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35-781: Adrar (in Tifinagh script "ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ"), a Berber word meaning "mountain", is the name of several areas in Northwest Africa: Algeria [ edit ] Adrar, Algeria , a town in Algeria Adrar Province , an administrative division of Algeria Adrar District , a district of Adrar Province, Algeria Adrar Afao , the highest peak in the Tassili n'Ajjer range in SE Algeria Adrar n Jerjer ,

70-548: A different (and probably older) verb ari ~ aru ~ ara 'to write'. Before or during the existence of the ancient Berber kingdoms of Numidia (northern Algeria) and Mauretania (northern Morocco), between 202 BCE–25 BCE, many inscriptions were engraved using the Libyco-Berber script , also known as Ancient Libyan ( libyque ). The Libyco-Berber script is found in thousands of stone inscriptions and engravings throughout Morocco, northern Algeria, Tunisia, northern Libya and

105-701: A mountain range of the Tell Atlas Mauritania [ edit ] Adrar Plateau , a natural and historical region of the Sahara in Mauritania Adrar Region , an administrative division of Mauritania Mali [ edit ] Adrar des Ifoghas , a massif in the Kidal Region of Mali [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with

140-639: Is a double line, ||, and n a single line, |, the sequence nn may be written |/ to differentiate it from l . Similarly, ln is ||/, nl |//, ll ||//, nnn |/|, etc. Traditionally, the Tifinagh script does not indicate vowels except word-finally, where a single dot stands for any vowel (or ⵢ and ⵓ for -i and -u, respectively, in Ahaggar Tifinagh). In some areas, Arabic vowel diacritics are combined with Tifinagh letters to transcribe vowels, or y, w may be used for long ī and ū . Neo-Tifinagh

175-566: Is also uncertain, but it is no older than the first millennium BCE, with the oldest remains likely originating from the 6th century BCE. It disappeared in the northernmost areas of North Africa during the 8th century, after the Arab conquest of the Maghreb , Libyco-Berber along with Latin being replaced by the Arabic script. The Libyco-Berber script was a pure abjad ; it had no vowels. Gemination

210-587: Is an abjad writing system that was used during the first millennium BC by various Berber peoples of North Africa and the Canary Islands , to write ancient varieties of the Berber language like the Numidian language in ancient North Africa. The Libyco-Berber script is found in thousands of stone inscriptions and engravings throughout Morocco , northern Algeria , Tunisia , northern Libya and

245-404: Is not indicated in Tifinagh. The letter t , ⵜ, is often combined with a preceding letter to form a ligature . Most of the letters have more than one common form, including mirror-images of the forms shown above. When the letters l and n are adjacent to themselves or to each other, the second is offset, either by inclining, lowering, raising, or shortening it. For example, since the letter l

280-511: Is one of three major competing Berber orthographies alongside the Berber Latin alphabet and the Arabic alphabet . Tifinagh is the official script for Tamazight, an official language of Morocco and Algeria . However, outside of symbolic cultural uses, Latin remains the dominant script for writing Berber languages throughout North Africa. The ancient Libyco-Berber script was used by

315-671: Is the modern fully alphabetic script developed by the Berber Academy , based in Paris. Initially, the academy had to choose a script to transliterate the Berber language. The choice between Tifinagh and Latin scripts then sparked intense debate both within and outside the Academy. Mohand Arav Bessaoud , a founding member of the academy and strong Tifinagh advocate, recounted the resistance he faced from prominent figures like Mouloud Mammeri and Ramdane Achab, who argued that Tifinagh

350-569: The Afroasiatic family. Early uses of the script have been found on rock art and in various sepulchres . Among these are the 1,500 year old monumental tomb of the Tuareg matriarch Tin Hinan , where vestiges of a Tifinagh inscription have been found on one of its walls. According to M. C. A. MacDonald, the Tuareg are "an entirely oral society in which memory and oral communication perform all

385-720: The Libyan Civil War , the National Transitional Council has shown an openness towards the Berber language. The rebel Libya TV , based in Qatar , has included the Berber language and the Neo-Tifinagh alphabet in some of its programming. Tifinagh continues to be used as "an emblem of distinctive Berber identity and nationhood." Due to the official adoption of Neo-Tifinagh in Morocco in 2003,

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420-552: The 1980s and 1990s. The Algerian Black Spring was also partly caused by this repression of Berber language . In the 1980s, the Berber flag , which was designed in 1970 and uses the Tifinagh letter z (Tifinagh: ⵣ) from the root of Amazigh , began being used in demonstrations. The flag was adopted by the World Amazigh Congress in 1997. In Morocco, following the creation of Standard Moroccan Amazigh in 2001,

