There have been a number of organisations known as the German Club in Adelaide , South Australia . The two most notable ones are:
55-457: German immigrants came to Australia in several waves: The church was the first and most important focus of community life, but many had a need for a social and cultural life away from the Church. The German Club was formed, deliberately, to cater for educated Germans who wished to retain and foster German language and high culture in their new land. The term "German Club" was frequently invoked in
110-736: A 12 year term. The council had its purpose in replicating the British House of Lords as a restricted "house of review" in a colonial context. When the Province of South Australia received its original constitution in 1857, it was the most democratic in the British Empire , combining a universal-suffrage lower house (the House of Assembly ), with a restricted-suffrage upper house (the Legislative Council). The purpose of
165-467: A Labor government was eventually elected in 1965 and began introducing social legislation that was anathema to LCL councillors, they would delay, obstruct and modify such bills. The councillors, however, saw their actions (in the words of MLC Sir Arthur Rymill ) necessary to "oppose... radical moves that I feel would not be in the permanent will of the people." The House of Assembly contained some progressive Liberals, and its membership would usually abide by
220-974: A majority and carry votes on the floor. elected 2018: David Ridgway Stephen Wade Terry Stephens Jing Lee elected 2018: Emily Bourke Justin Hanson Irene Pnevmatikos Clare Scriven elected 2018: Connie Bonaros Frank Pangallo elected 2018: Tammy Franks elected 2014: Rob Lucas Michelle Lensink Nicola Centofanti ^ ^ Appointed to replace resigning Andrew McLachlan in 2020 Dennis Hood ^ ^ defected from AC / FFP after 2018 election elected 2014: Russell Wortley Ian Hunter Tung Ngo Kyam Maher elected 2014: Robert Simms ^ ^ Appointed to replace resigning Mark Parnell in 2021 elected 2014: John Darley elected 2014: John Dawkins ^ ^ expelled from
275-561: A more standard British model of government, with a Governor advised by a Legislative Council. The 1842 Act gave the British Government, which was responsible for appointing a Governor and at least seven other officers to the Legislative Council, full control of South Australia as a Crown Colony , after financial mismanagement by the first administration had nearly bankrupted the colony. This new Legislative Council
330-522: A police station. In 1913 the franchise extended to the inhabitant occupier of a house (but not their spouse) and the council expanded to 20 people, four from each of five districts, with the Central district being replaced by Central District No. 1 and Central District No. 2 . " Contingency voting ", a form of preferential voting , was introduced from 1930. The council's numbers varied over time. From inception to 1882, it had 18 members elected by
385-783: A restaurant and a pub. Membership of the Association/Club rose from 170 in 1950 to 2,000 in 1986; a result of the large post-war intake after 1952. However numbers declined to 1,000 by 1995 and to 893 by 2003. Two other organisations, like the Adelaide German Club, catered for the "upper crust" class: the insular Club Teutonia (1889–1938) was more reactionary, and the Fortschrittsverein (Progress Association) more cultured. Legislative Council of South Australia Opposition (8) Crossbench (5) The Legislative Council , or upper house,
440-416: A single colony-wide district. From then until 1902 it had 24 members; until 1915, 18 members; and until 1975, 20 members. .The electoral districts were drawn with a heavy bias in favour of rural areas in place, with half of the council being elected each time. From 1915 to 1975, Labor did not gain more than two members at each election, with the conservative parties always holding a sizeable majority. From 1975,
495-421: A wife to her husband); to a registered proprietor of a leasehold on which there were improvements to the value of at least 50 pounds and which were the property of the proprietor. At the same time, the franchise was also extended to ministers of religion, school head teachers, postmasters, railway stationmasters, and the officer in charge of a police station. A further extension of the franchise came in 1913, when
550-456: Is St Andrew's Anglican Church. Construction for the church began in 1847 and was completed the following year. The church was initially without a permanent reverend, the congregation relying on the services of the St Peter's College headmaster, Reverend T. P. Wilson . In 1850 the church's first resident reverend, Reverend John Watson, arrived. The original building was only 12 metres long and
605-603: Is elected in a similar manner to its federal counterpart, the Australian Senate . Casual vacancies —where a member resigns or dies—are filled by a joint sitting of both houses, who then elect a replacement. In 2024, Professor of Law at the University of Adelaide Law School Dr Joanna Howe was banned from upper house galleries and related areas by the President of the Legislative Council . Multiple Members of
