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167-594: Aderca's open rejection of tradition, his socialism and pacifism , and his exploration of controversial subjects resulted in several scandals, making him a main target of attacks from the far-right press of the interwar period . As a member of the Jewish-Romanian community and a vocal critic of antisemitism , the writer was persecuted by successive fascist regimes before and during World War II . He afterward resumed his activities as author and cultural promoter, but, having failed at fully adapting his style to

334-556: A bourgeoisie indifferent to the proletariat . The history of socialism has its origins in the Age of Enlightenment and the 1789 French Revolution , along with the changes that brought, although it has precedents in earlier movements and ideas. The Communist Manifesto was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1847-48 just before the Revolutions of 1848 swept Europe, expressing what they termed scientific socialism . In

501-492: A neoliberal consensus replaced the social democratic consensus in the advanced capitalist world, while many former socialist politicians and political parties embraced " Third Way " politics, remaining committed to equality and welfare while abandoning public ownership and class-based politics. Socialism experienced a resurgence in popularity in the 2010s, most prominently in the form of democratic socialism. According to Andrew Vincent, "[t]he word 'socialism' finds its root in

668-471: A post-capitalist system based on some form of social ownership of the means of production. By the early 1920s, communism and social democracy had become the two dominant political tendencies within the international socialist movement, with socialism itself becoming the most influential secular movement of the 20th century. Many socialists also adopted the causes of other social movements, such as feminism , environmentalism , and progressivism . While

835-420: A welfare state . The socialist political movement includes political philosophies that originated in the revolutionary movements of the mid-to-late 18th century and out of concern for the social problems that socialists associated with capitalism. By the late 19th century, after the work of Karl Marx and his collaborator Friedrich Engels , socialism had come to signify anti-capitalism and advocacy for

1002-676: A Red Republic", 1924); Omul descompus ("The Decomposed Man", 1926); Femeia cu carne albă ("The White-fleshed Woman", 1927). A member of the Romanian Writers' Society , Aderca also made his debut as a translator from French, publishing a version of Henri Barbusse 's Hell (1921). In 1922, he reissued Naționalism? Libertatea de a ucide as Personalitatea. Drepturile ei în artă și în viață ("The Personality. Its Rights on Art and Life", dedicated to philosopher and Noua Revistă Română founder Constantin Rădulescu-Motru ), and put out

1169-411: A Romanian context. His various works are more or less explicitly indebted to Expressionism , which they mimic in altering traditional narrative techniques. As historian Dan Grigorescu suggests, Aderca's articles fail to state outright his affiliation to Expressionism, but nevertheless allude to a "total" commitment. Crohmălniceanu places Aderca midway between naturalistic techniques and Expressionism, in

1336-504: A bimonthly put out by philosopher Iosif Brucăr . His other articles and various pieces were scattered throughout literary reviews: Viața Românească , Vremea , Ideea Europeană , Adevărul Literar și Artistic , Flacăra , Revista Fundațiilor Regale , Revista Literară and the literary supplement of Universul all featured his work. Researcher Dumitru Hîncu, who counts some 60 publications to have enlisted Aderca's contribution, also notes his collaboration with Îndreptarea ,

1503-518: A biographical essya of the 19th-century Marxist ideologue, Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea . Incapacitated by a severe road accident, Aderca spent the final years of his life in relative isolation. His 1956 contract with Editura de Stat pentru Literatură și Artă (ESPLA), a state publishing house supervised by writer Petru Dumitriu , resulted in public scandal: ESPLA filed a legal complaint against Aderca, accusing him of not having returned

1670-640: A board of writers which still granting annual awards in his memory. By this moment, Aderca was taking part in disputes between the more established Sburătorists and Lovinescu's younger disciples from the Sibiu Literary Circle . While he shared the awards panel with Sibiu Circle leader Ion Negoițescu , Aderca made known his opposition to making poet Ștefan Augustin Doinaș a laureate for 1947, probably owing to Doinaș's occasional recourse to patriotic , and therefore politicized, subjects. In addition to

1837-487: A comment to a German art manifesto (originally published by Friedrich Sternthal in Der Neue Merkur ), it claimed that authors or directors unfamiliar with modern German drama could no longer be seen as competent or relevant in their field. In later years, Contimporanul , with its agenda set by Vinea's attack on institutionalized literary criticism, publicized a heated debate with Lovinescu and his group, leaving

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2004-419: A conscious desire in the working class to establish collective ownership commensurate with the collective efforts their daily experience. Socialists have taken different perspectives on the state and the role it should play in revolutionary struggles, in constructing socialism and within an established socialist economy. In the 19th century, the philosophy of state socialism was first explicitly expounded by

2171-473: A constant rate of profit, causes problems if the earnings in the rest of society do not increase in proportion. Socialists view private property relations as limiting the potential of productive forces in the economy. According to socialists, private property becomes obsolete when it concentrates into centralised, socialised institutions based on private appropriation of revenue — but based on cooperative work and internal planning in allocation of inputs—until

2338-558: A debut would have brought glory, fame, and riches to the author." His political stances and his rejection of sexual conventions brought him to the attention of state authorities. A confidential 1927 report compiled by Siguranța Statului secret service stated allegations about his "lack of respect" for King Ferdinand I , his ridicule of "our healthy customs" and for tradition, his recourse to "most detestable pornography" and "deranged sexuality". The period also saw Aderca and other young modernists in conflict with historian Nicolae Iorga ,

2505-504: A diverse range of philosophies such as civic republicanism , Enlightenment rationalism , romanticism , forms of materialism , Christianity (both Catholic and Protestant), natural law and natural rights theory , utilitarianism and liberal political economy. Another philosophical basis for a great deal of early socialism was the emergence of positivism during the European Enlightenment . Positivism held that both

2672-911: A field of debates between later exegetes of his work. In other chapters, Cezar Petrescu recounts his ideological preparation and his various youthful choices, while Arghezi speaks about his commitment to art for art's sake . The book also includes exchanges between Aderca and sculptor Oscar Han , who reacts against the official policies in regard to national landmarks. The other men and women interviewed by Aderca are: writers Blaga, Papadat-Bengescu, Rebreanu, Vinea, Ticu Archip , Camil Petrescu , Carol Ardeleanu , Ioan Alexandru Brătescu-Voinești , Vasile Demetrius , Mihail Dragomirescu , Victor Eftimiu , Elena Farago , Gala Galaction , Octavian Goga , Ion Minulescu , D. Nanu , Cincinat Pavelescu , Mihail Sadoveanu and Mihail Sorbul ; actresses Dida Solomon , Marioara Ventura and Marioara Voiculescu ; sculptor Ion Jalea and art collector Krikor Zambaccian . At around

2839-606: A large sum of money he had received as an advance on his planned novel Casa cu cinci fete ("The House with Five Girls"). The work had been rejected for its "ideological-political mistakes" and "plainly reactionary ideas" ( see Censorship in Communist Romania ). He was blacklisted again, but Crohmălniceanu obtained a partial clearing of his name in 1960. Aderca was allowed to publish in Contemporanul an homage to Arghezi, who had just been fully rehabilitated . In

3006-515: A livelihood to every man, woman, and child. The education of the individual, in addition to promoting his own innate abilities, would attempt to develop in him a sense of responsibility for his fellow men in place of the glorification of power and success in our present society. — Albert Einstein , " Why Socialism? ", 1949 Socialist economics starts from the premise that "individuals do not live or work in isolation but live in cooperation with one another. Furthermore, everything that people produce

3173-527: A maverick figure of the 1920s Romanian avant-garde scene. This suggestion was criticized by Perpessicius, who concluded that Urmuz was virtually unknown to the world by the time Aderca began writing his prose. Another guiding light in Aderca's work was French novelist Marcel Proust . Aderca, Benjamin Fondane and Mihai Ralea were among the first Romanian critics to review Proust's literary techniques. Among

