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86-580: Adelaide Fringe , formerly Adelaide Fringe Festival , is Australia’s biggest arts festival and is the world's second-largest annual arts festival (after the Edinburgh Festival Fringe ), held in the South Australian capital of Adelaide . Between mid-February and mid-March each year, it features more than 7,000 artists from around Australia and the world. Over 1,300 events are staged in hundreds of venues, which include work in

172-586: A master of ceremonies (M.C.). The entertainment, as performed by an ensemble of actors and according to its European origins, is often (but not always) oriented towards adult audiences and of a clearly underground nature. In the United States, striptease , burlesque , drag shows , or a solo vocalist with a pianist, as well as the venues which offer this entertainment, are often advertised as cabarets. The term originally came from Picard language or Walloon language words camberete or cambret for

258-480: A chance to get notable recognition among fellow film enthusiasts. Films can include international and domestic releases and can even be on a specific film-maker, genre or subject matter. Film festivals are typically annual events and can feature full-length or short films. One of the most notable Film Festivals is the Sundance Film Festival , which originated from Salt Lake City in 1984 as part of

344-584: A committee of peers. Conversely art fairs are market-oriented shows where art dealers exhibit and sell the work of the artists they represent. The first drama festival was in 543BC, at the Athenian Great Dionysia. At the drama festivals, playwrights and poets competed to have their plays performed, and the actors competed to win the title for best performance. The performances were given in semi-circular auditorium cut into hillsides and capable of seating 10,000–20,000 people. The stage consisted of

430-423: A dancing floor, an orchestra, dressing room and scene-building area, known as a skene. The actors were typically men who wore masks appropriate to the characters they represented, and each might play several parts. Film festivals are organized events, usually staged by universities, private organizations, local governments, or arts associations, that show films in cinemas or screening venues and provide filmmakers

516-619: A decor described as "A sort of Beirut with Chinese influences." The composer Eric Satie , after finishing his studies at the Conservatory, earned his living playing the piano at the Chat Noir . By 1896, there were 56 cabarets and cafes with music in Paris, along with a dozen music halls. The cabarets did not have a high reputation; one critic wrote in 1897 that "they sell drinks which are worth fifteen centimes along with verses which, for

602-407: A great deal of social commentary. When New York cabarets featured jazz, they tended to focus on famous vocalists like Nina Simone , Bette Midler , Eartha Kitt , Peggy Lee , and Hildegarde rather than instrumental musicians. Julius Monk 's annual revues established the standard for New York cabaret during the late 1950s and '60s. Cabaret in the United States began to decline in the 1960s, due to

688-602: A huge variety of performing and visual art forms. The Fringe features many free events occur alongside ticketed events for the duration of the festival. In 2023 Adelaide Fringe became the first festival in Australia to sell 1 million tickets. This has doubled from 500,000 tickets in 2015. The main temporary venue hubs are The Garden of Unearthly Delights , Gluttony and the Wonderland and 500 other temporary and permanent venues hosting Fringe events are scattered across

774-456: A large number of unofficial events: the programme listed 41 exhibitions listed and 20 performances; unofficial events included 50 exhibitions, 10 performances and many other events. In 1975 the fringe became an incorporated association, and thus "legal", with writer and director Frank Ford as its founding chairman. Its name was Focus Inc., with the focus on the development of South Australian culture. The change of name caused some controversy at

860-468: A live audio drama of Matthew Reilly 's 1998 book Ice Station . In November 2016, CEO Croall spoke of the need for better marketing to attract more tourists, and ways to help ensure that artists received a decent share of income. The start date of the 2017 festival was postponed by a week to 17 February, with the March long weekend falling on weekend four of the festival, instead of the last weekend. It

946-412: A result of the end of restrictive monopolies that previously ruled. Art dealings were rapidly increasing and as a flood of paintings were for sale, this reduced artists to near impoverishment. Therefore, as a result, this called for an attempt to replace the old system of the arts with a new one. This gave rise to festivals that were used not only as an artistic outlet, but also for political protest against

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1032-576: A revival of American cabaret, particularly in New Orleans , Chicago , Seattle , Portland , Philadelphia , Orlando , Tulsa , Asheville, North Carolina , and Kansas City, Missouri , as new generations of performers reinterpret the old forms in both music and theater. Many contemporary cabaret groups in the United States and elsewhere feature a combination of original music, burlesque and political satire. In New York City, since 1985, successful, enduring or innovative cabaret acts have been honored by

