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62-500: The advanced traffic management system (ATMS) field is a primary subfield within the intelligent transportation system (ITS) domain, and is used in the United States. The ATMS view is a top-down management perspective that integrates technology primarily to improve the flow of vehicle traffic and improve safety. Real-time traffic data from cameras, speed sensors, etc. flows into a transportation management center (TMC) where it

124-454: A digital commerce medium. These new mobility models call for high monetization agility and partner management capabilities. A flexible settlements and billing platform enables revenues to be shared quickly and easily and provides an overall better customer experience . As well as a better service, users can also be rewarded by discounts, loyalty points and rewards, and engaged via direct marketing . The Network of National ITS Associations

186-440: A speed limit or some other road legal requirement and automatically ticket offenders based on the license plate number. Traffic tickets are sent by mail. Applications include: Recently some jurisdictions have begun experimenting with variable speed limits that change with road congestion and other factors. Typically such speed limits only change to decline during poor conditions, rather than being improved in good ones. One example

248-447: A "side-fire" technique to look across all traffic lanes in a narrow band to count the number of passing vehicles and estimate traffic density. For stopped vehicle detection (SVD) and automatic incident detection, 360-degree radar systems are used as they scan all lanes along large stretches of road. Radar is reported to have better performance over longer ranges than other technologies. SVD radar will be installed on all Smart motorways in

310-463: A European initiative that assists motorists in the case of a collision. The in-vehicle eCall is generated either manually by the vehicle occupants or automatically via activation of in-vehicle sensors after an accident. When activated, the in-vehicle eCall device will establish an emergency call carrying both voice and data directly to the nearest emergency point (normally the nearest E 1-1-2 public safety answering point , PSAP). The voice call enables

372-661: A building due to a storm or fire to the large-scale evacuation of a city because of a flood, bombardment or approaching weather system , especially a tropical cyclone . In situations involving hazardous materials or possible contamination , evacuees may be decontaminated prior to being transported out of the contaminated area. Evacuation planning is an important aspect to mitigat the impact of disasters on humans. Today there many evacuation models to simulate this process for small-scale and large-scale situations. Evacuations may be carried out before, during, or after disasters such as: Emergency evacuation plans are developed to ensure

434-407: A coastal town many times without the town ever actually experiencing the brunt of a storm. If evacuation orders are given too early, the hurricane can change course and leave the evacuated area unscathed. People may think they have weathered hurricanes before, when in reality the hurricane didn't hit them directly, giving them false confidence. Those who have lived on the coast for ten or more years are

496-411: A distinction between assembly and embarkation (to boats or rafts) is made. These are separate from each other. The decision whether to enter the boats or rafts is thus usually made after assembly is completed. The strategy of individuals in evacuating buildings has been investigate in many disaster in the last 50 years. The complexity of the building, the pre-movement decisions and the movement ability of

558-477: A driving recommendation dedicated to a single or a specific group of drivers and transmits it wirelessly to vehicles. The goal of cooperative systems is to use and plan communication and sensor infrastructure to increase road safety. The definition of cooperative systems in road traffic is according to the European Commission : World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS World Congress)

620-409: A faster evacuation time: Mostly by localizing the fire sources, analysing the fire spreading inside the building or finding people that are trapped inside the building. Some buildings can have a monitoring interface that provides all these kind of information to evacuate in the best way possible. The evacuation of districts is part of disaster management . Many of the largest evacuations have been in

682-546: A new approach focused on efficiency, intelligence, and intermodalism. It had a primary goal of providing "the foundation for the nation to compete in the global economy". This new mixture of infrastructure and technology was identified as an intelligent transportation system (ITS) and was the centerpiece of the 1991 ISTEA act. ITS is loosely defined as "the application of computers, communications, and sensor technology to surface transportation". Subsequent surface transportation bills have continued ITS funding and development. In 2005