3340-472: A more eclectic and influential venue, Bucharest 's Noua Revistă Română . The cycle of poems which saw print in that venue, marking his official debut as 1913, are collectively known as Panteism (" Pantheism "). Having also made his debut in Romanian drama with the printed version of his "theatrical paradox" Antractul ("The Intermission"), Aderca left for France during the same year. He attempted to start

3507-507: A new life in Paris, but was unsuccessful and only one year later returned to his homeland. During this interval, in March 1914, Noua Revistă Română published one of his early critical essays, marking the start of Aderca's flirtations with Symbolism in general and the local Symbolist circles in particular: În marginea poeziei simboliste ("On Symbolist Poetry"). For a while, he was tasked with

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3674-480: A personal level: the owner of a Peugot car, Aderca took his colleagues on weekend trips to Băneasa , or even into the Southern Carpathians . In the end, Aderca became what literary historian Ioana Pârvulescu describes as Lovinescu's "one true friend". Like other Sburătorists , he acted paternally toward his mentor's young daughter, Monica (herself known in later decades as a literary critic), and

3841-435: A public discussion (presided upon by philosopher Ion Petrovici and held inside a Lipscani cinema), tackling the international scandal sparked by D. H. Lawrence 's book Lady Chatterley's Lover , and, in more general terms, the degree of acceptance for both erotic literature and profane language . In the end, the participants found that they could agree on dropping some of the more rigid traditional conventions, including

4008-406: A result of contradictions in society due to technological changes in the productive forces. Lenin theorised that under capitalism the workers cannot achieve class consciousness beyond organising into trade unions and making demands of the capitalists. Therefore, Leninists argue that it is historically necessary for a vanguard of class conscious revolutionaries to take a central role in coordinating

4175-493: A road accident. Reintegrated into the Writers' Society, Aderca was a member of the panel which granted the 1946 National Prize for Prose Works to his former colleague Papadat-Bengescu. In his articles for Romanian papers, Aderca himself described this measure as a sign that Romania was returning to artistic and political normality, rewarding talent on a democratic rather than ethnic basis. Following Lovinescu's death, Aderca joined

4342-480: A specific historical phase that would displace capitalism and precede communism. The major characteristics of socialism (particularly as conceived by Marx and Engels after the Paris Commune of 1871) are that the proletariat would control the means of production through a workers' state erected by the workers in their interests. For orthodox Marxists , socialism is the lower stage of communism based on

4509-571: A storyteller in the Romantic tradition. Zalis also notes that such difficulties in assessing Aderca's stylistic category have to do with the single motivation of his protagonists, often an erotic one, which "circumscribes" their whole existence. Zalis sees Aderca's work as superficially indebted to the more naturalistic modernist school, through its vitalism , but ultimately "bookish" in character. With his literary theory, Aderca sought to import Western modernism, acclimatizing its diverse components to

4676-424: A study in comparative literature "), he spoke out against such branding, notably defending the artistic integrity of James Joyce and the sexual content of his novel Ulysses . At around the same time, he offered an enthusiastic reception to a similarly controversial work by young Romanian author Mircea Eliade , Isabel și apele diavolului , writing for Adevărul newspaper: "In a country of great culture, such

4843-546: A thread of experimental literature . In reference to such aspects, Constantin Cubleșan defined Aderca as "a permanent literary rebel, ever ready to contest anything and become enthusiastic, in equal measure, over anything, in fact searching for himself." Writing in 2005, Ștefan Borbély noted that much of this literature was commercial in nature, driven by the wish to assimilate fashionable themes. In contrast, Henri Zalis, who cites an earlier statement made by Vianu, finds Aderca to be

5010-412: A tremendous waste of material resources during crisis of overproduction . Excessive disparities in income distribution lead to social instability and require costly corrective measures in the form of redistributive taxation, which incurs heavy administrative costs while weakening the incentive to work, inviting dishonesty and increasing the likelihood of tax evasion while (the corrective measures) reduce

5177-533: Is alien to his work and only entered the lexicon of Marxism after his death". In Christian Europe , communists were believed to have adopted atheism . In Protestant England, communism was too close to the Roman Catholic communion rite , hence socialist was the preferred term. Engels wrote that in 1848, when The Communist Manifesto was published, socialism was respectable in Europe while communism

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5344-449: Is in some sense a social product, and everyone who contributes to the production of a good is entitled to a share in it. Society as whole, therefore, should own or at least control property for the benefit of all its members". The original conception of socialism was an economic system whereby production was organised in a way to directly produce goods and services for their utility (or use-value in classical and Marxian economics ), with

5511-458: Is only one way to eliminate these grave evils, namely through the establishment of a socialist economy, accompanied by an educational system which would be oriented toward social goals. In such an economy, the means of production are owned by society itself and are utilised in a planned fashion. A planned economy, which adjusts production to the needs of the community, would distribute the work to be done among all those able to work and would guarantee

5678-405: Is the accumulation of capital for reinvestment in production, but this spurs the development of new, non-productive industries that do not produce use-value and only exist to keep the accumulation process afloat (otherwise the system goes into crisis), such as the spread of the financial industry , contributing to the formation of economic bubbles. Such accumulation and reinvestment, when it demands

5845-418: Is the belief that socialists should stand in parliamentary elections within capitalist society and if elected use the machinery of government to pass political and social reforms for the purposes of ameliorating the instabilities and inequities of capitalism. Within socialism, reformism is used in two different ways. One has no intention of bringing about socialism or fundamental economic change to society and

6012-453: Is used to oppose such structural changes. The other is based on the assumption that while reforms are not socialist in themselves, they can help rally supporters to the cause of revolution by popularizing the cause of socialism to the working class. The debate on the ability for social democratic reformism to lead to a socialist transformation of society is over a century old. Reformism is criticized for being paradoxical as it seeks to overcome

6179-585: The 1944 Coup toppled Antonescu. The new governments appointed him head of Artistic Education within the Ministry of Arts , where he was kept until 1948. By January 1945, he was engaged in a polemic with George Călinescu . Focusing on Călinescu's mixed review of his novels, it was sparked by Aderca's article in Democrația gazette (titled Rondul de noapte , or "Night Watch"), and later rekindled by replies in newspapers such as Victoria and Națiunea Română . Aderca

6346-723: The All-Russian Communist Party , interpreting communism specifically to mean socialists who supported the politics and theories of Bolshevism , Leninism and later that of Marxism–Leninism , although communist parties continued to describe themselves as socialists dedicated to socialism. According to The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx , "Marx used many terms to refer to a post-capitalist society —positive humanism , socialism, communism, realm of free individuality, free association of producers , etc. He used these terms completely interchangeably. The notion that 'socialism' and 'communism' are distinct historical stages

6513-643: The Barașeum Jewish Theater before its grand opening. The context was exceptionally difficult for the Jewish ghetto , as the radically fascist Iron Guard set up its National Legionary government . Aderca's mission was aggravated by other issues: Marcel Janco , in charge of renovation, escaped to Palestine before the inauguration; in parallel, a conflict over the repertoire took place between lead actresses Leny Caler and Beate Fredanov , while Aderca's friend Sebastian declined interest in helping him manage

6680-583: The Constructivist artist Marcel Janco , was, its title notwithstanding, a homage to writers of several generations. It notably included an extended discussion between Aderca and Lovinescu, summarizing the compatibilities, and disagreements, between the two Sburătorists . Elsewhere, Aderca approaches Ion Barbu to discuss the principal stages in Barbu's poetry: Barbu rejects Aderca's calling his 1920s hermetics phase șaradistă (" charades -ist"), opening up

6847-811: The Front for Victory in Argentina, the PAIS Alliance in Ecuador, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front in El Salvador, Peru Wins in Peru, and the United Socialist Party of Venezuela , whose leader Hugo Chávez initiated what he called " Socialism of the 21st century ". Many mainstream democratic socialist and social democratic parties continued to drift right-wards. On the right of

