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71-425: Adenanthos is a genus of Australian native shrubs in the flowering plant family Proteaceae . Variable in habit and leaf shape, it is the only genus in the family where solitary flowers are the norm. It was discovered in 1791, and formally published by Jacques Labillardière in 1805. The type species is Adenanthos cuneatus , and 33 species are recognised. The genus is placed in subfamily Proteoideae , and

142-484: A lignotuber have a single stem. Such plants usually grow into fairly erect shrubs; and sometimes the main stem thickens to become a trunk , resulting in a small tree. Plants with a lignotuber , on the other hand, have many stems arising from the underground rootstock, usually resulting in smaller shrubs with a mallee habit. As with most other Proteaceae genera, leaf shape is highly variable in Adenanthos . Though

213-437: A peduncle . The frequently showy pair of bracts of Euphorbia species in subgenus Lacanthis are the cyathophylls . Bracts subtend the cone scales in the seed cones of many conifers , and in some cases, such as Pseudotsuga , they extend beyond the cone scales. A small bract is called a bracteole or bractlet . Technically this is any bract that arises on a pedicel instead of subtending it. Bracts that appear in

284-557: A species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in the nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

355-470: A whorl subtending an inflorescence are collectively called an involucre . An involucre is a common feature beneath the inflorescences of many Apiaceae , Asteraceae , Dipsacaceae and Polygonaceae . Each flower in an inflorescence may have its own whorl of bracts, in this case called an involucel . In this case they may be called chaff , paleas , or receptacular bracts and are usually minute scales or bristles. Many asteraceous plants have bracts at

426-399: A different size, color, shape, or texture. Typically, they also look different from the parts of the flower, such as the petals or sepals . A plant having bracts is referred to as bracteate or bracteolate , while one that lacks them is referred to as ebracteate or ebracteolate . Some bracts are brightly coloured and serve the function of attracting pollinators, either together with

497-434: A fine down of soft hairs. The number of laciniae varies greatly. In A. pungens , for example, the leaves may be entire , or there may be a single segmentation into two or three laciniae; in A. sericeus , the leaf is repeatedly tri-segmented into as many as 50 laciniae. This leaf form is seen in around half of the species. Other common leaf forms include a wedge-shaped ( cuneate ) leaf with shallow lobes along

568-412: A further pair of bracts at its base called glumes . These bracts form the chaff removed from cereal grain during threshing and winnowing . Bats may detect acoustic signals from dish-shaped bracts such as those of Marcgravia evenia . A prophyll is a leaf-like structure, such as a bracteole, subtending (extending under) a single flower or pedicel . The term can also mean the lower bract on

639-651: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

710-628: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

781-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

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852-437: A single bract below it. There is then a pair of leafy bracts on the main stem and below those a pair of leaves. An epicalyx, which forms an additional whorl around the calyx of a single flower, is a modification of bracteoles In other words, the epicalyx is a group of bracts resembling a calyx or bracteoles forming a whorl outer to the calyx . It is a calyx-like extra whorl of floral appendages. Each individual segment of

923-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

994-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

1065-437: Is sterile and reduced to a staminode , rendering the flowers structurally merely bilaterally symmetrical ( zygomorphic ). In both cases the flower soon becomes zygomorphic, as the pistil grows faster and longer than the perianth tube, causing the style to flex until it pushes its way out through a slit in the perianth-tube, which bends away from the style. The apex of the style, called the stigma in most flowering plants,

1136-433: Is a flat ( laminar ), deeply lobed leaf with sharp points along its margins. Some sources state that some leaves of some species are tipped with extrafloral nectaries . Unusually for members of the family Proteaceae, Adenanthos flowers are solitary, rather than clustered together in large showy inflorescences . In fact, morphologically speaking, the Adenanthos flower does occur in an inflorescence, but one in which

1207-522: Is common, as is seed abortion ( stenospermocarpy ). When a seed is present, it is white, ellipsoidal, and nearly fills the fruit. Early explorers who could have seen and collected Adenanthos include Willem de Vlamingh and William Dampier . Vlamingh explored the Swan River and visited Shark Bay in 1697. He almost certainly collected plant specimens, as two south-west Australian endemics were published many years later, based on specimens for which

1278-612: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

1349-555: Is held to be most closely related to several South African genera. Endemic to Australia , its centre of diversity is southwest Western Australia , where 31 species occur. The other two species occur in South Australia and western Victoria (Australia) . They are mainly pollinated by birds. The growth habits of Adenanthos species range from prostrate shrubs to small trees , with most species occurring as erect shrubs. There are two basic growth forms. Plants that lack