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744-766: A number of other sources, such as parking guidance and information systems; weather information ; bridge de-icing (US deicing ) systems; and the like. Additionally, predictive techniques are being developed to allow advanced modelling and comparison with historical baseline data. Some of these technologies are described in the following sections. Various forms of wireless communications technologies have been proposed for intelligent transportation systems. Radio modem communication on UHF and VHF frequencies are widely used for short and long-range communication within ITS. Short-range communications of 350 m can be accomplished using IEEE 802.11 protocols, specifically 802.11p (WAVE) or

806-639: A roadbed to detect vehicles as they pass through the loop's magnetic field. The simplest detectors simply count the number of vehicles during a unit of time (typically 60 seconds in the United States ) that pass over the loop, while more sophisticated sensors estimate the speed, length, and class of vehicles and the distance between them. Loops can be placed in a single lane or across multiple lanes, and they work with very slow or stopped vehicles as well as vehicles moving at high speed. Traffic-flow measurement and automatic incident detection using video cameras

868-447: A role in the rapid mass evacuation of people in urban centres after large casualty events such as a result of a natural disaster or threat. Much of the infrastructure and planning involved with ITS parallels the need for homeland security systems. In the developing world , the migration from rural to urbanized habitats has progressed differently. Many areas of the developing world have urbanised without significant motorisation and

930-589: A standard option. Depending on the manufacturer of the eCall system, it could be mobile phone-based (Bluetooth connection to an in-vehicle interface), an integrated eCall device, or a functionality of a broader system like navigation, Telematics device, or tolling device. eCall is expected to be offered, at earliest, by the end of 2010, pending standardization by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute and commitment from large EU member states such as France and

992-737: A video detection system is lane-by-lane vehicle speeds, counts, and lane occupancy readings. Some systems provide additional outputs including gap, headway, stopped-vehicle detection, and wrong-way vehicle alarms. Bluetooth is an accurate and inexpensive way to transmit position from a vehicle in motion. Bluetooth devices in passing vehicles are detected by sensing devices along the road. If these sensors are interconnected they are able to calculate travel time and provide data for origin and destination matrices. Compared to other traffic measurement technologies, Bluetooth measurement has some differences: Since Bluetooth devices become more prevalent on board vehicles and with more portable electronics broadcasting,

1054-416: Is artificial intelligence . "Floating car" or "probe" data collected other transport routes. Broadly speaking, four methods have been used to obtain the raw data: In metropolitan areas, the distance between antennas is shorter and in theory accuracy increases. An advantage of this method is that no infrastructure needs to be built along the road; only the mobile phone network is leveraged. But in practice

1116-598: Is a container of food, clothing, water, and other supplies that can be used to sustain an individual during lag time. Lag time is the period between the actual occurrence of an emergency and when organized help becomes available, generally 72 hours, though this can vary from a few hours to several days. It may take this long for authorities to get evacuation shelters fully up and functional. During this time, evacuees may suffer fairly primitive conditions; no clean water, heat, lights, toilet facilities, or shelter. An emergency evacuation kit, or 72-hour kit, can help evacuees to endure

1178-621: Is a grouping of national ITS interests. It was officially announced 7 October 2004 in London. The secretariat is at ERTICO – ITS Europe. ERTICO – ITS Europe is a public/private partnership promoting the development and deployment of ITS. They connect public authorities, industry players, infrastructure operators, users, national ITS associations and other organisations together. The ERTICO work programme focuses on initiatives to improve transport safety, security and network efficiency whilst taking into account measures to reduce environmental impact. In

1240-614: Is an annual trade show to promote ITS technologies. ERTICO– ITS Europe, ITS America and ITS AsiaPacific sponsor the annual ITS World Congress and exhibition. Each year the event takes place in a different region (Europe, Americas or Asia-Pacific). The first ITS World Congress was held in Paris in 1994. New mobility and smart transportation models are emerging globally. Bike sharing , car sharing and scooter sharing schemes like Lime or Bird are continuing to gain popularity; electric vehicle charging schemes are taking off in many cities;

