may vary. With single-round ranked voting, such as instant-runoff voting system as used in some elections in Australia and the United States, voters rank each candidate in order of preference (1,2,3,4 etc.). Votes are distributed to each candidate according to

13440-454: The winner commonly has less than half of the vote, as few as 18 percent was recorded in 2014 in Toronto. In Instant-runoff voting , a candidate must have a majority of votes to be elected, although presence of exhausted votes may mean that the majority at time of final count is not majority of votes cast. In STV, any candidate who takes quota (usually set at much less than half of the votes)

13560-402: The winner is much more likely to be any one of the five marbles because people who prefer green will be able to vote for every one of the green marbles. With two-round elections, the field of candidates is thinned prior to the second round of voting. In most cases, the winner must receive a majority of the votes, which is more than half. If no candidate obtains a majority in the first round, then

13680-408: The word adult is the period beginning at physical sexual maturity, which occurs sometime after the onset of puberty. Although this is the primary definition of the base word "adult", the term is also frequently used to refer to social adults. The two-word term biological adult stresses or clarifies that the original definition, based on physical maturity (i.e. having reached reproductive competency),

13800-422: The world through playing and other social interactions. Children who successfully pass this stage feel capable and able to lead others, while those who do not are left with a sense of guilt, self-doubt, and lack of initiative. Maladaptation – ruthlessness (e.g. exploitative, uncaring, dispassionate) Malignancy – inhibition (e.g. risk-averse, unadventurous) When children interact with others they start to develop

13920-436: The world. Maladaptation – overextension (e.g. do-gooder, busy-body, meddling) Malignancy – rejectivity (e.g. disinterested, cynical) This stage often occurs when an older individual is in retirement and expecting the end of their life. They reflect on their life and either come to the conclusion that they have found meaning and peace, or their lives were not fulfilling, and they didn't achieve what they wanted to. The former

14040-446: Was also a professor at Harvard Graduate School of Education . In The Evolving Self , Kegan explores human life problems through meaning-making , the process of making sense of experience by discovering problems and resolving problems. This book assists professional helpers with ways to understand how their clients make sense of their problems. Kegan proposes a framework of six evolutionary balances (developmental stages) that each have

14160-400: Was done in response to reducing the number of drunk driving fatalities prevalent among young drivers. States that choose not to comply can lose up to 10% of highway funding. The Credit Card Act of 2009 imposed tougher safeguards for young adults between the ages of 18 and 20 obtaining a credit card. Young adults under the age of 21 must either have a co-signer 21 or older or show proof (usually

14280-469: Was held in New Zealand in 1894, and most of them are conducted under a two-round system. New Zealand had a five-option referendum in 1992, while Guam had a six-option plebiscite in 1982, which also offered a blank option, in case some voters wanted to (campaign and) vote for a seventh option. Proxy voting is a form of voting in which a registered citizen who can legally vote passes on his or her vote to

14400-483: Was lowered in response to the fact that young men between the ages of 18 and 21 were drafted into the army to fight in the Vietnam War, hence the popular slogan "old enough to fight, old enough to vote" Young people under 21 in the US could also not purchase alcohol, purchase handguns, sign a binding contract, or marry without permission from parents. After the voting age was lowered, many states also moved to lower

#870129