1118-589: A small room (12th century). The first printed use of the word kaberet is found in a document from 1275 in Tournai . The term was used since the 13th century in Middle Dutch to mean an inexpensive inn or restaurant ( caberet , cabret ). The word cambret , itself probably derived from an earlier form of chambrette , little room, or from the Norman French chamber meaning tavern, itself derived from

1204-744: A specific theme. They are often held in a particular location over set dates. In contrast to literary festivals, poetry festivals put poetry centre stage. Poetry Festivals are typically annual events. Festivals established for more than 10 years in the UK include the festivals at Aldeburgh, Ledbury and Torbay, and the Stanza Poetry festival in Scotland. In India, a number of popular poetry festivals and in Northeast India, Guwahati Grand Poetry festival and Assam Arts Biennale, which began in 2018, are

1290-555: A week after the Fringe), which includes Adelaide Writers' Week and the four-day world music festival WOMADelaide, as well as the Adelaide 500 street circuit motor racing event, with accompanying its evening music concerts. Adelaide Fringe begins with free opening night celebrations (for many years a street parade and/or opening night party; as of 2019 an opening ceremony followed by party), and free as well as ticketed events continue for

1376-542: A weekend, featuring a number of bands and musical genres including pop, rock, heavy-metal, and more. Since the 1960s, world-music festivals have become popular in a variety of countries. The most well-recognized music festival was Woodstock , which took place in 1969 in Bethel, New York. It was attended by 400,000 people and featured performances by The Who, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and the Grateful Dead. Probably

1462-403: Is a subgenre of arts festival that focuses on visual art specifically, or specific fields of visual art such as new media art festivals . Other subgenres of art festivals are termed photography festivals or street art festivals , for example. Typically, an art fair has a wide range of artists, art dealers, collectors, and curators who buy or sell artwork in a venue, or gallery, that is open to

1548-489: Is an umbrella term for a festival that focuses on multiple art genres including fine art (painting, drawing, pottery), music, photography, film, and other visual styles. Fringe festivals are a type of arts festival, often focusing on many arts but sometimes focusing on a specific art such as theater more than others. Some subgenres of an arts festival include art fairs, theater festivals, dance festivals, film festivals, music festivals (pop festivals) and more. An art fair

1634-617: Is governed by the Adelaide Fringe Board, which employs a director and CEO, a deputy director and a large team of adjunct staff to manage various aspects of the festival. A number of major contributors to the history of the Fringe have been named as life members, including the founder, the late founder, Frank Ford . Heather Croall is the CEO and Director from 2015 to 2020. Greg Clarke was CEO and director 2011–2014. Sandy Verschoor

1720-417: Is not solely focused on visual arts. Arts festivals may feature a mixed program that include music, literature, comedy, children's entertainment, science, or street theatre, and are typically presented in venues over a period of time ranging from as short as a day or a weekend to a month. Each event within the program is usually separate. Arts festivals are largely curated by an artistic director who handles

1806-536: Is the Kleinkunstacademie (English: Cabaret Academy). It is often a mixture of (stand-up) comedy, theatre, and music and often includes social themes and political satire. In the mid twentieth century, "the big three" were Wim Sonneveld , Wim Kan , and Toon Hermans . Nowadays, many cabaret shows of popular "cabaretiers" (performers of cabaret) are broadcast on national television, especially on New Year's Eve, when several special cabaret shows are aired where

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1892-826: The Biennale of Sydney , Festival d'Avignon in Avignon , France, and Tongyeong International Music Festival in Tongyeong , Korea and Sanskruti Arts Festival, Upvan, India. One-off arts festivals have included the Liverpool08 European Capital of Culture in 2008. In the summer of 1793, revolutionary France was invaded by foreign armies which resulted in the destruction of all signs of royalty. During this time, French citizens sang, danced, and theaters as well as indoor music multiplied. By 1793, two dozen new venues for music and drama had been established, as

1978-533: The Croix de Lorraine on the modern rue Bourg-Tibourg. In 1773, French poets, painters, musicians and writers began to meet in a cabaret called Le Caveau on rue de Buci, where they composed and sang songs. The Caveau continued until 1816, when it was forced to close because its clients wrote songs mocking the royal government. In the 18th century, the café-concert or café-chantant appeared, which offered food along with music, singers, or magicians. The most famous