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7014-606: The Hutterites are not usually called "utopian socialists", although their way of living is a prime example. They have been categorised as religious socialists by some. Similarly, modern intentional communities based on socialist ideas could also be categorised as "utopian socialist". For Marxists, the development of capitalism in Western Europe provided a material basis for the possibility of bringing about socialism because according to The Communist Manifesto "[w]hat

7181-479: The Industrial Revolution , including poverty, oppression, and vast wealth inequality . They viewed their society as harming community life by basing society on competition. They presented socialism as an alternative to liberal individualism based on the shared ownership of resources. Saint-Simon proposed economic planning , scientific administration and the application of scientific understanding to

7348-540: The Peruvian Aprista Party went from ruling party in 2011 to a minor party. The decline of these mainstream parties opened space for more radical and populist left parties in some countries, such as Spain's Podemos , Greece's Syriza (in government, 2015–19), Germany's Die Linke , and France's La France Insoumise . In other countries, left-wing revivals have taken place within mainstream democratic socialist and centrist parties, as with Jeremy Corbyn in

7515-616: The Soviet model of economic development and the creation of centrally planned economies directed by a state that owns all the means of production , although other trends condemned what they saw as the lack of democracy. The establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, saw socialism introduced. China experienced land redistribution and the Anti-Rightist Movement , followed by the disastrous Great Leap Forward . In

7682-570: The Stalinist era . Socialist realism was imposed under Stalin in artistic production and other creative industries such as music , film along with sports were subject to extreme levels of political control. The counter-cultural phenomenon which emerged in the 1960s shaped the intellectual and radical outlook of the New Left ; this movement placed a heavy emphasis on anti-racism , anti-imperialism and direct democracy in opposition to

7849-494: The dominant culture of advanced industrial capitalism . Socialist groups have also been closely involved with a number of counter-cultural movements such as Vietnam Solidarity Campaign , Stop the War Coalition , Love Music Hate Racism , Anti-Nazi League and Unite Against Fascism . The economic anarchy of capitalist society as it exists today is, in my opinion, the real source of the evil. ... I am convinced there

8016-522: The historical Jesus was deemed anti-Christian . Turning to literature, Froim pondered rallying with the traditionalist writers, who later became his ideological adversaries. The poems he sent to Sămănătorul magazine were sent back to him, but other pieces saw print in Sămănătorul ' s provincial satellite, Ramuri . Befriending the Craiova publisher Ralian Samitca (whose brother, Ignat Samitca,

8183-407: The means of production , as opposed to private ownership . It describes the economic , political , and social theories and movements associated with the implementation of such systems. Social ownership can take various forms, including public , community , collective , cooperative , or employee . As one of the main ideologies on the political spectrum , socialism is considered as

8350-452: The parable Muzică de balet ("Ballet Music"). It doubled as a comment on wartime antisemitism. According to Crohmălniceanu, Aderca's political nonconformity was already showing up in 1950, when the literary community began avoiding "as the plague". He spent part of 1951 at a Writers' Union vacation home in Sinaia , leaving behind a manuscript diary of his experiences. Although critical of

8517-596: The profit system. Market socialism retains the use of monetary prices, factor markets and sometimes the profit motive . As a political force, socialist parties and ideas exercise varying degrees of power and influence, heading national governments in several countries. Socialist politics have been internationalist and nationalist ; organised through political parties and opposed to party politics; at times overlapping with trade unions and other times independent and critical of them, and present in industrialised and developing nations. Social democracy originated within

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8684-458: The "fictitious world" of political ideology. Aderca's contribution to Romanian humor was highlighted by others among his contemporaries: one of them, memoirist Vlaicu Bârna , recalled his "causer's charm". Although acknowledged for its productivity, Aderca's writing career was seen by various critics as marked by inconsistencies and failures. One such voice from his own generation, Pompiliu Constantinescu , opined that Aderca's intelligence got in

8851-576: The 1915 volume Sânge închegat... note de război ("Dried Blood... Notes from the War"). Much of his press activity comprised pacifist and socialist opinion pieces, in which he condemned in equal terms the Entente countries and Central Powers . For a while, he displayed a Germanophile bias, arguing that the Central Powers were the more progressive of two sides and even contributing, in 1915, to

9018-455: The 1930s . In Literature and Revolution , Trotsky examined aesthetic issues in relation to class and the Russian revolution. Soviet scholar Robert Bird considered his work as the "first systematic treatment of art by a Communist leader" and a catalyst for later, Marxist cultural and critical theories. He would later co-author the 1938 Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art with

9185-410: The 19th century literary club Junimea . According to Crohmălniceanu, Lovinescu and Aderca both maintained a "cult" of Maiorescu, whom Mic tratat de estetică depicted as more of an anti-establishment character more than the conservative politico of other accounts. Overall, Aderca endorsed Lovinescu's synthesis of Junimism and modernism, known as "synchronism". Like Lovinescu, he spoke out against

9352-525: The Bolshevik-led revolution in Russia, many socialists including reformists , orthodox Marxist currents such as council communism , anarchists and libertarian socialists criticised the idea of using the state to conduct central planning and own the means of production as a way to establish socialism. Following the victory of Leninism in Russia, the idea of "state socialism" spread rapidly throughout

9519-543: The Craiova-based journal Năzuința , it argued that the movement had set the stage for innovation not just in art, but also in everyday life and in politics. For a while in 1923, he tried his hand at publishing his own magazine, titled Spre Ziuă ("Toward Daylight"). In tandem, Aderca embarked on a collaboration with Contimporanul , a vocal modernist venue published by poet Ion Vinea . It hosted Aderca's 1923 opoen letter to Romania's theater professionals. Written as

9686-509: The Expressionist "harvest" of early 1920s Romania (alongside works by Blaga, George Ciprian , Adrian Maniu and Isaia Răcăciuni ). He also cautions that, despite their modernism, all these texts "did not feature anything radical." While borrowing from Expressionist ideology and other products of modern German literature , Aderca adopted and promoted styles associated with the other new trends of Western Europe . A modernist colleague,

9853-620: The German political philosopher Ferdinand Lassalle . In contrast to Karl Marx's perspective of the state, Lassalle rejected the concept of the state as a class-based power structure whose main function was to preserve existing class structures. Lassalle also rejected the Marxist view that the state was destined to "wither away". Lassalle considered the state to be an entity independent of class allegiances and an instrument of justice that would therefore be essential for achieving socialism. Preceding

10020-531: The Germanophile tribune Seara . Nonetheless, Aderca was among the Jewish men drafted in the Romanian Army in the era before full emancipation, seeing action on the local theater and later serving in the war of 1919 against Soviet Hungary . His conduct under arms, deemed "heroic" by cultural historian Andrei Oișteanu , earned him a military decoration. As a civilian, Aderca was still close to

10187-593: The Latin sociare , which means to combine or to share. The related, more technical term in Roman and then medieval law was societas . This latter word could mean companionship and fellowship as well as the more legalistic idea of a consensual contract between freemen". Initial use of socialism was claimed by Pierre Leroux , who alleged he first used the term in the Parisian journal Le Globe in 1832. Leroux

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10354-506: The Romanian literary who's who. In support of this, he cites a 1936 essay by modernist writer and critic Eugène Ionesco . Having already attacked Aderca and other established voices in criticism with his 1934 pamphlet Nu ("No"), Ionesco concluded that Aderca had "the destiny of a journalist: his literary glory is condemned to be as ephemeral as it is diverse, and his name cannot be tied down to any somewhat important work". The many aspects of Aderca's work, critics suggest, are held together by