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#1732781093183660-517: Is now known as "Old Parliament House". The council was originally appointed by the Governor (then Sir George Grey ), and only served in an advisory capacity, as the Governor retained almost all legislative powers. It was expanded slightly in 1843, when several prominent landowners were allowed to join. In the same year, proceedings were opened to the general public. Public demand for some form of representative government had been growing throughout
715-532: Is one of the two chambers of the Parliament of South Australia . Its central purpose is to act as a house of review for legislation passed through the lower house, the House of Assembly . It sits in Parliament House in the state capital, Adelaide . The upper house has 22 members elected for eight-year terms by proportional representation , with 11 members facing re-election every four years . It
770-566: The 2018 election , the 11 of 22 seats up for election were 4 Liberal , 4 Labor , 1 Green , 1 Conservative and 1 Dignity . The final outcome was 4 Liberal, 4 Labor, 2 SA Best and 1 Green. Conservative MLC Dennis Hood , who had been elected as a Family First MLC in 2014, defected to the Liberals nine days after the 2018 state election. John Dawkins was expelled from the Liberal Party in 2020 after successfully running against
825-797: The Liberal Party in 2020 The two Conservative MPs were elected as members of the Family First Party , which merged into the Australian Conservatives in April 2017. One ex-Independent/ Nick Xenophon Team MP was created a new state political party named Advance SA in September 2017. As part of the transitional arrangements associated with the expansion of the Council from 20 members to 22 members,
880-524: The western parklands . The Association ran the German Club venue in Flinders Street in the city from the early 20th century, until the building was sold in 2019 for $ 3.5 million in order to pay off its debts. The German Club was open to the public as a restaurant, and was also used as an Adelaide Fringe venue. The German Club relocated to Brooklyn Park, and remains open to non-members as
935-514: The 1840s, and this was reflected in a series of reforms in 1851, which created a partially representative Legislative Council. After the changes, it consisted of 24 members, four official (filling what would be today ministerial positions) and four non-official members, both nominated by the governor on behalf of the Crown, and 16 elected members. The right to vote for these positions was not universal, however, being limited to propertied men. In addition,
990-562: The 1975 election. (*) In December 2023, Frank Pangallo left the SA-Best party. At the 2022 election , the eleven seats up for election (the other eleven members had continuing terms) had been held by four Liberal , four Labor , and one each of Greens , Advance SA and an independent. The result elected five Labor, four Liberal, and one each of Greens and One Nation . Consequently the new Labor government would require an additional three non-government votes to pass legislation. However,
1045-749: The Club before it, was opposed by the Lutheran Church who saw clubs as secular and godless and the association with its initial socialist leanings were against the conservative traditions of the Church. The first Schützenfest held by the Association was held was held in the suburb of Walkerville on 30 December 1889, and it also ran the event in Hahndorf from 1964 to 1994, after which it was moved to Adelaide, taking place in Bonython Park in
1100-491: The Council in this period had 21 members. Senate House of Rep. Council Walkerville, South Australia Walkerville is a suburb of Adelaide , South Australia . It lies just north east of the city centre, about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the Adelaide GPO. Walkerville is one of South Australia's most affluent suburbs and in 2012 it was South Australia's second "top earning suburb." Walkerville
1155-675: The German Club provided its members was a Sick Fund, which 1868 became a separate organisation. After twenty years of holding meetings in hotels (they rented a hall upstairs in the Hamburg Hotel in Rundle Street , then the Europe Hotel, Grenfell Street (each at an intersection with Gawler Place ), they had saved enough money to purchased a large allotment, part or all of 87–91 Pirie Street , and in 1878 started building their own magnificent clubhouse at 89 Pirie Street, which
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#17327810931831210-472: The Legislative Council alleged that Dr Howe engaged in "threatening and intimidating " behaviour during a 2nd reading defeat of the 'Termination of Pregnancy (Terminations and Live Births) Amendment Bill 2024' . Dr Howe admitted she pressured several Members to renege on pairing arrangements . At the founding of the Province of South Australia under the South Australia Act 1834 , governance of