1420-468: Is often referred to as the style-end in Proteaceae, since it performs two distinct functions: it performs the usual stigmatic role of pollen-collector , but also functions as a pollen-presenter . At anthesis , both the style-end and the anthers are trapped within the limb, so that when the anthers release their pollen , the pollen adheres to the style-end. Shortly after pollen release, the tips of

1491-404: Is oval and flattened. In both cases the stigmatic groove is a furrow on one side of the style end. The fruit of Adenanthos is a simple dry hard-shelled nut that surrounds the seed but does not adhere to it (an achene ). It is brown, ellipsoid in shape, and ranges in size from three to eight mm long, and one to two millimetres wide. It is not often seen on the plant because it develops within

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1562-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

1633-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

1704-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

1775-824: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

1846-417: The midrib of a tepal, so that the anthers appear almost sessile , trapped within the limb; and the four carpels form a single compound pistil , the apex of which is also trapped within the limb. Four prominent scale-like nectaries surround the ovary . Structurally, the flowers of most Adenanthos species are radially symmetrical ( actinomorphic ); but in the small section Eurylaema , one anther

1917-415: The perianth or instead of it. Examples of this type of bract include those of Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia) and Bougainvillea : both of these have large colourful bracts surrounding much smaller, less colourful flowers. In grasses , each floret (flower) is enclosed in a pair of papery bracts, called the lemma (lower bract) and palea (upper bract), while each spikelet (group of florets) has

1988-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

2059-725: The type specimen of A. terminalis from near Port Lincoln . As HMS Investigator was commencing its anticlockwise circumnavigation, a French expedition under Nicolas Baudin was exploring the coastline in a clockwise direction. The two expeditions famously encountered each other in 1802 at what would be named Encounter Bay in South Australia , then Baudin continued westward, arriving at King George Sound in February 1803. There, botanist Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour , assisted by gardener's boy Antoine Guichenot , collected plant specimens including A. cuneatus , A. obovatus and A. sericeus . The genus Adenanthos

2130-712: The 33 species are endemic. The south coast of Western Australia, between the Stirling Range and the Fitzgerald River area, is particular diverse, with 17 species occurring on the Esperance Plains alone. This is one of two areas dominated by kwongan heath , a vegetation complex renowned for its species richness and high levels of endemism; the other area of kwongan, further north on the west coast around Mount Lesueur , harbours surprisingly few Adenanthos species. Species occur throughout most of

2201-473: The French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or the scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of

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2272-483: The Greek stems άδὴν ( aden , glandula , "gland") and ανθος ( anthos , flos , "flower"). Irish botanist E. Charles Nelson states that the name refers to the prominent and copiously productive nectaries. Labillardière published three species, naming them A. cuneata , A. sericea and A. obovata , giving them feminine gender consistent with his view of the gender of the genus name. He did not say which of

2343-529: The amount of time that birds spent feeding at a site was strongly correlated with the abundance of Banksia sessilis (parrotbush), and seemed unrelated to the amount of Adenanthos there; yet these birds nonetheless fed at Adenanthos flowers. Genus The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including

2414-418: The apex, seen, for example, in A. cuneatus and A. stictus ; the oval-shaped ( obovate ) entire leaves of A. ellipticus and A. obovatus ; and the long thin leaves of A. detmoldii and A. barbiger . Only two species have leaves that are sharply pointed ( pungent ): A. pungens has a woollybush form of leaf with pungent laciniae, and A. acanthophyllus

2485-444: The base by an imbricate involucre . Very rarely, an involucre may enclose two flowers rather than just one, providing further evidence of reduction from a complex, multi-flowered inflorescence. Inflorescences occur individually at the end of branches ( terminal ) or at branch junctions ( axillary ). Most species have terminal inflorescences, and in these cases the inflorescences are usually subtended by leaves, if not branchlets, so

2556-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

2627-412: The base of each inflorescence. The term involucre is also used for a highly conspicuous bract or bract pair at the base of an inflorescence. In the family Betulaceae , notably in the genera Carpinus and Corylus , the involucre is a leafy structure that protects the developing nuts. Beggar-tick ( Bidens comosa ) has narrow involucral bracts surrounding each inflorescence, each of which also has