10521-474: The Romanian public. His first novel, titled Domnișoara din Str. Neptun ("Little Miss on Neptune Street"), saw print in 1921, and marked Aderca's definitive break with traditionalism. It was followed by a long line of other novels and novellas : Țapul ("The Goat", 1921), later reissued as Mireasa multiplă ("The Multiple Bride") and as Zeul iubirii ("The God of Love"); Moartea unei republici roșii ("The Death of

10688-474: The Silk Mask"). His activities as a cultural promoter opened the way for the recognition of other Romanian modernists. According to Crohmălniceanu, Aderca's efforts were important in formally establishing the reputation of poets Tudor Arghezi (whom Aderca viewed as the greatest of his lifetime) and Barbu. In the early 1920s, Aderca had sporadically contributed to the magazine Cuget Românesc , where Arghezi

10855-581: The UK, Herbert Morrison said that "socialism is what the Labour government does" whereas Aneurin Bevan argued socialism requires that the "main streams of economic activity are brought under public direction", with an economic plan and workers' democracy. Some argued that capitalism had been abolished. Socialist governments established the mixed economy with partial nationalisations and social welfare. By 1968,

11022-636: The United Kingdom and Bernie Sanders in the United States. Few of these radical left parties have won national government in Europe, while some more mainstream socialist parties have managed to, such as Portugal's Socialist Party . Bhaskar Sunkara , the founding editor of the American socialist magazine Jacobin , argued that the appeal of socialism persists due to the inequality and "tremendous suffering" under current global capitalism,

11189-527: The United States. He expanded his range as a journalist, collaborating on Petre Pandrea 's Cuvântul Liber , Ludo's Adam , and Discobolul (put out by Dan Petrașincu and Ieronim Șerbu ). In the late 1920s, Aderca became involved in the great debate opposing modernists and traditionalists over the issue of " pornography " in literature, both foreign (translated) and local. A 1931 article for Vremea , titled Pornografie? ("Pornography?") and subtitled Note pentru un studiu de literatură comparată ("Notes for

11356-662: The Writers' Society for being Jewish, Aderca spent some of the following period writing a biographical novel on Russian Emperor Peter the Great ; completed in 1940, it was titled Petru cel Mare: întâiul revoluționar-constructorul Rusiei , "Peter the Great: The Original Revolutionist, the Constructor of Russia". Later that year, Aderca was again in Bucharest, where he became artistic director of

11523-453: The accumulation of capital generates waste through externalities that require costly corrective regulatory measures. They also point out that this process generates wasteful industries and practices that exist only to generate sufficient demand for products such as high-pressure advertisement to be sold at a profit, thereby creating rather than satisfying economic demand. Socialists argue that capitalism consists of irrational activity, such as

11690-563: The anti-Entente intellectual circles: during the separate peace interval of 1918, he contributed to A. de Herz 's Germanophile newspaper Scena , but published only poetry and literary essays. After the war's end and the establishment of Greater Romania , Aderca returned to Craiova, where his wife Sanda Movilă (herself an aspiring writer, born Maria Ionescu in Argeș County ) gave birth to their son Marcel in January 1920. Later that year,

11857-457: The basis of society. Literature and art will be tuned to a different key. —Trotsky, Literature and Revolution , 1924 In the Leninist conception, the role of the vanguard party was to politically educate the workers and peasants to dispel the societal false consciousness of institutional religion and nationalism that constitute the cultural status quo taught by the bourgeoisie to

12024-539: The bourgeoisie produces above all is its own grave diggers", namely the working class, which must become conscious of the historical objectives set it by society. Revolutionary socialists believe that a social revolution is necessary to effect structural changes to the socioeconomic structure of society. Among revolutionary socialists there are differences in strategy, theory and the definition of revolution . Orthodox Marxists and left communists take an impossibilist stance, believing that revolution should be spontaneous as

12191-669: The classical novel. His friend Mihail Sebastian energetically disputed such assessments (Sebastian contrarily believed that Proust had in fact fortified an endangered classical genre); he also rejected Aderca's attempts to identify the real-life inspirations behind Proustian characters. Despite his own beginnings in provincial traditionalism, Aderca was mostly noted as a vocal critic of the current heralded by Sămănătorul and Ramuri . Like Eugen Lovinescu and other Sburătorul faction representatives, Aderca paid homage to an era of art for art's sake , an art that, as he put it, "must remain nude". In doing so, Aderca took some inspiration from

12358-495: The context of a future socialist society would amount to a distortion of these concepts by using them out of context. Utopian socialism is a term used to define the first currents of modern socialist thought as exemplified by the work of Henri de Saint-Simon , Charles Fourier and Robert Owen which inspired Karl Marx and other early socialists. Visions of imaginary ideal societies, which competed with revolutionary social democratic movements, were viewed as not being grounded in

12525-420: The critics, Crohmălniceanu argues that Proustian "formulas" and borrowings from James Joyce are the backbone of Aderca's fiction work, and announce later developments in Romanian modernism. The accuracy of Aderca's early pronouncements about In Search of Lost Time was much debated within the Romanian literary community. In essence, Aderca depicted Proust as a " Symbolist novelist" and a visionary subverter of

12692-465: The delayed edition of Revolte and the 1945 version of his collected writings (published in 1945 as Opere , "Works", and prefaced by Tudor Vianu ), he made his comeback with a 1947 volume of conversations on the art of ballet , while resuming his activities as a translator with versions of books by, among others, Vicki Baum , John Steinbeck and Egon Erwin Kisch . He also completed a new work in drama,

12859-506: The direct allocation of resources in terms of physical units as opposed to financial calculation and the economic laws of capitalism (see law of value ), often entailing the end of capitalistic economic categories such as rent , interest, profit and money. In a fully developed socialist economy, production and balancing factor inputs with outputs becomes a technical process to be undertaken by engineers. Market socialism refers to an array of different economic theories and systems that use

13026-751: The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Socialists have adopted the causes of other social movements such as environmentalism , feminism and progressivism . In 1990, the São Paulo Forum was launched by the Workers' Party (Brazil) , linking left-wing socialist parties in Latin America. Its members were associated with the Pink tide of left-wing governments on the continent in the early 21st century. Member parties ruling countries included

13193-473: The early 1960s, Aderca and Sanda Movilă were again frequenting the Writers' Union clubs. Aderca found himself snubbed by Arghezi, which upset him greatly. The controversy about his work was renewed in 1962. That year, ESPLA's new manager, Mihai Gafița , decided against publishing Aderca's three-volume biographical study on Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , on which the aging writer had reportedly been working since 1948. This reaction greatly upset Aderca. He appeal to

13360-619: The early 21st century. This phenomenon is known as Pasokification from the Greek party PASOK , which saw a declining share of the vote in national elections—from 43.9% in 2009 to 13.2% in May 2012, to 12.3% in June 2012 and 4.7% in 2015—due to its poor handling of the Greek government-debt crisis and implementation of harsh austerity measures. In Europe, the share of votes for such socialist parties

13527-468: The editor of Cuget Clar review and doyen of Romanian traditionalism, who branded Aderca as a purveyor of "sick" literature. At Cuvântul Liber , he defended in effigy the classic of Romanian cosmopolitanism and literary realism, Ion Luca Caragiale , from attacks by the modern traditionalist, N. Davidescu (whom Aderca dismissed as a "sanguinary reactionary"). In 1932, Aderca, together with fellow novelists Camil Petrescu and Liviu Rebreanu , took part in

13694-488: The emergence of the Soviet Union as the world's first nominally socialist state led to socialism's widespread association with the Soviet economic model , academics have noted that some Western European countries have been governed by socialist parties or have mixed economies that are sometimes called " democratic socialist ". Following the revolutions of 1989 , many of these countries moved away from socialism as

13861-598: The endorsement of prominent artists Andre Breton and Diego Rivera . Trotsky's writings on literature such as his 1923 survey which advocated tolerance, limited censorship and respect for literary tradition had strong appeal to the New York Intellectuals . Prior to Stalin's rule, literary, religious and national representatives had some level of autonomy in Soviet Russia throughout the 1920s but these groups were later rigorously repressed during