2064-536: The Grateful Dead . A handful of music halls exist today in Paris, attended mostly by visitors to the city; and a number of more traditional cabarets, with music and satire, can be found. In the Netherlands, cabaret or kleinkunst (literally: "small art") is a popular form of entertainment, usually performed in theatres. The birth date of Dutch cabaret is usually set at August 19, 1895. In Amsterdam, there

2150-771: The Odeon Theatre, Norwood and the National Wine Centre (a convention centre with wine bar and restaurant). Small venues make up about 50% of ticket total sales. The popular live music venue "The Gov" is used for Fringe events of all kinds. In 2012, the Government of South Australia partnered with the South Australian Tourism Commission to create the Adelaide Fringe Ambassador role to promote

2236-508: The giant cuttlefish of South Australia. Stobie the Disco Cuttlefish flashed multi-coloured lights, waved its tentacles and played pre-recorded disco music while a group of professional dancers performed original choreography each Saturday night during the event. Arts festival An arts festival is a festival that can encompass a wide range of art forms including music, dance, film, fine art, literature, poetry and

2322-533: The 1992 change to Adelaide Fringe Festival. It has grown from a two-week long, biennial festival to a major annual international festival. The Edinburgh Award , worth A$ 10,000 , was introduced by Arts South Australia in 2017, open to local Adelaide Fringe artists who wish to tour their work to the Edinburgh Fringe. The Adelaide Fringe and Adelaide Festival of Arts are separate organisations, with different philosophies and intent. The Adelaide Fringe

2408-499: The 2.7 million attendees. Each year has brought a new record in all aspects of the festival for many years up to 2020. Founded in 1960 as a loose collection of official (coordinated by the Festival of Arts) and unofficial events run by local artists, and initially seen as adjunct to the main Festival of Arts, the Fringe became an incorporated body in 1975, with the 1976 festival named Focus and later Adelaide Festival Fringe , before

2494-449: The 2021 Fringe (19 February – 21 March), but future planning is hampered by uncertainty caused by the global pandemic and consequent greater financial risk to performers and venues. In 2010, eight giant 10–12-metre (33–39 ft)-high inflatable astronauts , created by Mr Inflatables, were placed around Adelaide. The 2014 event's mascot was Stobie the Disco Cuttlefish , a 13-metre (43 ft)-long street performance puppet inspired by

2580-556: The Adelaide Fringe Festival in 2018.) In April 2016, the "Made in Adelaide" initiative was announced by the state government, which provided funds totalling A$ 55,000 to support nine acts taking their work to the Edinburgh Fringe, to help build connections between the two festivals. In August 2016, the Fringe began an official partnership with the Edinburgh Fringe Festival . Among the acts was

2666-704: The Adelaide Fringe across Australia and overseas. The Adelaide Fringe Ambassador also participates in the Adelaide Fringe Opening Night Parade and performs during the Fringe. The first "fringe" event came about in 1960, when a few artists decided to stage their own events in response to the exclusion of many local and smaller-scale artists from the curated Adelaide Festival of Arts. Fringe activities consisted of local visual arts, crafts, performing arts and amateur theatre groups organising productions, exhibitions and events alongside

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2752-547: The Adelaide Fringe would receive extra government funding (totalling $ 2 million) to enable it to become an annual event from 2007 onwards. In 2007, the Adelaide Fringe became an annual event, after receiving funding from the state government of A$ 500,000 , which was deemed a success. In 2007, 130,000 tickets were sold through the FringeTIX box office system – with an additional 10,000 ticket sales by national ticketing partners. In 2008, about 187,000 tickets were sold through

2838-534: The Alhambra Music Hall in 1902, and the Printania in 1903. The Printania, open only in summer, had a large music garden which seated twelve thousand spectators, and produced dinner shows which presented twenty-three different acts, including singers, acrobats, horses, mimes, jugglers, lions, bears and elephants, with two shows a day. In the 20th century, the competition from motion pictures forced

2924-511: The Australian Arts". In 1982, the name on the poster, with a design by Pro Hart , changed to Adelaide Festival Fringe. In that year there were 50 venues, 86 groups or individual artists, as well as 56 visual arts exhibitions in the city venues. There were also 16 groups doing performances in schools and public spaces. In 1988 the festival opened its doors to international artists, and the early 1990s brought further big changes, creating