1302-493: Is another form of vehicle detection. Since video detection systems such as those used in automatic number plate recognition do not involve installing any components directly into the road surface or roadbed, this type of system is known as a "non-intrusive" method of traffic detection. Video from cameras is fed into processors that analyse the changing characteristics of the video image as vehicles pass. The cameras are typically mounted on poles or structures above or adjacent to

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1364-530: Is being adopted across the world to increase the capacity of busy roads, reduce journey times and enable the collection of information on unsuspecting road users. Governmental activity in the area of ITS is further motivated by an increasing focus on homeland security . Many of the proposed ITS systems also involve surveillance of the roadways, which is a priority of homeland security. Funding of many systems comes either directly through homeland security organisations or with their approval. Further, ITS can play

1426-523: Is integrated and processed (e.g. for incident detection), and may result in actions taken (e.g. traffic routing, DMS messages) with the goal of improving traffic flow. The National ITS Architecture defines the following primary goals and metrics for ITS: In 1956, the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act initiated a 35-year $ 114 billion program that designed and constructed the interstate highway system. This hugely successful program

1488-551: Is more information given about the degree of danger. During an evacuation, people often use the most known escape route, this is often the route through which they entered the building. Thereby, people mostly adapt the role follower in emergencies. These human reactions will determinate the strategy of individuals in evacuating buildings. The most common equipment in buildings to facilitate emergency evacuations are fire alarms , exit signs , and emergency lights . Some structures need special emergency exits or fire escapes to ensure

1550-477: Is on Britain's M25 motorway , which circumnavigates London. On the most heavily travelled 14-mile (23 km) section (junction 10 to 16) of the M25 variable speed limits combined with automated enforcement have been in force since 1995. Initial results indicated savings in journey times, smoother-flowing traffic, and a fall in the number of accidents, so the implementation was made permanent in 1997. Further trials on

1612-413: Is taken into account, including alarm signals that use both aural and visual alerts, and also evacuation equipment such as sleds, pads, and chairs for non-ambulatory people. Considering the persons with a disability during an emergency evacuation is important. This is because it is crucial that every user gets out of the building or to a safe place in the building, thus also the persons with disabilities or

1674-403: Is toward fewer, more costly microprocessor modules with hardware memory management and real-time operating systems . The new embedded system platforms allow for more sophisticated software applications to be implemented, including model-based process control , artificial intelligence , and ubiquitous computing . Perhaps the most important of these for intelligent transportation systems

1736-810: The SAFETEA-LU (Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users) surface transportation spending bill was signed into law. Intelligent transportation system An intelligent transportation system ( ITS ) is an advanced application that aims to provide innovative services relating to different modes of transport and traffic management and enable users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated, and 'smarter' use of transport networks. Some of these technologies include calling for emergency services when an accident occurs, using cameras to enforce traffic laws or signs that mark speed limit changes depending on conditions. Although ITS may refer to all modes of transport,

1798-492: The connected car is a growing market segment; while new, smart parking solutions are being used by commuters and shoppers all over the world. All these new models provide opportunities for solving last-mile issues in urban areas . Mobile operators are becoming a significant player in these value chains (beyond providing just connectivity). Dedicated apps can be used to take mobile payments , provide data insights and navigation tools, offer incentives and discounts, and act as

1860-611: The dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) 802.11bd standard being promoted by the Intelligent Transportation Society of America and the United States Department of Transportation . Theoretically, the range of these protocols can be extended using mobile ad hoc networks or mesh networking . Longer-range communications use infrastructure networks. Long-range communications using these methods are well established, but, unlike

1922-572: The directive of the European Union 2010/40/EU, made on July 7, 2010, defined ITS as systems in which information and communication technologies are applied in the field of road transport , including infrastructure, vehicles and users, and in traffic management and mobility management, as well as for interfaces with other modes of transport. ITS may be used to improve the efficiency and safety of transport in many situations, i.e. road transport, traffic management, mobility, etc. ITS technology