455-596: The 2003 adoption of Neo-Tifinagh served as a way to compromise between the deeply split proponents of the Latin script versus the Arabic script as Amazigh's official orthography. This choice, however, has also resulted in backlash from many Amazigh activists, who find Tifinagh to be limiting when compared to the Latin script. In Libya, the government of Muammar Gaddafi consistently banned Tifinagh from being used in public contexts such as store displays and banners. After

490-621: The 24 have been deciphered. Libyco-Berber inventory (compared to equivalent Tifinagh letters by sound): The Western variant was used along the Mediterranean coast from Kabylia to the Canary Islands. It used 13 supplementary letters. As of 2002, much of the Western variant has yet to be deciphered. Western variant signs have also been observed to be used in combination with possible pictograms of animals. The origin of

525-886: The Azib N'Ikkis and the Oukaimeden, both found in the High-Atlas Mountains of Morocco . The use of the Libyco-Berber alphabet died out in northern areas during or after the reign of the Roman and Byzantine empires , but it spread south into the Sahara desert and evolved there into the Tuareg Tifinagh alphabet used by the Tuareg Berbers to this day. Before, during, and after the existence of

560-592: The Berber feminine prefix ti- and the root √ FNƔ < * √ PNQ < Latin Punicus ; thus tifinagh could possibly mean 'the Phoenician (letters)' or 'the Punic letters'. Others support an etymology involving the Tuareg verb efnegh 'to write'. However, the Tuareg verb efnegh is probably derived from the noun Tifinagh because all the northern Berbers of Morocco, northern Algeria, Tunisia and northern Libya have

595-658: The Canary Islands, with inscriptions of the later (transitional) Saharan variant in rocky outcrops in Mali and Niger. Apart from thousands of small inscriptions, some of the best known and significant Libyco-Berber inscriptions are in the Massinissa Temple (discovered in 1904) and the Prince Ateban Mausoleum in Dougga / Thugga (TBGG), northern Tunisia. Other significant Libyco-Berber inscription are

630-579: The Canary Islands. The exact evolution of both Libyco-Berber and Tifinagh is still unclear. The latter writing system was widely used in antiquity by speakers of the largely undeciphered Numidian language , also called Old Libyan, throughout Africa and on the Canary Islands . The script's origin is uncertain, with some scholars suggesting it is related to, descended or developed from the Phoenician alphabet while others argue an independent conception with slight Phoenician influences. Its first appearance

665-552: The Latin and Arabic scripts as the primary options. As of 2012, Tifinagh is "not widely used in education or the media in any country." The following are the letters of Neo-Tifinagh and traditional Tuareg Tifinagh: Tifinagh was added to the Unicode Standard in March 2005, with the release of version 4.1. The Unicode block range for Tifinagh is U+2D30–U+2D7F: Libyco-Berber script The Libyco-Berber alphabet

700-466: The Libyco-Berber script is still debated by academic researchers. The leading theories regarding its origins posit it as being either a heavily modified version of the Phoenician alphabet, or a local invention influenced by the latter, with the most supported view being that it derived from a local prototype conceptually inspired by a Phoenician or archaic Semitic model. Other unlikely explanations include Greek, Punic or South Arabian influences. One of

735-694: The Libyco-Berber script; some studies divide these varieties into eastern and western, while others have identified more than 25 "dialects" grouped in 5 different families. The eastern variant was used in what is now Constantine and the Aurès regions of Algeria and in Tunisia , and to an extent Kabylia. It is the best-deciphered variant, due to the discovery of several Numidian bilingual inscriptions in Libyco-Berber and Punic (notably so-called KAI 100 and 101 at Dougga in Tunisia). Since 1843, 22 letters out of

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770-471: The academy's publications and cultural activities. Negadi reflected on his efforts: "I distributed all of Agraw Imazighen's writings throughout the Aurès region starting in 1973. The goal wasn't regular correspondence but widespread dissemination of Tifinagh." Neo-Tifinagh was spread by the Berber Academy's active promotion of the script, including its usage in their bulletin, Imazighen , which

805-433: The ancient Berber kingdoms of Numidia (northern Algeria, 202 BC–40 BC) and Mauretania (northern Morocco, 3rd century BC – 44 AD) many inscriptions were engraved using the Libyco-Berber script, although the overwhelming majority of the found ones were simple funerary scripts, with rock art, cave art, graffiti, and even a few official governmental and possibly religious inscriptions have been found. The Libyco-Berber script