1265-602: The Legislative Council was, as with the 19th century House of Lords, to safeguard the "longer term interests of the nation rather than just reacting to short term ephemeral issues of the day". In 1882, the Legislative Council was increased to 24 members by the a special election brought on by the Constitution Act Further Amendment Act 1881 , and the Province was then divided into four districts which each elected six members: Central , North-Eastern , Northern and Southern districts. At
1320-831: The Liberal upper house President was unexpectedly re-elected to the Presidency, which would give the Labor government nine of 21 seats during votes on the floor, meaning that only an additional two non-government votes are required to pass legislation. elected 2018: Emily Bourke Justin Hanson Irene Pnevmatikos Clare Scriven elected 2018: David Ridgway Ben Hood ^ ^ Appointed to replace retiring Stephen Wade in 2023 Terry Stephens Jing Lee elected 2018: Connie Bonaros Frank Pangallo ^ ^ Resigned from SA Best on 1 Dec 2023 elected 2018: Tammy Franks At
1375-628: The Macclesfield United English and German Rifle Club (1851), German Rifle Club (1853), German Glee Club, and several Liedertafels, notably Adelaide and Tanunda . Several German-language newspapers appeared, notably the Südaustralische Zeitung in 1849. The Adelaide German Club was founded on 15 July 1854 by C. Kraegen, F. Schumacher, J. Drechsler, A. Beyer, G. Kopsch, F. May, C. Praehm, J. M. Wendt , J. A. Senn, O. Ziegler, C. Gunther and Uhlmann. One service
1430-554: The balance of power. The Liberal Movement , in 1975, was the first minor party to have members elected to the council, and its successor, the Australian Democrats , held the balance until 1997 when No Pokies Nick Xenophon was elected. The Family First Party and the Greens gained representation in 2002 and 2006 respectively. The proportional system used in 1973 was party-list proportional representation , but this
1485-465: The colony to take up a government position in Hobart . His connection with the state, although brief, is remembered in the naming of the suburb. Walkerville Post Office opened on 1 January 1896 and Walkerville District Council was established in 1855 after a petition by local residents proclaimed a desire to break away from the larger District Council of Yatala (proclaimed in 1853). Initially, only
1540-469: The council was increased to 22 members, with half (11) to be elected at each election. The conservative members in the council were very independent, and differed markedly from their counterparts in the House of Assembly. During the long reign of Liberal and Country League (LCL) Premier Sir Thomas Playford , they would prove to be an irritant, and Labor support was sometimes required for bills to pass. When
1595-514: The council's rural bias as well as all restrictions on suffrage (other than the age of majority , though this was lowered from 21 to 18 years). Initially rejected by the council, the reform created a single statewide electorate of 22 members, with 11 being elected each time. It eventually passed with bipartisan support. The new council was designed to be deadlocked, and for a party majority to be hard to gain. Its proportional electoral system proved favourable to minor parties and they have usually held
1650-457: The council. Following the similar Senate changes which took effect from the 2016 federal election , as of the 2018 state election , South Australia's single transferable vote in the proportionally represented upper house was changed from group voting tickets to optional preferential voting − instructions for above the line votes are to mark '1' and then further preferences are optional as opposed to preference flows from simply '1' above
1705-566: The early days of South Australia, referring to the universal feeling among those German immigrants who applied for and were granted naturalisation as British subjects; "...all the rights and capacities of British-born subjects..." but found they were ineligible to vote or nominate for the Legislative Council . Rev. Carl Muecke , Frederick Basedow and Richard Schomburgk were leaders in the demand for reform. Early organisations to which German immigrants specifically belonged include
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1760-545: The foundation stone for the present Town Hall was laid on Walkerville Terrace. In 1908, the Institute Library was founded in a small room opposite the municipal offices. In 1963, it became incorporated as a public library and in 1970 it moved next door into dedicated space within the former Walkerville Police Station. There are three primary schools in Walkerville: St Andrew's Anglican School