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1984-486: The M25 have been thus far proven inconclusive. Japan has installed sensors on its highways to notify motorists that a car is stalled ahead. Communication cooperation on the road includes car-to-car, car-to-infrastructure, and vice versa. Data available from vehicles are acquired and transmitted to a server for central fusion and processing. These data can be used to detect events such as rain (wiper activity) and congestion (frequent braking activities). The server processes

2046-514: The UK. The data from the different sensing technologies can be combined in intelligent ways to determine the traffic state accurately. A data fusion based approach that utilizes the roadside collected acoustic, image and sensor data has been shown to combine the advantages of the different individual methods. In 2015, the EU passed a law required automobile manufacturers to equip all new cars with eCall ,

2108-587: The United Kingdom. The EC-funded project SafeTRIP is developing an open ITS system that will improve road safety and provide a resilient communication through the use of S-band satellite communication. Such a platform will allow for greater coverage of the Emergency Call Service within the EU. A traffic enforcement camera system, consisting of a camera and a vehicle -monitoring device, is used to detect and identify vehicles disobeying

2170-548: The United States, each state has an ITS chapter that holds a yearly conference to promote and showcase ITS technologies and ideas. Representatives from each Department of Transportation (state, cities, towns, and counties) within the state attend this conference. In the intermediate cities of Colombia, where the Strategic Public Transportation Systems are implemented, the urban transportation networks must operate under parameters that improve

2232-460: The United States, elementary schools are usually more numerous in a community than other public structures. Their locations and inherent design to accommodate bus transportation makes it an ideal evacuation point. In the United States, a person usually cannot be forced to evacuate. To facilitate voluntary compliance with mandatory evacuation orders first responders and disaster management officials have used creative techniques such as asking people for

2294-402: The amount of data collected over time becomes more accurate and valuable for travel time and estimation purposes, more information can be found in. It is also possible to measure traffic density on a road using the audio signal that consists of the cumulative sound from tyre noise , engine noise, engine-idling noise, honks and air turbulence noise. A roadside-installed microphone picks up

2356-540: The audio that comprises the various vehicle noise and audio signal processing techniques can be used to estimate the traffic state. The accuracy of such a system compares well with the other methods described above. Radars are mounted on the side of the road to measure traffic flow and for stopped and stranded vehicle detection purposes. Like video systems, radar learns its environment during set up so can distinguish between vehicles and other objects. It can also operate in conditions of low visibility. Traffic flow radar uses

2418-562: The availability of alternative escape paths. Commercial passenger vehicles such as buses, boats, and aircraft also often have evacuation lighting and signage, and in some cases windows or extra doors that function as emergency exits. Commercial emergency aircraft evacuation is also facilitated by evacuation slides and pre-flight safety briefings. Military aircraft are often equipped with ejection seats or parachutes . Water vessels and commercial aircraft that fly over water are equipped with personal flotation devices and life rafts . Since

2480-427: The building that is reinforced to protect against specific hazards, such as fire, smoke or structural collapse. Some hazards may have safe havens on each floor, while a hazard such as a tornado, may have a single safe haven or safe room . Typically persons with limited mobility are requested to report to a safe haven for rescue by first responders. In most buildings, the safe haven will be in the stairwell. By investing

2542-573: The city was flooded and uninhabitable, some people still refused to leave their homes. The longer a person has lived in a coastal area, the less likely they are to evacuate. A hurricane's path is difficult to predict. Forecasters know about hurricanes days in advance, but their forecasts of where the storm will hit are only educated guesses. Hurricanes give a lot of warning time compared to most disasters humans experience. This allows forecasters and officials to "cry wolf," making people take evacuation orders less seriously. Hurricanes can be predicted to hit