3010-512: The Champs-Élysées opened in 1946, presenting Édith Piaf, Laurel and Hardy , Shirley MacLaine , Marlene Dietrich , Maurice Chevalier , and Noël Coward . The Crazy Horse Saloon , featuring striptease, dance, and magic, opened in 1951. The Olympia Paris went through a number of years as a movie theater before being revived as a music hall and concert stage in 1954. Performers there included Piaf, Dietrich, Miles Davis , Judy Garland , and

3096-410: The Festival and running for two weeks. According to Fringe Vault, "These events that have been called 'unofficial fringe activities' formed the beginnings of the 'Fringe'. These were seen as separate to any 'unofficial activity supported by the festival' which were listed in the 1960 Festival of Arts Festival Souvenir Programme under Festival Attractions, other Events and other Exhibitions ". In 1962,

3182-430: The Festival of Arts, it was held biennially, for three weeks. Both approved and unapproved events had grown in number. Significant productions of two Patrick White plays, The Ham Funeral and Night on Bald Mountain , staged by local performers in 1961 and 1964 respectively after being refused by the main Festival, served to cement the status of what started being referred to in the press as "Fringe" events. In 1970,

3268-694: The Fringe Parade, and 367,000 tickets were sold, a 10% increase on 2011 sales. Ticket sales equated to an approximate value of A$ 9 million . The event featured over 4,000 artists and 923 events, in 300 venues. There were 20% more events than in 2011. CEO Greg Clarke launched the event not only in Adelaide, but also at the Sydney Opera House and in Federation Square in Melbourne . There were also two big changes on opening night:

3354-433: The FringeTIX box office and their ticketing partners. 281 Fringe venues sold tens of thousands of tickets on the door. Family Day became Family Weekend and doubled in size and attendances. The final box office income was estimated to reach over A$ 5.3 million , the majority of which was passed back to Fringe artists. In 2009, pre-event ticket sales equalled that of the previous year. 2,800 artists featured in 250 venues across

3440-513: The Late Latin word camera meaning an arched roof. Cabarets had appeared in Paris by at least the late 15th century. They were distinguished from taverns because they served food as well as wine, the table was covered with a cloth, and the price was charged by the plate, not the mug. They were not particularly associated with entertainment even if musicians sometimes performed in both. Early on, cabarets were considered better than taverns; by

3526-601: The Sundance Institute organization and was founded by Robert Redford. To this date, it is one of the largest independent cinema festivals in the United States. Poetry festivals are organized events staged by poetry and literature groups, local arts associations, private organizations and others that showcase contemporary poetry and provide a chance for poets to meet each other, celebrate poetry, critique each other's work and debate poetic issues. Poets can include international, national and local writers, and can include

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3612-708: The annual Bistro Awards. The Cabaret Theatre Club, later known as The Cave of the Golden Calf , was opened by Frida Strindberg (modelled on the Kaberett Fledermaus in Strindberg's native Vienna) in a basement at 9 Heddon Street, London, in 1912. She intended her club to be an avant-garde meeting place for bohemian writers and artists, with decorations by Jacob Epstein , Eric Gill , and Wyndham Lewis , but it rapidly came to be seen as an amusing place for high society and went bankrupt in 1914. The Cave

3698-483: The boundaries of Adelaide, into regional centres. The Fringe celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2020. While the 2020 Fringe was the first in years to see a decrease in the number of registered events ("over 1200", compared with 1320 in 2019), the events were more widely spread, with half of the venues outside Adelaide city centre , including both suburban and regional locations such as Stirling , Gawler and Murray Bridge . The World Fringe Congress, first held in 2012,

3784-476: The buildings along North Terrace on every night of the 31-day festival. More than 6,900 artists performed in 1,231 events across 442 venues. Box office revenue reached A$ 16.6 million from 705,761 tickets sold (up 7 per cent). The event also saw a greater share going into artists' pockets, after A$ 1 million of funding from the state government enabled the Fringe to abolish inside charges for artists with tickets under $ 35, and to halve those for all others. The move