1815-639: The imposition of rates, duties, and taxes. This council was sometimes referred to as the "Legislative Council". Confusion and dispute about the division of power between the two roles led to the South Australia Government Act 1838 , which combined the role of Resident Commissioner with that of the Governor. In 1842, the South Australia Act 1842 was passed in order to replace the South Australian Colonisation Commission appointed in 1834 with
1870-438: The line being determined by group voting tickets, while instructions for voters who instead opt to vote below the line are to provide at least 12 preferences as opposed to having to number all candidates, and with a savings provision to admit ballot papers which indicate at least 6 below the line preferences. Below is the history of the composition of the Legislative Council since the introduction of Proportional Representation at
1925-417: The new House of Assembly. While all adult males could vote in the new Assembly, the Council continued to limit voting rights to the wealthier classes; suffrage was male-only and dependent on certain property and wage requirements. The entire province was a single electorate for the Legislative Council, electing 18 members, with the scheme originally set up so that 6 members would be elected every 4 years to serve
1980-842: The new colony was divided between the Governor of South Australia and a Resident Commissioner , who reported to a new body known as the South Australian Colonization Commission . Under this arrangement, there was also a governing Council comprising the Governor, the Judge or Chief Justice , the Colonial Secretary , the Advocate-General and the Resident Commissioner, with broad legislative and executive powers including
2035-615: The offer of £4,000 by the Salvation Army for the property. From January 1899 the Club met in a house owned by Patrick Gay (the cabinetmaker of Gay's Arcade fame) in Grenfell Street . The German Club predominantly consisted of the "upper crust" of German society, living in North Adelaide and Walkerville , steeped in fine German literature and classical music, socialising with and even marrying British settlers of
2090-405: The party line. The council contained none, and its members rebelled regularly against the decisions of the party leadership and the popular will of the people. Even after electoral legislation had been implemented in 1967 by Steele Hall that produced a fairer electoral system for the House of Assembly, the council remained a house of property. Under the original 1856 Constitution, the franchise
2145-437: The party's nominee for Legislative Council President. This was against the party's rules. The 22 seat upper house composition is therefore 8 Liberal on the government benches, 8 Labor on the opposition benches, and 5 to minor parties and 1 independent on the crossbench , consisting of 2 SA Best, 2 Green, 1 Advance SA and John Dawkins. The government would therefore require at least four additional non-government members to form
2200-485: The qualification of an occupier of a dwelling house was altered to include any inhabitant occupier, whether owner or tenant. In 1918, the right to vote for members of the upper house was extended to all those who had served in armed forced in the First World War. This was subsequently extended to Second World War veterans in 1940 and in 1969, it was simplified to apply to all Australian war veterans regardless of
2255-509: The reforms meant that the Governor no longer oversaw proceedings, with the role being filled by a Speaker who had been elected by the members. In 1856, the Legislative Council passed the Constitution Act 1856 (SA), which prepared what was to become the 1857 Constitution of South Australia . This laid out the means for true self-government, and created a bicameral system , which involved delegating most of its legislative powers to
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2310-543: The same social strata, and making the club accessible to cultured British Australians. They loosened their ties to the Lutheran Church, and sent their children to parochial schools. Many of their "leading lights" found membership of the Adelaide Club more beneficial to their social and business success, and left the German Club. The club wound up in 1909. (Incomplete) The Südaustralischer Allgemeiner Deutscher Verein (SAADV), later South Australian German Association,
2365-667: The same time, the electoral schedule was shifted so that half of the Council was elected at each House of Assembly election. Women earned the right to vote in the Council at the same time as the Assembly, in 1895 , the first Parliament in Australia to do so, under the radical Premier Charles Kingston . In 1902, following the Federation of Australia , the Constitution Act Amendment Act 1901 reduced
2420-403: The size of the legislative council from 24 back to 18 members - 6 from Central District and four each from Northern, North-Eastern and Southern districts. North-Eastern District was replaced by Midland District from the 1910 election, and the restricted franchise was extended to include ministers of religion, school head teachers, postmasters, railway stationmasters, and the officer in charge of