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2604-428: The delivery of information to users. The functionalities to be covered by the technology in these transportation systems include: fleet scheduling; vehicle location and traceability; cloud storage of operational data; interoperability with other information systems; centralization of operations; passenger counting; data control and visualization. Mass evacuation Examples range from the small-scale evacuation of

2666-411: The developing world, such as China , India and Brazil remain largely rural but are rapidly urbanising and industrialising. In these areas a motorised infrastructure is being developed alongside motorisation of the population. Great disparity of wealth means that only a fraction of the population can motorise, and therefore the highly dense multimodal transportation system for the poor is cross-cut by

2728-454: The emergence of The Internet of Things technologies, new techniques are appearing, which involves new equipment. Most of them are wireless devices such as IDs scanner, beacons or backscatter system. The new techniques are for example based on a communication protocol such as Wi-Fi , Bluetooth , UWB or RFID and the use of indoor positioning system . The use of The Internet of Things technologies in small scale evacuations can result in

2790-468: The face of wartime military attacks. Modern large scale evacuations are usually the result of natural disasters. The largest peacetime evacuations in the United States to date occurred during Hurricane Gustav and the category-5 Hurricane Rita (2005) in a scare one month after the flood-deaths of Hurricane Katrina . Despite mandatory evacuation orders, many people did not leave New Orleans , United States , as Hurricane Katrina approached. Even after

2852-476: The formation of suburbs . A small portion of the population can afford automobiles , but the automobiles greatly increase congestion in these multimodal transportation systems. They also produce considerable air pollution , pose a significant safety risk, and exacerbate feelings of inequities in the society. High population density could be supported by a multimodal system of walking, bicycle transportation, motorcycles , buses , and trains . Other parts of

2914-467: The group formalized its structure and chose the name "Mobility 2000". In 1990, Mobility 2000 morphed into ITS America , the main ITS advocacy and policy group in the US. The initial name of ITS America was IVHS America and was changed in 1994 to reflect a broader intermodal perspective. The 1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) was the first post-build-out transportation act. It initiated

2976-520: The highly motorised transportation system for the rich. Intelligent transport systems vary in technologies applied, from basic management systems such as car navigation ; traffic signal control systems; container management systems; variable message signs; automatic number plate recognition or speed cameras to monitor applications, such as security CCTV systems, and automatic incident detection or stopped vehicle detection systems; to more advanced applications that integrate live data and feedback from

3038-404: The individuals represent to majior factors influencing building evacuations. With increasing complexity and decreasing motion ability, the strategy changes from "fast egress", through "slow egress" and "move to safe place inside building" (such as a staircase), to "stay in place and wait for help". The third strategy is the notion of using a designated "safe haven" on the floor. This is a section of

3100-431: The most resistant to evacuating. Since Hurricane Katrina, there has been an increase in evacuation planning. Current best practices include the need to use multi-modal transportation networks. Hurricane Gustav used military airlift resources to facilitate evacuating people out of the affected area. More complex evacuation planning is now being considered, such as using elementary schools as rally points for evacuation. In

3162-434: The names and contact of their next-of-kin, writing their Social Security Numbers on their limbs and torso to enable identification of remains, and refusing to provide government services in the affected area, including emergency services. In preparation for emergency evacuation situations, experts often advise having an individual emergency evacuation kit prepared and on hand prior to the emergency. An emergency evacuation kit

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3224-503: The non- ambulatory people. Regulations such as building codes can be used to minimize the negative consequences of the threat triggering the evacuation and optimize the need to self-evacuate without causing alarm. Proper planning, that covers designated actions to ensure safety of the users in emergencies, will implement an all-hazards approach so that plans can be reused for multiple hazards that could exist. Therefore, key elements for emergency planning and preparedness are early warnings for