2698-626: The basis of phylogenetic data it is further placed in tribe Leucodendreae , a morphologically heterogeneous group with no obvious diagnostic characters, and dominated by South African genera. Within Leucodendreae it appears as sister clade to a clade comprising the South African subtribe Leucodendrinae , and is therefore placed alone in subtribe Adenanthinae . The placement of Adenanthos in Proteaceae can be summarised as follows: The first infrageneric arrangement of Adenanthos

2769-1168: The calcareous soils of the Great Australian Bight . The most easterly occurrence in Western Australia is at Twilight Cove . The two species that occur outside southwest Western Australia are Adenanthos macropodianus (Kangaroo Island glandflower), which is endemic to Kangaroo Island ; and Adenanthos terminalis (yellow glandflower), which occurs in South Australia on the Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo Island , and from Adelaide eastwards into western Victoria . A range of honeyeater species have been observed feeding at Adenanthos flowers, including Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris (eastern spinebill), Anthochaera chrysoptera (little wattlebird), Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera (crescent honeyeater), Phylidonyris novaehollandiae (New Holland honeyeater), Gliciphila melanops (tawny-crowned honeyeater), Zosterops lateralis (silvereye) and Melithreptus brevirostris (brown-headed honeyeater). One study found that

2840-580: The collection cannot be attributed to any other known voyage. Two years after Vlamingh, Dampier visited the north-west coast, collecting around 40 specimens of 23 plant species from sites at Shark Bay and in the Dampier Archipelago . There is no record in either case of specimens of Adenanthos being seen or collected, but A. cygnorum is fairly common at the Swan River, and A. acanthophyllus occurs at Shark Bay, albeit only at

2911-447: The common name of Adenanthos in the second edition of John Stanley Beard 's A Descriptive Catalogue of West Australian Plants . Nelson also notes that the phrase stick-in-jug does not appear in any common name of a species. The common names of species are instead based around several other generic terms that do not apply to the genus as a whole: The centre of diversity for the genus is Southwest Western Australia , to which 31 of

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2982-586: The common names used for this genus. He notes that the only common name applied to the genus as a whole is stick-in-jug (sometimes stick-in-the-jug ), but argues that this seems to be in use only within Western Australia's Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM; now the Department of Environment and Conservation ). Be that as it may, the name dates back at least to 1970, when Western Australian State Botanist Charles Gardner gave it as

3053-414: The epicalyx is called an episepal because they resemble the sepals in them. They are present in the hibiscus family, Malvaceae . Fragaria (strawberries) may or may not have an epicalyx. A spathe is a large bract or pair of bracts forming a sheath to enclose the flower cluster of such plants as palms , arums , irises , crocuses , and dayflowers ( Commelina ). Zephyranthes tubispatha in

3124-431: The flowers are obscured by the foliage. The species with axillary inflorescences tend to be much more showy. The flower of Adenanthos is structurally the same as that of many other Proteaceae. Flower parts occur in multiples of four ( tetramerous ), but the four tepals are fused into a long, narrow perianth -tube topped by a closed cup (the limb ); the filament of each stamen is fused along its entire length with

3195-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

3266-737: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

3337-537: The genus for the Flora of Australia series. By this time, the ICBN had issued a ruling that all genera ending in -anthos must be treated as having masculine gender . This resulted in orthographic changes to all species names in the genus; for example, A. obovata became A. obovatus . Nelson's arrangement of Adenanthos is as follows: Nelson has published a thorough but somewhat light-hearted analysis of

3408-574: The genus undertaken by Ernest Charles Nelson in 1975 yielded results in which the members of A.  sect. Eurylaema occurred together. Nelson therefore retained Bentham's two sections in his 1978 revision of Adenanthos , though A.  sect Stenolaema was renamed to the autonym A.  sect. Adenanthos in accordance with modern rules of botanical nomenclature . He further divided A.  sect. Adenanthos into two subsections, A.  subsect. Anaclastos and A.  subsect. Adenanthos , but discarded them again in his 1995 treatment of

3479-432: The idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of the same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but

3550-437: The involucre of the flower, which persists long after the flower itself has withered and fallen. By the time the fruit is mature, the involucre has dried and spread, so that the fruit is free to fall to the ground as soon as it abscisses from the plant. In some species this happens as soon as the fruit is mature; in others, the fruit may be retained on the plant for some time. The production of seedless fruit ( parthenocarpy )