840-409: The ancient northern Berbers known as Libyco-Berbers , also known as Numidians , Afri , and Mauretanians , who inhabited the northern parts of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and the Canary Islands . The word tifinagh (singular tafinəq < *ta-finəɣ-t) is thought by some scholars to be a Berberized feminine plural cognate or adaptation of the Latin word Punicus 'Punic, Phoenician' through

875-486: The anecdote that he "[knows] that some books that were written in Tifinagh were read by only two people ... the one who wrote the book and the one who did the editing!" Public displays of Tifinagh in Morocco remains restricted primarily to signage and other culturally conspicuous uses. Despite Neo-Tifinagh's Algerian origins through the Berber Academy and UPA, the Latin alphabet became the predominant used script. Debate in what script to use for Berber languages tends to view

910-564: The cultural heritage and identity to be defended. The UPA bulletins continued to promote the Tifinagh alphabet, while activist Messaoud Nedjahi streamlined its characters from 50 to 26. This process inspired the Afus Deg Fus association to create the first set of standardized Neo-Tifinagh fonts in 1993. Neo-Tifinagh has since undergone further reform and is used in various contexts throughout North Africa. The Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture has standardized Neo-Tifinagh for use as

945-440: The functions which reading and writing have in a literate society ... The Tifinagh are used primarily for games and puzzles, short graffiti and brief messages." Occasionally, the script has been used to write other neighbouring languages such as Tagdal , which belongs to a separate Songhay family. Common forms of the letters are illustrated at left, including various ligatures of t and n . Gemination , though phonemic,

980-505: The official orthography of Standard Moroccan Amazigh , an official language of Morocco. The promotion of Neo-Tifinagh by the Berber Academy and Ammar Negadi's UPA was part of the efforts to spread Berberism throughout the 1960s and 1970s. The use of Neo-Tifinagh in their publications was influential in raising Berber consciousness; one reader has described its effect as being "the proof that we actually existed." The Moroccan state arrested and imprisoned people using Neo-Tifinagh during

1015-453: The same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrar&oldid=1120343072 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Tifinagh Tifinagh

1050-476: The script has been adapted by the Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture for modern digital use. Government websites in Morocco may be displayed in Neo-Tifinagh. Starting in 2003, Neo-Tifinagh was used for a small duration of Moroccan elementary school to teach Standard Moroccan Amazigh. However, practical use of Tifinagh in Morocco remains rare; one Amazigh activist has summarized the situation with

1085-448: Was a pure abjad ; it had no distinct vowels. However, it had equivalents for "w" and "y", and "h" was possibly used as an "a" too. Gemination was not marked. The writing was usually from the bottom to the top, although right-to-left, and even other orders, were also found. The letters took different forms when written vertically than when they were written horizontally. The letters were highly geometrical. There are multiple variants of

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1120-405: Was archaic, obsolete, non-cursive, and impractical. Despite the criticism, Bessaoud persisted in promoting Tifinagh. "Achab Ramdane opposed my actions, calling it rekindling extinguished embers" - Said Bessaouad Efforts to Promote Tifinagh In 1970, a meeting took place to decide on a system of writing. Influenced by Mahdjoubi Ahardane, Bessaoud opted for Tifinagh. Ahardane argued that Tifinagh

1155-539: Was not marked. The writing was usually from the bottom to the top, although right-to-left, and even other orders, were also found. The letters took different forms when written vertically than when they were written horizontally. The ancient Libyco-Berber script branched into the Tuareg Tifinagh script which is used to this day to write the Berber Tuareg languages , which belong to the Berber branch of

1190-418: Was not merely a script but a testament to Berber history and identity. Further steps were taken afterwards regarding the standardization of the script. By 1973, Ammar Negadi , a prominent Chaoui writer and fervent advocate of the Tifinagh script, passionately defended the use of Tifinagh, he has been elected secretary general of the Berber Academy, now called Agraw Imazighen, in the Paris region. propagating

1225-499: Was widely read by Berber communities in Algeria and Morocco. The official activities of the Berber Academy ceased when Mohand Bessaoud Arav was imprisoned. By 1980, Negadi founded his spin-off organization UPA (Amazigh People's Union), which published a bulletin in both Latin and Tifinagh, called Azaghen/Link . He remained convinced that Tifinagh was the best graphical tool to express Berber language and culture, seeing it as part of

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