3286-506: The people inside the building by emergency helpers but also voice assistance, facilities to leave the building safe and fast, such as exit routes and good evacuation practices. The evacuation managing team must know what to do in emergency situations and which actions to take. The sequence of an evacuation can be divided into the following phases: The time for the first four phases is usually called pre-movement time . The particular phases are different for different objects, e.g., for ships

3348-551: The quality of service provision. Several of the challenges faced by the transportation systems in these cities are aimed at increasing the number of passengers transported in the system and the technological adoption that must be integrated for the management and control of public transportation fleets. Achieving this requires strategic systems to integrate solutions based on intelligent transportation systems and information and communication technologies to optimize fleet control and management, electronic fare collection, road safety, and

3410-429: The roadway. Most video detection systems require some initial configuration to "teach" the processor the baseline background image. This usually involves inputting known measurements such as the distance between lane lines or the height of the camera above the roadway. A single video detection processor can detect traffic simultaneously from one to eight cameras, depending on the brand and model. The typical output from

3472-593: The safest and most efficient evacuation time of all expected residents of a structure, city, or region. A benchmark "evacuation time" for different hazards and conditions is established. These benchmarks can be established through using best practices, regulations, or using simulations , such as modeling the flow of people in a building, to determine the benchmark. Proper planning will use multiple exits, contra-flow lanes , and special technologies to ensure full, fast and complete evacuation. Consideration for personal situations which may affect an individual's ability to evacuate

3534-434: The short-range protocols, these methods require extensive and very expensive infrastructure deployment. Recent advances in vehicle electronics have led to a move towards fewer, more capable computer processors on a vehicle. A typical vehicle in the early 2000s would have between 20 and 100 individual networked microcontroller / programmable logic controller modules with non-real-time operating systems . The current trend

3596-427: The strategy of individuals in evacuating buildings, the variable human reactions is a complex factor to take into account during an evacuation. This is a critical factor for escaping fast out of the building or to a "safe haven". During an emergency evacuation, people do not immediately react after hearing the alarm signal. This is because an evacuation drill is more common. Therefore, they will start evacuating when there

3658-993: The technical capabilities that will facilitate motorist safety benefits for intelligent transportation systems globally . Sensing systems for ITS are vehicle- and infrastructure-based networked systems, i.e., intelligent vehicle technologies. Infrastructure sensors are indestructible (such as in-road reflectors) devices that are installed or embedded in the road or surrounding the road (e.g., on buildings, posts, and signs), as required, and may be manually disseminated during preventive road construction maintenance or by sensor injection machinery for rapid deployment. Vehicle-sensing systems include deployment of infrastructure-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure electronic beacons for identification communications and may also employ video automatic number plate recognition or vehicle magnetic signature detection technologies at desired intervals to increase sustained monitoring of vehicles operating in critical zones of world. Inductive loops can be placed in

3720-719: The triangulation method can be complicated, especially in areas where the same mobile phone towers serve two or more parallel routes (such as a motorway (freeway) with a frontage road, a motorway (freeway) and a commuter rail line, two or more parallel streets, or a street that is also a bus line). By the early 2010s, the popularity of the triangulation method was declining. Floating car data technology provides advantages over other methods of traffic measurement: Technological advances in telecommunications and information technology, coupled with ultramodern/state-of-the-art microchip, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), and inexpensive intelligent beacon sensing technologies, have enhanced

3782-422: The vehicle occupant to communicate with the trained eCall operator. At the same time, a minimum set of data will be sent to the eCall operator receiving the voice call. The minimum set of data contains information about the incident, including time, precise location, the direction the vehicle was travelling, and vehicle identification. The pan-European eCall aims to be operative for all new type-approved vehicles as

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3844-644: Was mostly complete by 1991, and the era of build-out was over. In the mid to late 1980s transportation officials from federal and state governments, the private sector, and universities began a series of informal meetings discussing the future of transportation. This included meetings held by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) in October 1986 to discuss technology applied to future advanced highways. In June 1988 in Washington, DC,

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