3870-568: The cabaretier usually reflects on large events of the past year. German Kabarett developed from 1901, with the creation of the Überbrettl ( Superstage ) venue, and by the Weimar era in the mid-1920s, the Kabarett performances were characterized by political satire and gallows humor . It shared the characteristic atmosphere of intimacy with the French cabaret from which it was imported, but

3956-437: The city as well as in the suburbs. Accessibility has been greatly improved in recent years, with a number of initiatives included to try to ensure that as many venues and events are able to be attended by people of all abilities. Because of Adelaide city centre 's compact size, many of the venues are fairly close to each other. The city's surrounding parks provide several clusters of venues (known as venue hubs), outside of

4042-460: The city, in 508 comedy, theatre, music, dance and visual art shows. The Adelaide Fringe celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2010. Compared to the previous year ticket sales were 27% higher. For the first time, Fringe sold 100,000 tickets prior to the opening parade. The event received extra State Government funding of A$ 350,000 to support the anniversary event. The grant covered the cost of producing eight inflatable astronauts and erecting them around

4128-793: The city, suburbs and region. In a period in Adelaide's calendar referred to by locals as " Mad March ", other events running concurrently are the Adelaide Festival of Arts , another major arts festival starting a week after the Fringe, which includes Adelaide Writers' Week and the four-day world music festival WOMADelaide , and also the Adelaide 500 street circuit motor racing event, with accompanying evening music concerts. The Fringe attracts many international visitors as well as from all over Australia, and in 2019 generated an estimated A$ 95.1 million in gross economic expenditure for South Australia, which included A$ 36.6 million in spending by

4214-409: The city. 300,000 tickets were sold at box offices, more than twice as many as were sold in 2007. In 2011, the Fringe Parade was cancelled due to rain, but 334,000 tickets were sold, equating to over A$ 8 million . 1.45 million attendances were recorded and ticket sales had increased 11% over the previous year. The 2012 festival ran from 24 February to 18 March. Approximately 40,000 spectators attended

4300-1455: The club. . . . the question of the legality of these vouchers led to a famous visitation of the police. That was the night a certain Duke was got out by way of the kitchen lift . . . The visitation was a well-mannered affair' One of the main gathering centers of cabarets in Tehran (Iranian capital) was Laleh-Zar Street . Famous Persian cabarets were active in the city until 1979 . They also introduced many domestic artists. In common language, cabaret sometimes called by Iranians "home of dance" (In Persian : رقاص‌خانه ) or "dancing place". In Stockholm , an underground show called Fattighuskabarén ( Poor House Cabaret ) opened in 1974 and ran for 10 years. Performers of later celebrity and fame (in Sweden) such as Ted Åström , Örjan Ramberg , and Agneta Lindén began their careers there. Wild Side Story also had several runs in Stockholm, at Alexandra's (1976 with Ulla Jones and Christer Lindarw ), Camarillo (1997), Rosenlundsteatern/Teater Tre (2000), Wild Side Lounge at Bäckahästen (2003 with Helena Mattsson ) and Mango Bar (2004). Alexandra's had also hosted AlexCab in 1975, as had Compagniet in Gothenburg . In 2019

4386-728: The dance halls to put on shows that were more spectacular and more complex. In 1911, the producer Jacques Charles of the Olympia Paris created the grand staircase as a setting for his shows, competing with its great rival, the Folies Bergère which had been founded in 1869. Its stars in the 1920s included the American singer and dancer Josephine Baker . The Casino de Paris , directed by Leon Volterra and then Henri Varna, presented many famous French singers, including Mistinguett, Maurice Chevalier , and Tino Rossi . Le Lido on

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4472-608: The duration of the month-long festival. The festival includes contemporary work in a wide range of art forms including cabaret , comedy, circus and physical theatre , dance, film, theatre, puppetry , music, visual art, magic, digital and interactive and design. In 2019 there were 517 venues, which included "pop-up" venues in parks, warehouses, laneways and disused buildings, as well as established venues such as theatres, hotels, bars, pubs, art galleries and cafes. Buskers regularly perform in Rundle Mall and elsewhere in and around

4558-863: The end of the century, there were only a few cabarets of the old style remaining where artists and bohemians gathered. They included the Cabaret des noctambules on Rue Champollion on the Left Bank; the Lapin Agile at Montmartre; and Le Soleil d'or at the corner of the quai Saint-Michel and boulevard Saint-Michel, where poets including Guillaume Apollinaire and André Salmon met to share their work. The music hall , first invented in London, appeared in Paris in 1862. It offered more lavish musical and theatrical productions, with elaborate costumes, singing, and dancing. The theaters of Paris, fearing competition from