2475-521: The suburbs of Walkerville and Gilberton seceded from Yatala but within a few months, Medindie and North Walkerville (now part of Walkerville proper, east of Fuller Street) were included in Walkerville council as well. The district boundaries remained unchanged until 1970 when Vale Park was added. Early council meetings were held in a room at the local pub, the Sussex Arms, until 1893 when
2530-435: The time of voting, or containing a clause authorising the lessee to become the purchaser of the land thereby demised, or occupy a dwelling house of the clear annual value of Twenty-five Pounds sterling money." In 1907, the right to vote was extended to any person occupying a dwelling house, or "dwelling house and premises appurtenant thereto", with an annual rent of at least 17 pounds per annum (excluding any payment of rent by
2585-420: The war they served in. In 1969, the franchise was granted to any person who owned or rented property, regardless of the value of the property. Further, the franchise was extended to the wedded spouse of the owner or renter. Major changes came in 1973 under Don Dunstan . Dunstan, a social reformist, tired of the council's obstructionist attitude, and put forward bills for its reform. These changes would remove
2640-541: Was founded in 1850, Walkerville Primary School was founded in 1884. and St Monica's Parish School in 1926. Walkerville is the seat and main suburb of the Town of Walkerville , named after Walkerville itself. Being an inner north eastern suburb, Walkerville lies in the state electoral district of Adelaide as well as the federal electoral division of Adelaide . Walkerville is home to many historical buildings. One such building, which features on Walkerville's Seal of Office,
2695-474: Was founded in 1886 as a direct competitor to the Adelaide German Club. It appealed to the working and artisan classes who lived in the city and near suburbs in generally working class areas which in the main consisted of small attached houses in the east end of Adelaide. The Association concentrated on social evenings and folk culture, as exemplified by the Schützenfest . The Association, as
2750-467: Was modified in 1985. The federal government of Bob Hawke had introduced a new single transferable vote system for the Australian Senate , enabling voters to choose between voting 'above the line' (for a single party preference ticket that ranked all candidates on the ballot paper in the party's preferred order) or 'below the line' and number all candidates in order of preference, on the ballot paper. The Bannon state government copied this arrangement for
2805-550: Was named after one Captain John Walker R. N. , who took up land in the district in 1838, two years after the first colonists arrived in South Australia. The area was attractive to early settlers and within a few years, the settlement had become a village. During the 1840s, Walker fell victim to over-speculation in land value and a statewide financial depression. He was imprisoned briefly for debt and in 1849 he left
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#17327810931832860-547: Was opened in July 1879. They then embarked on construction behind the clubhouse, of Adelaide's Albert Hall , a large concert hall named for the Prince Consort , which was officially opened on 4 October 1880. This has been described as the point at which the club's fortunes began to nosedive. It had cost a little over £2,000, and was entirely paid for by fund-raising activities, and through every member contributing £1, which
2915-524: Was restricted to men, "having a freehold estate in possession, either legal or equitable, situate within the said Province, of the clear value of Fifty Pounds sterling money above all charges and encumbrances affecting the same, or having a leasehold estate in possession, situate within the said Province, the lease thereof having been registered in the General Registry Office, for the registration of deeds, and having three years to run at
2970-439: Was the first true parliamentary body in South Australia. The Act also made provision for a commission to initiate the establishment of democratic government, electoral districts, requirements for voting rights, and terms of office. Although the old governing Council advising the Governor met at Government House , this new Legislative Council met at a new purpose built chamber on North Terrace. This chamber eventually grew into what
3025-539: Was to be repaid, interest free, out of profits. The scheme backfired however: membership dropped dramatically and the focus of those remaining was on repaying the debt, to the detriment of their social and cultural program. From around 1890 maintenance of the Albert Hall was neglected and at a special general meeting held by the German Freehold Company, Ltd., owners on behalf of the club, accepted
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