14028-528: The existing economic system of capitalism while trying to improve the conditions of capitalism, thereby making it appear more tolerable to society. According to Rosa Luxemburg , capitalism is not overthrown, "but is on the contrary strengthened by the development of social reforms". In a similar vein, Stan Parker of the Socialist Party of Great Britain argues that reforms are a diversion of energy for socialists and are limited because they must adhere to

14195-405: The extension of freedom and equality in society. Many forms of socialist theory hold that human behaviour is largely shaped by the social environment. In particular, socialism holds that social mores , values, cultural traits and economic practices are social creations and not the result of an immutable natural law. The object of their critique is thus not human avarice or human consciousness, but

14362-467: The family settled in Bucharest, where Aderca was appointed to a civil service office within the Ministry of Labor (an office he kept until 1940). He was collaborating with another poet, Benjamin Fondane , preparing lectures on various literary subjects to complement Fondane's projects for the stage. In parallel, he carried on with his literary activity, publishing a large number of books in quick succession and, in some cases, with significant success among

14529-408: The first section of a more theoretical writing, Idei și oameni ("Ideas and People"). Felix Aderca's new life in Bucharest brought his affiliation to the modernist circle and magazine Sburătorul . Reportedly, he was among the privileged members of this club—that is, those whose opinions were treasured by its leader Eugen Lovinescu ; according to literary historian Ovid Crohmălniceanu , he assumed

14696-693: The former became a shoe salesman in Milan , Italy, the latter an accountant in Israel. After completing his primary education at the local school, Froim spent the remainder of his childhood years in the southwestern city of Craiova and in rural Oltenia . Avram set up a new business in partnership with the State Tobacco Monopoly, while Froim attended the Carol I High School . He was soon expelled from all state-funded lyceums, after his school-paper on

14863-517: The great causes." Aderca's other activity, as a translator, produced versions of Romain Rolland 's The Humble Life of the Hero and The Precursors (both 1924), as well as of texts by Stefan Zweig (1926). He also translated Karel Čapek 's R. U. R. (1926), and Barbusse's Under Fire (1935). Aderca's advocacy of Lovinescu's ideas, with its critique of didacticism and political command in art,

15030-606: The highest authority, Communist Party leader Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej , asking him to reassess the text's ideological substance. He noted that another one of his texts, a reportage piece about workers in the Magyar Autonomous Region , was also being ignored by Gafița. As early as 1956, Aderca was displaying signs of a neurological disorder. Diagnosed with a brain tumor , he died before the ESPLA matter could be settled. In accordance with his dying request, his body

15197-408: The human spirit.", adding that "While it promised prosperity, equality, and security, it delivered poverty, misery, and tyranny." Some in the scientific community have suggested that a contemporary radical response to social and ecological problems could be seen in the emergence of movements associated with degrowth , eco-socialism and eco-anarchism . Early socialist thought took influences from

15364-436: The issues posed by Romania's judicial system, while A fost odată un imperiu ("There Once Was an Empire", 1939) was in part a historical novel about the decline and fall of Imperial Russia . In early 1938, soon after the antisemitic political partners Octavian Goga and A. C. Cuza formed a new cabinet, Aderca found himself directly exposed to political repercussions. While all Jewish non-veterans were being expelled from

15531-567: The last third of the 19th century parties dedicated to Democratic socialism arose in Europe, drawing mainly from Marxism . The Australian Labor Party was the first elected socialist party when it formed government in the Colony of Queensland for a week in 1899. In the first half of the 20th century, the Soviet Union and the communist parties of the Third International around the world, came to represent socialism in terms of

15698-541: The late 20th and early 21st centuries. Froim Aderca hailed from the northwestern historical region of Moldavia , his native village being Puiești , Tutova County (now in Vaslui County ). He was one of five children born to merchant Avram Adercu and his wife Debora Perlmutter, his family being in the minority group of Jews to whom Romania had granted political emancipation . Among his siblings were Leon and Victor, both of whom followed in their father's footsteps:

15865-672: The liberties she took with the Romanian language , and especially her barbarisms . Although he repeatedly stated his admiration for the maverick poet Al. T. Stamatiad (who clashed with Lovinescu during Sburătorul sessions), the two men quarreled over Aderca's admiration for Barbusse. Aderca's own affiliation to the Sburătorul circle was loose and his interests more diverse than those of his mentor Lovinescu. Crohmălniceanu, who speaks of Aderca's "fertile agitation", also notes that Aderca divided himself among venues, breaking "countless lances in

16032-407: The literary critic Perpessicius , noted that Aderca was one of Romania's writers most inspired by psychoanalysis , at a time when Romanians were just learning about its existence. Crohmălniceanu also drew attention to Aderca's adoption of internal monologues . Aderca's unconventional style, like those of Ion Călugăru , Ion Vinea or Maniu, was associated by some with the trademark style of Urmuz ,

16199-407: The logic of capitalism. French social theorist André Gorz criticized reformism by advocating a third alternative to reformism and social revolution that he called " non-reformist reforms ", specifically focused on structural changes to capitalism as opposed to reforms to improve living conditions within capitalism or to prop it up through economic interventions. Under Socialism, solidarity will be

16366-403: The long run. Marxists argue that the establishment of a socialist mode of production is the only way to overcome these deficiencies. Socialists and specifically Marxian socialists argue that the inherent conflict of interests between the working class and capital prevent optimal use of available human resources and leads to contradictory interest groups (labour and business) striving to influence

16533-536: The magazine's literary column, and, in this context, began a publicized polemic with the traditionalist critic (and fellow emancipated Jew) Ion Trivale . Other texts he authored were published in Versuri și Proză , a periodical issued in Iași city, one most often associated with the last wave of Romanian Symbolism. Having witnessed the outbreak of World War I even before Romania joined in, Aderca recorded his experience in

16700-785: The market mechanism to organise production and to allocate factor inputs among socially owned enterprises, with the economic surplus (profits) accruing to society in a social dividend as opposed to private capital owners. Variations of market socialism include libertarian proposals such as mutualism , based on classical economics, and neoclassical economic models such as the Lange model . Some economists, such as Joseph Stiglitz , Mancur Olson , and others not specifically advancing anti-socialists positions have shown that prevailing economic models upon which such democratic or market socialism models might be based have logical flaws or unworkable presuppositions. These criticisms have been incorporated into

16867-448: The masses for raising the standards of education , as well as entry into the cultural sphere, but that the process of artistic creation in terms of language and presentation should be the domain of the practitioner. According to political scientist Baruch Knei-Paz in his book The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky , this represented one of several distinctions between Trotsky's approach on cultural matters and Stalin's policy in

17034-456: The material conditions and man-made social systems (i.e. the economic structure of society) which give rise to observed social problems and inefficiencies. Bertrand Russell , often considered to be the father of analytic philosophy, identified as a socialist. Russell opposed the class struggle aspects of Marxism, viewing socialism solely as an adjustment of economic relations to accommodate modern machine production to benefit all of humanity through

17201-488: The material conditions of society and as reactionary. Although it is technically possible for any set of ideas or any person living at any time in history to be a utopian socialist, the term is most often applied to those socialists who lived in the first quarter of the 19th century who were ascribed the label "utopian" by later socialists as a negative term to imply naivete and dismiss their ideas as fanciful or unrealistic. Religious sects whose members live communally such as

17368-412: The material productive forces (in industry and commerce) brought into existence by capitalism predicated a cooperative society since production had become a mass social, collective activity of the working class to create commodities but with private ownership (the relations of production or property relations). This conflict between collective effort in large factories and private ownership would bring about