4644-511: The end of the sixteenth century, they were the preferred place to dine out. In the 17th century, a clearer distinction emerged when taverns were limited to selling wine, and later to serving roast meats. Cabarets were frequently used as meeting places for writers, actors, friends and artists. Writers such as La Fontaine , Moliere and Jean Racine were known to frequent a cabaret called the Mouton Blanc on rue du Vieux-Colombier, and later

4730-701: The established and converted venues within the city and suburbs. There are three main venue hubs: Some of the permanent establishments regularly hosting Fringe events have included the Holden Street Theatres (a converted church precinct turned venue in Hindmarsh ), Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute , Bakehouse Theatre (a performing arts space in the CBD), The German Club in Flinders Street , The Rhino Room (a local comedy club),

4816-443: The event grew to three weeks in duration, running from 6–28 March that year and experiencing significant growth in both official and unofficial events and including three major musical performances, four dance performances, an opera, film events and exhibitions. The first printed souvenir programme was published for the 1974 event, with the title as " Adelaide Festival of Arts, March 9 to 30: Fringe programme ". However there were still

4902-518: The final years of the Partitions of Poland . In the interwar Poland there was a considerable number of Yiddish -language cabarets. This art form was called kleynkunst (lliterally "small art") in Yiddish. In post- war Poland, it is almost always associated with the troupe (often on tour ), not the venue ; pre-war revue shows (with female dancers) were long gone. American cabaret

4988-489: The first Serbian cabaret club Lafayette opened. Although Serbia and Belgrade had a rich nightlife and theater life there was no cabaret house until 2019. It retained the intimate atmosphere, entertainment platform, and improvisational character of the French cabaret but developed its own characteristic gallows humour. By the late 1920s the German cabaret gradually had come to feature mildly risque musical entertainment for

5074-484: The first of its kind in the region. Cabaret Cabaret ( French pronunciation: [kabaʁɛ] ) is a form of theatrical entertainment featuring music , song , dance , recitation , or drama . The performance venue might be a pub , a casino , a hotel , a restaurant , or a nightclub with a stage for performances. The audience, often dining or drinking, does not typically dance but usually sits at tables. Performances are usually introduced by

5160-510: The gallows humor was a distinct German aspect. The Polish kabaret is a popular form of live (often televised ) entertainment involving a comedy troupe, and consisting mostly of comedy sketches , monologues , stand up comedy , songs and political satire (often hidden behind double entendre to fool censors ). It traces its origins to Zielony Balonik , a famous literary cabaret founded in Kraków by local poets, writers and artists during

5246-526: The globe participate in the Fringe alongside home-grown talent, in all art forms. Adelaide Fringe also organises its own public events. The Adelaide Fringe is an open-access event, meaning that there is no curator seeking out the events which form part of the programme. "Mad March" is a term used by locals to describe the period of five big events running concurrently in the local calendar: the Adelaide Festival of Arts (a three-week festival starting

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5332-546: The most part, are worth nothing." The traditional cabarets, with monologues and songs and little decor, were replaced by more specialized venues; some, like the Boite a Fursy (1899), specialized in current events, politics and satire. Some were purely theatrical, producing short scenes of plays. Some focused on the macabre or erotic. The Caberet de la fin du Monde had servers dressed as Greek and Roman gods and presented living tableaus that were between erotic and pornographic. By

5418-418: The most successful festival yet. It was beginning to put itself on the map internationally. The brochures stated that it was "the biggest community arts festival in Australia" and "ranked second only, behind the internationally renowned Edinburgh Festival Fringe". The inaugural Opening Night Hindley Street Party was thrown, and patron Don Dunstan called on the state government to provide more funding. In 1994,

5504-612: The music halls, had a law passed by the National Assembly forbidding music hall performers to wear costumes, dance, wear wigs, or recite dialogue. The law was challenged by the owner of the music hall Eldorado in 1867, who put a former famous actress from the Comédie-Française on stage to recite verse from Corneille and Racine. The public took the side of the music halls, and the law was repealed. The Moulin Rouge