3621-633: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

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3692-405: The leaves are always simple (as in not compound ), they may be lobed, or even deeply divided into segments, usually by three. This segmentation has its extreme in the distinctive leaf form characteristic of those Adenanthos species known as woollybushes , in which the leaf is segmented, sometimes many times, into long thin laciniae , round in cross-section ( terete ), and often covered in

3763-427: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Bract In botany , a bract is a modified or specialized leaf , especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower , inflorescence axis, or cone scale . Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves; they may be of

3834-570: The lost ships of Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse , visited Esperance Bay on the south coast of Western Australia in 1792, collecting A. cuneatus there. In December 1801 and January 1802, at the start of Matthew Flinders ' famous circumnavigation of Australia, HMS Investigator visited King George Sound for several weeks. The botanist to the voyage, Robert Brown , made an extensive plant specimen collection, including A. cuneatus , A. sericeus and A. obovatus . A few months later he collected what would become

3905-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

3976-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

4047-418: The number of flowers has been reduced to one, leaving only a few vestigial clues to the elaborate structure from which it derived. Each flower is positioned at the end of a short peduncle . The peduncle has minute basal bracts at its base, and sometimes at its midpoint, providing evidence of the loss of some lateral axes. At the end of the peduncle sits the flower, sessile or very nearly so, and surrounded at

4118-541: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

4189-662: The southern end of Peron Peninsula , where neither expedition is likely to have visited. The first known collection of the genus was made by Archibald Menzies , surgeon and naturalist to the Vancouver Expedition of 1791–1795. The Vancouver expedition discovered King George Sound in September 1791, and during their stay there Menzies collected specimens of many plant species, including two Adenanthos species, A. sericeus Jacques Labillardière , naturalist to Bruni d'Entrecasteaux 's expedition in search of

4260-548: The southwest. In northern areas, where there are fewer species, the genus does not extend into drier inland areas, being absent from northern parts of the Avon Wheatbelt region. To the south, however, they extend well inland, extending even beyond the southwest into the neighbouring desert: A. argyreus occurs as far inland as Southern Cross . Eastwards along the south coast, the genus occurs in disjunct populations on isolated pockets of siliceous sand surrounded by

4331-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

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4402-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

4473-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

4544-448: The tepals separate, causing the limb to break apart. The style-end is released, the style springs erect, and the flower's pollen is thus held aloft where it may be deposited on the face of a nectarivorous bird . Unlike some other Proteaceae genera, the style-end of Adenanthos shows little evidence of adaption to either of its dual roles. In most species is it slightly broader than the style, and conical in shape, but in section Eurylaema

4615-434: The three was to serve as type species for the genus, but Nelson has since chosen A. cuneatus as lectotype , since Labillardière's description of it is referred to by the descriptions of the other two species. Labillardière also did not acknowledge a collector of the specimens upon which these names were based, and so it was long thought that Labillardière himself collected them. However, neither A. obovatus nor

4686-535: The type subspecies of A. sericeus occurs at any location visited by Labillardière, suggesting that some of his specimens were obtained from some other collector whom he failed to credit. The realisation of this fact prompted a re-evaluation of the type material by Nelson, who attributed their collection to Leschenault. This view has been accepted by some scholars though others treat it more cautiously. The framework for classification of genera within Proteaceae

4757-576: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

4828-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

4899-440: Was first described and named by Labillardière in his 1805 Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen . Though he did not give an explicit etymology for the genus name therein, the type specimen for A. cuneatus contains annotations that show Labillardière experimenting with various Greek word stems , listing in each case the corresponding Latin transliteration and meaning. He eventually settled on Adenanthos , formed from

4970-538: Was laid by L. A. S. Johnson and Barbara Briggs in their influential 1975 monograph " On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family ". Their arrangement has been refined somewhat over the ensuing three decades, most notably by Peter H. Weston and Nigel Barker in 2006. Proteaceae is divided into five subfamilies, with Adenanthos placed in subfamily Proteoideae because of its cluster roots , solitary ovules and indehiscent fruits. On

5041-485: Was published in 1870 by George Bentham , in the fifth volume of his landmark Flora Australiensis . Bentham divided the genus into two sections on the basis of floral characteristics. Two species were unusual in having flowers with one sterile stamen , and perianth tubes that are curved and swollen above the middle; these were placed in A.  sect. Eurylaema . The remaining twelve known species were placed in A.  sect. Stenolaema . A phenetic analysis of

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