17535-415: The means of production by capitalists and consequently, overthrowing the state that upheld this economic order. For Marx and Engels, conditions determine consciousness and ending the role of the capitalist class leads eventually to a classless society in which the state would wither away . Marx and Engels used the terms socialism and communism interchangeably, but many later Marxists defined socialism as

17702-460: The most important sexually-themed Romanian texts of Aderca's generation. At the center of a major scandal, Al doilea amant resulted, some four years later, in Aderca's arrest on charges on pornography. Aderca was thus the last alleged pornographer to be taken in custody among a wave of modernist authors: directly preceding him were Geo Bogza and H. Bonciu , the former of whom publicly defended himself and his colleagues with statements than none of

17869-509: The name of modernism". Lovinescu himself, reflecting back on the period of Sburătorist beginnings, recalled that Aderca acted less as a critic, and more as a militant "theorist of [Aderca's] own aesthetics." Together with fellow Sburătorist poet Ion Barbu , but contrary to Lovinescu's tastes, Aderca was promoting modernism in the form of jazz music and jazz poetry : in 1921, together with Fondane and critic Tudor Vianu , they entertained an African American jazz singer named Miriam Barca, who

18036-411: The natural and social worlds could be understood through scientific knowledge and be analysed using scientific methods. The fundamental objective of socialism is to attain an advanced level of material production and therefore greater productivity, efficiency and rationality as compared to capitalism and all previous systems, under the view that an expansion of human productive capability is the basis for

18203-418: The old social relations of production of capitalism that would generate contradictions, leading to working-class consciousness. Marx and Engels held the view that the consciousness of those who earn a wage or salary (the working class in the broadest Marxist sense) would be moulded by their conditions of wage slavery , leading to a tendency to seek their freedom or emancipation by overthrowing ownership of

18370-507: The old regime and compliant with the official dogma, it described the place as a run-down refuge for literary failures, desperate to assimilate the tenets of socialist realism , and allowing themselves to be closely monitored by political supervisors. The final portion of Aderca's work, which covers the period after the establishment of a Romanian communist regime , is focused on children's literature , as well as on biographical and adventure novels (or, according to Crohmălniceanu, "books for

18537-545: The one driving "the boorish carts of Sămănătorism ". In Aderca's view, the leftist traditionalists emerging from the Poporanist faction were just as wrong in demanding the application of a "national criterion" in art. He stated this objection in a publicized polemic with the Poporanist doyen Garabet Ibrăileanu : "I do not know if [Romanian cultural products] are not in essence, at the stage where culture has penetrated,

18704-621: The organisation of society. By contrast, Robert Owen proposed to organise production and ownership via cooperatives . Socialism is also attributed in France to Marie Roch Louis Reybaud while in Britain it is attributed to Owen, who became one of the fathers of the cooperative movement . The definition and usage of socialism settled by the 1860s, with the term socialist replacing associationist , co-operative , mutualist and collectivist , which had been used as synonyms, while

18871-702: The other Jewish Romanian literary people and journalists were mentioned on a censorship list compiled by the Antonescu government, their works officially banned. Among those who still visited Aderca's home near the Cișmigiu Gardens was Sebastian, who also worked at the Onescu private school, and Lovinescu, before his untimely death. Following his expulsion from the Writers' Society, Aderca lost his financial backbone. According to poet Virgil Carianopol , he relied on help from fellow writer Marius Mircu (known to him by

19038-430: The overall efficiency of the market economy. These corrective policies limit the incentive system of the market by providing things such as minimum wages , unemployment insurance , taxing profits and reducing the reserve army of labour , resulting in reduced incentives for capitalists to invest in more production. In essence, social welfare policies cripple capitalism and its incentive system and are thus unsustainable in

19205-457: The pen name G. M. Vlădescu ), whose estate and revenue was distributed among a host a marginalized artists. In August 1941, the antisemitic policies endorsed by Antonescu exposed Aderca to the risk of internment in a labor camp for Jewish prisoners. He received official notice to present himself for deportation, but, owing to his World War I military record, he was eventually granted a reprieve. Aderca resumed his cultural activities shortly after

19372-411: The practice of self-censorship , while Aderca himself publicized his praise for Lawrence's "unparalleled poetic moment". The following year, he completed work on a novel directly inspired by Lawrence: Al doilea amant al doamnei Chatterley ("Lady Chatterley's Second Lover"), called "an unsettling remake" by literary historian Ștefan Borbély , and retrospectively listed by critic Gheorghe Grigurcu among

19539-416: The press organ of Alexandru Averescu 's People's Party . In addition to signing with his name or initials (capitalized or not), Aderca used a variety of pseudonyms, including Willy , W. and Oliver , A. Tutova , Clifford Moore , F. Lix , Lix , and N. Popov . He was also using the names Masca de fier ("The Iron Mask"), Masca de catifea ("The Velvet Mask") and Omul cu mască de mătase ("The Man with

19706-428: The principle of "from each according to his ability, to each according to his contribution ", while upper stage communism is based on the principle of " from each according to his ability, to each according to his need ", the upper stage becoming possible only after the socialist stage further develops economic efficiency and the automation of production has led to a superabundance of goods and services. Marx argued that

19873-481: The productive forces and technology was the basis for the expansion of human freedom and that socialism, being a system that is consistent with modern developments in technology, would enable the flourishing of "free individualities" through the progressive reduction of necessary labour time. The reduction of necessary labour time to a minimum would grant individuals the opportunity to pursue the development of their true individuality and creativity. Socialists argue that

20040-442: The progressive reduction of necessary work time. Socialists view creativity as an essential aspect of human nature and define freedom as a state of being where individuals are able to express their creativity unhindered by constraints of both material scarcity and coercive social institutions. The socialist concept of individuality is intertwined with the concept of individual creative expression. Karl Marx believed that expansion of

20207-598: The proletariat to facilitate their economic exploitation of peasants and workers. Influenced by Lenin, the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party stated that the development of the socialist workers' culture should not be "hamstrung from above" and opposed the Proletkult (1917–1925) organisational control of the national culture. Similarly, Trotsky viewed the party as transmitters of culture to

20374-493: The prolonged Vietnam War gave rise to the New Left , socialists who tended to be critical of the Soviet Union and social democracy . Anarcho-syndicalists and some elements of the New Left and others favoured decentralised collective ownership in the form of cooperatives or workers' councils . In 1989, the Soviet Union saw the end of communism , marked by the Revolutions of 1989 across Eastern Europe , culminating in

20541-425: The proximity of writers such as Gib Mihăescu and George Mihail Zamfirescu . Expressionist distortions, he notes, are used by Aderca only where they can suggest a "second level" of the narrative. Cubleșan explains Aderca's " utopian " works as inherently Expressionistic, "evading the terrifying concreteness of immediate reality". Additionally, literary historian Paul Cernat places Aderca's 1923 play, Sburătorul , in

20708-531: The public service, Labor Minister Gheorghe Cuza issued an order to have Aderca sent on disciplinary reassignment to a remote city, either Cernăuți or Chișinău . The measure, which implied that Aderca would be forced to leave his wife and son behind, sparked a public protest from writer Zaharia Stancu . He denounced the hypocrisy of persecuting a Jew who had "done his duty in full" during the war, whereas Premier Goga had no military record to speak of. Jewish writer Mihail Sebastian also recorded, in his Journal ,

20875-420: The public. At a certain stage of development, the material productive forces of society come into conflict with the existing relations of production or—this merely expresses the same thing in legal terms—with the property relations within the framework of which they have operated hitherto. Then begins an era of social revolution. The changes in the economic foundation lead sooner or later to the transformation of

21042-447: The purchasing of commodities only to sell at a later time when their price appreciates, rather than for consumption, even if the commodity cannot be sold at a profit to individuals in need and therefore a crucial criticism often made by socialists is that "making money", or accumulation of capital, does not correspond to the satisfaction of demand (the production of use-values ). The fundamental criterion for economic activity in capitalism