5590-410: The name on the posters changed from Adelaide Festival Fringe to Adelaide Fringe Festival, as a result of changes brought about in 1992-3. It decided to adopt the name Adelaide Fringe and to broaden the role of the organisation. Dubbed "the affordable festival", the 1992 festival was the most successful in its 32 year history, with many of the events taking place in the newly-completed Lion Arts Centre on

5676-488: The number of unofficial local events and exhibitions grew to the point where, according to a thesis by Martin Christmas, "1962 appears to have been the Festival where it was recognised that 'ancillary' (fringe activities), were as important as the core cultural activities", and Max Harris wrote an article entitled Adelaide’s Two Festivals . In 1964, Fringe was host to 52 art exhibitions, collections and performances. Like

5762-405: The old government system. These festivals often included religious symbolism, political messages and embodied the spirit of liberty, equality and fraternity. In 1792, The "Festival of Liberty" included a Declaration of the rights of man, busts of Voltaire, Rousseau, and Franklin, a hymn to liberty, women in white carrying chains, and a large chariot with a seated statue of liberty An Arts Festival

5848-431: The organizations' artistic direction and can encompass different genres, including fringe theater festivals that are open access, making arts festivals distinctive from greenfield festivals, which typically are weekend camping festivals such as Glastonbury , and Visual Arts Festivals, which concentrate on the visual arts. Another type of arts festivals are music festivals, which are outdoor musical events usually spanning

5934-689: The parade ran down the centre of the city along King William Street , and the celebrations before, during and afterwards were not just in the East End of the city centre, but in Fringe venues everywhere. There were also a number of large free outdoor events during the festival. In 2013, after a boost in government funding, Fringe was extended to run for a 4-week period, commencing Friday 15 February. There were over 4,000 artists registered, appearing in 930 events and 6139 performances, and 407,153 tickets were sold. The dollar value of ticket sales equated to A$ 11.6 million . The event generated A$ 64.6 million , which

6020-498: The previous year. Ticket sales for the 2016 Adelaide Fringe Festival rose 12% on the previous year, with more than 600,000 tickets sold. More than 1,100 performances were staged across 430 venues. British comedian Alexis Dubus vowed not to perform in future Adelaide Fringe Festivals, citing his reason as the festival being driven by larger venues, which attract crowds who buy drinks instead of show tickets, leading to poor ticket sales and cancellations for shows. (However, he returned to

6106-463: The public. Some items for sale include photography, paintings, drawings, metalwork, handcrafted items and pottery. Festivals of visual arts are also not to be confused with commercial art fairs . Artists participate in the most important of such festival exhibitions by invitation, and these exhibitions (e.g. the Venice Biennale ) are organised by internationally recognized curators chosen by

6192-458: The rising popularity of rock concert shows, television variety shows , and general comedy theaters. However, it remained in some Las Vegas-style dinner shows, such as the Tropicana , with fewer comedy segments. The art form still survives in various musical formats, as well as in the stand-up comedy format, and in popular drag show performances. The late 20th and early 21st century saw

6278-415: The time, but the reason was reinforce the notion that Focus was not a cultural cringe . The first independently organised Fringe, known as Focus Festival, came into being and was seen as a huge success. This was the true beginning of today's Adelaide Fringe, as a separate entity and with focused goals, and the first dedicated poster, proclaiming "Focus '76". The 1978 poster said: "Focus: Adelaide's Festival of

6364-797: The two oldest arts festivals are located in England. The Three Choirs Festival in the West of England was established as a "yearly musical assembly" by 1719. The other is the Norfolk and Norwich Festival which first took place in 1772. The largest arts festival in England today is the Brighton Festival Fringe . Leading arts festivals include the Edinburgh Festival in Edinburgh , Adelaide Festival of Arts in Adelaide ,

6450-598: The western end of North Terrace . The 1994 poster showed "Adelaide Fringe Festival", in contrast to the recent past "Adelaide Festival Fringe". In 1998, the used its own especially developed ticketing system, FringeTix, for the first time. The 2000 Fringe dropped the "Festival" and started calling itself the Adelaide Fringe. That year was dedicated to dedicated to former state premier and fringe patron Don Dunstan , embracing his vision of social justice and cultural diversity that continues to be an inspiration today. In 2006 South Australian Premier Mike Rann announced that

6536-617: Was Le Chat Noir in the bohemian neighborhood of Montmartre , created in 1881 by Rodolphe Salis , a theatrical agent and entrepreneur. It combined music and other entertainment with political commentary and satire. The Chat Noir brought together the wealthy and famous of Paris with the bohemians and artists of Montmartre and the Pigalle . Its clientele "was a mixture of writers and painters, of journalists and students, of employees and high-livers, as well as models, prostitutes and true grand dames searching for exotic experiences." The host

6622-481: Was CEO 2006–2010, while Christie Anthoney filled the post of director from when the Fringe went annual in 2007 to 2010; and Karen Hadfield for the 2004 and 2006 festivals. As of 2019 Adelaide Fringe is the second-largest annual arts festival in the world, after the Edinburgh Fringe, and the largest in the Southern Hemisphere , places it won in 2017, and it continues to grow each year. Artists from across

6708-399: Was Salis himself, calling himself a gentleman- cabaretier ; he began each show with a monologue mocking the wealthy, ridiculing the deputies of the National Assembly, and making jokes about the events of the day. The cabaret was too small for the crowds trying to get in; at midnight on June 10, 1885, Salis and his customers moved down the street to a larger new club at 12 rue de Laval, which had

6794-624: Was an increase of 34% on the previous year. In 2014, the festival ran for 30 days and nights from 14 February until 16 March, and brought together over 4,000 artists from around Australia and the world. Over 900 events were staged in pop-up venues in parks, warehouses, lane-ways and disused buildings as well as established venues such as theatres, hotels, art galleries and cafes. In February 2015, Heather Croall came on board as CEO and Festival Director. More than A$ 13 million worth of tickets were sold, made up of more than 536,000 tickets sold across 376 venues, resulting in an increase of 20% compared to

6880-507: Was held in Adelaide for the first time in 2020. The last weekend of the festival was somewhat impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia , although government rules on social distancing and travel did not start until the following week. Nonetheless it brought in a record $ 96.7 million in estimated gross economic expenditure, with box office revenue also hitting a record $ 21 million, selling 853,419 tickets. Dates have been announced for

6966-510: Was imported from French cabaret by Jesse Louis Lasky in 1911. In the United States, cabaret diverged into several different styles of performance mostly due to the influence of jazz music. Chicago cabaret focused intensely on the larger band ensembles and reached its peak during Roaring Twenties , under the Prohibition Era , where it was featured in the speakeasies and steakhouses . New York cabaret never developed to feature

7052-615: Was in 2017 that it became the largest arts festival in the Southern Hemisphere, and the second largest Fringe in the world. Adelaide Fringe 2018 once again broke all records, attracting 2.7 million people in attendance across free and ticketed events, including 100,000 for the Opening Night Street Party (which replaced the opening night Parade) and 505,000 for the Parade of Light digital projections onto

7138-598: Was nevertheless an influential venture, which introduced the concept of cabaret to London. It provided a model for the generation of nightclubs that came after it. "The clubs that started the present vogue for dance clubs were the Cabaret Club in Heddon Street . . . . The Cabaret Club was the first club where members were expected to appear in evening clothes. . . . The Cabaret Club began a system of vouchers which friends of members could use to obtain admission to

7224-572: Was opened in 1889 by the Catalan Joseph Oller. It was greatly prominent because of the large red imitation windmill on its roof, and became the birthplace of the dance known as the French Cancan . It helped make famous the singers Mistinguett and Édith Piaf and the painter Toulouse-Lautrec , who made posters for the venue. The Olympia , also run by Oller, was the first to be called a music hall; it opened in 1893, followed by

7310-425: Was praised by artists, including Dubus, who returned with a new show that year. Records were again broken in 2019, with attendance by tourists increased by 72% on the previous year (possibly a consequence of increased interstate marketing), a total of nearly 3.3 million attendances, and A$ 95 million in estimated expenditure. 7000 artists participated in 1326 events. The reach of Fringe has been pushing further out of

7396-693: Was the Cafe des Aveugles in the cellars of the Palais-Royal , which had a small orchestra of blind musicians. In the early 19th century, many cafés-chantants appeared around the city; the most famous were the Café des Ambassadeurs (1843) on the Champs-Élysées and the Eldorado (1858) on boulevard Strasbourg. By 1900, there were more than 150 cafés-chantants in Paris. The first cabaret in the modern sense

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