21209-574: The remaining years leading up World War II , Aderca was centering his interest on political themes. It was at this stage that he wrote 1916 , a novel largely dedicated to Romania's World War I defeats , first printed on their 20th anniversary (1936). In 1937, Editura Vremea also issued the first complete edition of Orașele înecate , revealing him as the man behind the Palmantini surname. Revolte ("Revolts"), first published in 1945 but, according to Aderca's own statement, completed in 1938, explored

21376-400: The requirements set by the communist regime , lived his final years in obscurity. Married to the poet and novelist Sanda Movilă , Aderca was also noted for his networking inside the interwar literary community, being the interviewer of other writers and the person behind several collective journalistic projects. Interest in the various aspects of his own literary contribution was rekindled in

21543-498: The role of the capitalist becomes redundant. With no need for capital accumulation and a class of owners, private property in the means of production is perceived as being an outdated form of economic organisation that should be replaced by a free association of individuals based on public or common ownership of these socialised assets. Private ownership imposes constraints on planning, leading to uncoordinated economic decisions that result in business fluctuations, unemployment and

21710-435: The sadness of seeing how, "after two wars and twenty books", the middle-aged Aderca was being sent away from the capital and being reduced to a precarious existence "as a reprisal." Sebastian added: "I read a letter he sent to his wife: no laments, almost no bitterness." Aderca was then ordered to yet another corner of the country, in the town of Lugoj , before being stripped of his clerk post altogether. Although expelled from

21877-496: The same as those [of peripheral regions] where the iron man of European civilization walks with a heavy stride." He ridiculed the didacticism of other writers, dismissing them with terms borrowed from Ion Luca Caragiale : they were "firemen-citizens and citizens-firemen". Socialism This is an accepted version of this page Socialism is an economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of

22044-482: The same time, Aderca reviewed the works of Benjamin Fondane, prompted by Fondane's success in France. His recollections about Insula and his summary of Fondane's schooling were corrected by Fondane himself, who was somewhat irritated by the affair (the poet's reply was published in 1930 in Adam , a magazine put out by Isac Ludo ). Despite such disagreements, Aderca and Fondane were still corresponding frequently, and Aderca

22211-456: The social revolution to overthrow the capitalist state and eventually the institution of the state altogether. Revolution is not necessarily defined by revolutionary socialists as violent insurrection, but as a complete dismantling and rapid transformation of all areas of class society led by the majority of the masses: the working class. Reformism is generally associated with social democracy and gradualist democratic socialism . Reformism

22378-749: The socialist movement and eventually state socialism came to be identified with the Soviet economic model . Joseph Schumpeter rejected the association of socialism and social ownership with state ownership over the means of production because the state as it exists in its current form is a product of capitalist society and cannot be transplanted to a different institutional framework. Schumpeter argued that there would be different institutions within socialism than those that exist within modern capitalism, just as feudalism had its own distinct and unique institutional forms. The state, along with concepts like property and taxation, were concepts exclusive to commercial society (capitalism) and attempting to place them within

22545-422: The socialist movement, supporting economic and social interventions to promote social justice . While retaining socialism as a long-term goal, in the post-war period social democracy embraced a mixed economy based on Keynesianism within a predominantly developed capitalist market economy and liberal democratic polity that expands state intervention to include income redistribution , regulation , and

22712-687: The socialist movement, the Progressive Alliance was founded in 2013 by current or former members of the Socialist International . The organisation states the aim of becoming the global network of "the progressive , democratic , social-democratic , socialist and labour movement ". Mainstream social democratic and socialist parties are also networked in Europe in the Party of European Socialists formed in 1992. Many of these parties lost large parts of their electoral base in

22879-583: The stage, Sburătorul (named, like the magazine, in reference to the Zburător myths in Romanian folklore ). His growing sympathy for Expressionist drama, or "abstract theater", was also expressed in a set of articles for Rampa . Published from 1924 to 1925, these documented, alongside Aderca's admiration for the plays of Frank Wedekind , his appreciation for the Romanian Expressionists Lucian Blaga and Adrian Maniu . Aderca

23046-463: The standard left-wing ideology in most countries. Types of socialism vary based on the role of markets and planning in resource allocation, and the structure of management in organizations. Socialist systems divide into non-market and market forms. A non-market socialist system seeks to eliminate the perceived inefficiencies, irrationalities, unpredictability , and crises that socialists traditionally associate with capital accumulation and

23213-402: The state to intervene in the economy in their favour at the expense of overall economic efficiency. Early socialists ( utopian socialists and Ricardian socialists ) criticised capitalism for concentrating power and wealth within a small segment of society. In addition, they complained that capitalism does not use available technology and resources to their maximum potential in the interests of

23380-489: The task of popularizing the anti-traditionalist and Sburătorist ideology with an intensity matched only by critics Vladimir Streinu and Pompiliu Constantinescu . A similar verdict comes from one of Lovinescu's contemporaries and rivals, the literary historian George Călinescu : "[Aderca] was one of those with the courage of taking an immediate stance, to which the master of the house [Lovinescu] would subsequently add his signature and his seals". According to Marcel Aderca, it

23547-439: The term communism fell out of use during this period. An early distinction between communism and socialism was that the latter aimed to only socialise production while the former aimed to socialise both production and consumption (in the form of free access to final goods). By 1888, Marxists employed socialism in place of communism as the latter had come to be considered an old-fashioned synonym for socialism . It

23714-478: The theater. The January 1941 Rebellion , when Romania's authoritarian leader Ion Antonescu was confronted by a violent rising of his Iron Guard partners, made Aderca a victim of the parallel Bucharest pogrom . Sebastian's Journal claims that Aderca was "almost comical in his naiveté": instead of hiding from the Guard's murderous rampage, Aderca had walked into a Guardist meeting house "in search of information",

23881-552: The traditionalist brakes on Westernization , and proposing an even fuller integration with Western culture . Some who witnessed first-hand the debates at Sburătorul suggest that Aderca's ideas on poetics greatly influenced the group's ideology, while fitting into Lovinescu's greater theoretical scheme. Such ideas placed Aderca squarely against the voices of traditionalism, whether right- or left-wing . His attack on right-wing traditionalists featured sarcastic remarks, for instance referring to historian and critic Nicolae Iorga as

24048-422: The undecided Aderca exposed to criticism from both sides. His contributions were hosted by several new magazines of the interwar, including Liviu Rebreanu 's Mișcarea Literară , where, in 1925, Aderca notably published an introduction to the writings of German dramatist Georg Kaiser . This period witnessed the incorporation of Expressionism into his literary work, an early result of this being his 1923 text for

24215-406: The use of wage labor "which rests on the exploitation and domination of humans by other humans," and ecological crises, such as climate change . In contrast, Mark J. Perry of the conservative American Enterprise Institute (AEI) argued that despite socialism's resurgence, it is still "a flawed system based on completely faulty principles that aren't consistent with human behavior and can't nurture

24382-528: The way of his sensitivity, hampering his style. Decades later, literary critic Constantin Cubleșan spoke of Aderca as one of several interwar authors who incorporated modernist influences, in a wide variety of literary genres, "without ever really deepening any"; Aderca's contribution brings together "parabolic conflicts" and " naturalism ", at the risk of blandness. He sees Aderca as the "underachieving virtuoso" with an "undecided place" in culture. Cubleșan believes that, despite Aderca's fecundity, he never made

24549-491: The whole immense superstructure. —Karl Marx, Critique of the Gotha Program Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels argued that socialism would emerge from historical necessity as capitalism rendered itself obsolete and unsustainable from increasing internal contradictions emerging from the development of the productive forces and technology. It was these advances in the productive forces combined with

24716-531: The working title X-O. Romanul viitorului ("X-O. A Novel of the Future"), were signed with the pen name Leone Palmantini . A faux biographical note introduced him as an Italian national with a keen interest in Romania. Two years later, Aderca's various biographical sketches of 19th- and 20th-century personalities came out as Oameni excepționali ("Exceptional People"), followed in 1935 by his essay on modern life in

24883-407: The works incriminated had been printed in more than 500 copies. The 1937 clampdown was celebrated by the far-right and traditionalist press, and notably so by critic Ovidiu Papadima 's articles in the fascist paper Sfarmă-Piatră . Similarly, Iorga's nationalist magazines Cuget Clar and Neamul Românesc signaled Aderca as one of the ten Romanian authors worthy of an official blacklisting. In

25050-628: The youth, romanticized biographies and historical-adventure evocations"). These volumes include the 1955 book În valea marelui fluviu ("Along the Great River's Valley"), a 1957 biography of Christopher Columbus and the 1958 Jurnalul lui Andrei Hudici ("The Diary of Andrei Hudici"), and a narrative set in Peter the Great's Russia ( Un călăreț pierdut în stepă , "A Rider Lost in the Steppe "). Partly motivated by ideological commands, he also contributed

25217-468: Was cremated and the ashes were scattered into the Black Sea by his widow and son. Starting in the 1920s, Aderca earned the critics' attention with the frequency of his contributions and combative stances. Writing in 1945, Tudor Vianu described him as the local " encyclopédiste ", suggesting that reviewing Aderca's entire work would take a lifetime. Literary historian Henri Zalis notes that Aderca

25384-461: Was Lovinescu who gave his father the first name Felix , although the writer himself continued to exclusively use the shortened signature F. Aderca . By 1927, the writer was also directly involved in publishing the eponymous tribune, serving as a member of its editorial board and contributing its regular book review column. Increasingly, the relationships between the Sburătorists were transposed on

25551-441: Was a follower of Henri de Saint-Simon , one of the founders of what would later be labelled utopian socialism . Socialism contrasted with the liberal doctrine of individualism that emphasized the moral worth of the individual while stressing that people act or should act as if they are in isolation from one another. The original utopian socialists condemned this doctrine of individualism for failing to address social concerns during

25718-735: Was also among those who saluted the Expressionist Vilna Troupe , giving his endorsement to their rendition of Nikolai Gogol 's Marriage . Other texts by Aderca saw print in Punct (a provincial satellite of Contimporanul , founded and edited by Scarlat Callimachi ), and in Omul Liber daily, where, in 1923, he denounced novelist Cezar Petrescu for having plagiarized the writings of Guy de Maupassant . His ideas on Jewish community life saw print in Lumea Evree ,

25885-431: Was an editor. By 1928, he became co-editor of Arghezi's humorous sheet Bilete de Papagal , one of several Jewish Romanian writers who were among Arghezi's dedicated promoters. In parallel, his contribution as a protector of the Romanian avant-garde was being acknowledged by some of its members, and noted by the aspiring author Jacques G. Costin . Costin addressed him in 1932: "You are kind and you have much perspired for

26052-668: Was at its 70-year lowest in 2015. For example, the Socialist Party , after winning the 2012 French presidential election , rapidly lost its vote share, the Social Democratic Party of Germany 's fortunes declined rapidly from 2005 to 2019, and outside Europe the Israeli Labor Party fell from being the dominant force in Israeli politics to 4.43% of the vote in the April 2019 Israeli legislative election , and

26219-415: Was concerned, there is nothing in principle in economic theory that precludes an economic order based on socialist policies" and promoted substituting capitalist businesses with worker cooperatives . While democrats looked to the Revolutions of 1848 as a democratic revolution which in the long run ensured liberty, equality, and fraternity , Marxists denounced it as a betrayal of working-class ideals by

26386-628: Was described as Aderca's first literary sponsor), Aderca published several other works in book format. In 1910, he issued the political essay Naționalism? Libertatea de a ucide ("Nationalism? The Freedom to Kill", published under the pen name Oliver Willy ) and the first of his several collections of lyric poetry : Motive și simfonii ("Motifs and Symphonies"). In 1912, he followed up with four separate volumes of verse: Stihuri venerice ("Poems to Venus "), Fragmente ("Fragments"), Reverii sculptate ("Sculptured Reveries") and Prin lentile negre ("Through Black Lenses"). His works were by then featured in

26553-627: Was even approached to arrange Fondane's return visit Romania (planned during Fondane's second stay in Argentina). Aderca's next contributions as a novelist came in 1932, when he completed the fantasy volume Aventurile D-lui Ionel Lăcustă-Termidor ("The Adventures of Mr. Ionel Lăcustă-Termidor") and published, in two consecutive issues of Realitatea Ilustrată magazine, the first fragments of his science fiction work, Orașele înecate ("The Drowned Cities"), later known as Orașe scufundate ("Submerged Cities"). Originally, these pieces, grouped under

26720-542: Was in contact with a younger author, Ion Biberi , who published their conversations as a chapter of his volume Lumea de mâine ("The World of Tomorrow"). Aderce received several honors, including a Knighthood of the Meritul Cultural Order, and work began on a definitive edition of his works. In May 1945, he represented the Ministry of Arts at the funeral of his friend Sebastian, who had been killed in

26887-432: Was kidnapped and beaten up, but released just as others in the makeshift prison were being killed. Barașeum opened, under new management, a month later. After new antisemitic legislation expelled Jews from the civil service and the education system ( see Romania during World War II , Holocaust in Romania ), Aderca found employment as a lecturer in aesthetics at the private Jewish school of Marcu Onescu. He, Sebastian and

27054-667: Was not until after the Bolshevik Revolution that socialism was appropriated by Vladimir Lenin to mean a stage between capitalism and communism. He used it to defend the Bolshevik program from Marxist criticism that Russia's productive forces were not sufficiently developed for communism. The distinction between communism and socialism became salient in 1918 after the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party renamed itself to

27221-729: Was not. The Owenites in England and the Fourierists in France were considered respectable socialists while working-class movements that "proclaimed the necessity of total social change" denoted themselves communists . This branch of socialism produced the communist work of Étienne Cabet in France and Wilhelm Weitling in Germany. British moral philosopher John Stuart Mill discussed a form of economic socialism within free market. In later editions of his Principles of Political Economy (1848), Mill posited that "as far as economic theory

27388-491: Was present at her baptism. In June 1926, he even contributed to an anthology of poems written in her honor ( Versuri pentru Monica , or "Verse for Monica"). In other contexts, the gatherings could highlight conflicts between the various members, Aderca and Lovinescu included. As literary chronicler, Aderca stood out for his negative comments on the novels of his Sburătorul colleague, Hortensia Papadat-Bengescu : while acknowledging her glimpses of literary greatness, he criticized

27555-464: Was the connecting element of the essays he published in 1929: Mic tratat de estetică sau lumea văzută estetic ("A Concise Tract on Aesthetics or The World Seen in Aesthetic Terms"). Also that year, Aderca compiled interviews with literary figures, intellectuals and artists, under the title Mărturia unei generații ("A Generation's Testimony"). The book, illustrated with ink portraits drawn by

27722-663: Was visiting Romania (the experience influenced some of Barbu's poetry). In 1922, he helped Fondane publish his collected essays, Imagini și cărți din Franța ("Images and Books from France"), with Editura Socec. By this phase in his career, Aderca was establishing his reputation as a magazine columnist and theater chronicler, one particularly interested in the development of modernism in Weimar Germany and in Italy. His 1922 articles include an overview of Italian Futurism . Published in

27889-433: Was well liked for his "extreme feverishness", adopting so many literary that his colleagues were inevitably eclipsed: "we find in Aderca the rural and the urban epics, the erotic annotation and the obsessive fixation, the tribulation of a mindset as much as the traumatic drunkenness." George Călinescu saw in Aderca a "humorist" of "subtle reserve" and "decent sarcasm", who could nevertheless veer into uncritical enthusiasm for

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