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101-509: Because of an oracle Adrastus married his daughters to the exiles Polynices and Tydeus and promised to restore them to their homelands. He first assembled an army to place Polynices on the throne of Thebes, led by seven champions, famously called the Seven against Thebes. The expedition failed and all the champions died except Adrastus, saved by his divine horse Arion. He went with the Epigoni ,

202-445: A Pre-Greek substrate . The city is located at a rather propitious area, among Nemea , Corinth and Arcadia . It also benefitted from its proximity to lake Lerna , which, at the time, was at a distance of one kilometre from the south end of Argos. Argos was a major stronghold of Mycenaean times, and along with the neighbouring acropolis of Mycenae and Tiryns became a very early settlement because of its commanding positions in

303-611: A dedication from Pheidon. In 494 BC, Argos suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of its regional rival, Sparta, at the Battle of Sepeia . Following this defeat, Herodotus tells us the city suffered a form of stasis . The political chaos is thought to have resulted in a democratic transition in the city. Argos did not participate in the Hellenic Alliance against the Persian Invasion of 480 BC. This resulted in

404-547: A dispute between Adrastus and the seer Amphiaraus , which resulted in Adrastus and his brothers being overthrown, and Adrastus fleeing Argos: And how Ardastus and Amphiaraus were reconciled by Adrastus giving his sister Eriphyle to Ampiaraus: After which, Adrastus was a leader of the disastrous ill-omened expedition of the Seven against Thebes: Pindar attributes the founding of the Nemean Games to Adrastus. And, after

505-409: A few surviving references to Adrastus before the 5th century BC. The Iliad has four passing mentions of Adrastus. It describes him as being "at the first" the king of Sicyon, and his "swift horse" Arion, being "of heavenly stock". It mentions his daughter Aegiale being the wife of Diomedes, and another daughter of his marrying Tydeus. The lyric poet Stesichorus (c. 630 – 555 BC) apparently wrote

606-523: A great deal of expropriation would have to take place. On the contrary, Argos did not face a similar problem, having large available areas for this purpose. In the end, the proposition of the Greek capital being moved to Argos was rejected by the father of king Otto , Ludwig , who insisted in making Athens the capital, something which eventually happened in 1834. During the German occupation, Argos airfield

707-407: A large Argive army to attack Thebes, appointing seven champions to be its leaders. These became known as the Seven against Thebes. One of those chosen, the seer Amphiaraus , had foreseen that the expedition was doomed to fail, and that all of the champions but Adrastus would die, and so refused to join. But when Polynices bribed Amphiaraus' wife Eriphyle to tell her husband to join the expedition, he

808-467: A lion and a boar, and that, when Polynices, wearing the hide of a lion, and Tydeus, wearing the hide of a boar, arrived at Adrastus' court, Adrastus remembered the oracle and so married his older daughter, Argia, to Polynices, and his younger daughter Deipyle, to Tydeus. He adds that Thersander (one of the Epigoni) was the son of Argia and Polynices, and that Diomedes (who fought at Troy, and another of

909-571: A minor power in Greek affairs. Argos escaped occupation by Macedon during the reigns of Philip II and Alexander the Great and remained unscathed during the Wars of the Diadochi , however in 272 it was attacked by Pyrrhus of Epirus at the Battle of Argos , in which Pyrrhus was killed. Argos was a democracy for most of the classical period, with only a brief hiatus between 418 and 416. Democracy

1010-463: A peaceful return for Polynices. Upon learning of the failure of Tydeus' mission, Adrastus began organizing an expedition against Thebes. The seer Amphiaraus refused to take part, at first, because he knew if he did he would die. But Polynices gave Amphiaraus's wife Eriphyle the necklace of Harmonia , so that she would persuade her husband to join the expedition. Diodorus reports that "at the time" Adrastus and Amphiaraus were "at variance ... striving for

1111-553: A period of diplomatic isolation, although there is evidence of an Argive alliance with Tegea prior to 462 BC. In 462 BC, Argos joined a tripartite alliance with Athens and Thessaly. This alliance was somewhat dysfunctional, however, and the Argives are only thought to have provided marginal contributions to the alliance at the Battle of Oenoe and Tanagra . For example, only 1,000 Argive hoplites are thought to have fought alongside

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1212-468: A poem (now lost) about the war against Thebes, in which Adrastus would presumably have figured. A fragment from the poem mentions Adrastus giving a daughter to Polynices. The Cyclic Thebaid (early sixth century BC?) was a Greek epic poem whose entire subject was the Seven's Theban war, however only a few fragments have survived. One fragment has Adrastus being the only one saved at Thebes, thanks to his horse Arion. Another fragment has Adrastus lamenting

1313-496: A reputation as a skillful speaker. The war of the Seven against Thebes resulted from a quarrel between Oedipus ' sons Polynices and Eteocles over the kingship of Thebes, which left Eteocles on the throne, and Polynices in exile. One night, Polynices arrived at Adrastus' palace seeking shelter. He found a place to sleep, but soon after Tydeus , the exiled son of the Calydonian king Oeneus , also arrived seeking shelter, and

1414-501: A sad homecoming." In Book 7, the expedition arrives at Thebes, and the fighting begins and continues through Book 11. One by one each of the Seven champions die, all except Polynices and Adrastus. The brothers Polynices and Eteocles, having agreed to fight in single combat to decide the war, Adrastus drives his chariot between them and tries to stop them: But when Polynices and Eteocles refuse to stop, Adrastus flees: Apollodorus also gives an account of Adrastus story. Apollodorus gives

1515-597: Is a city and former municipality in Argolis , Peloponnese , Greece and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, and one of the oldest in Europe. It is the largest city in Argolis and a major center in the same prefecture, having nearly twice the population of the prefectural capital, Nafplio . Since the 2011 local government reform it has been part of the municipality of Argos-Mykines , of which it

1616-485: Is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 138.138 km . It is 11 kilometres (7 miles) from Nafplion , which was its historic harbour. A settlement of great antiquity, Argos has been continuously inhabited as at least a substantial village for the past 7,000 years. A resident of the city of Argos is known as an Argive ( / ˈ ɑːr ɡ aɪ v / AR -ghyve , /- dʒ aɪ v / -⁠jyve ; ‹See Tfd› Greek : Ἀργεῖος ). However, this term

1717-402: Is also important local production of dairy products, factories for fruits processing. Considerable remains of the ancient and medieval city survive and are a popular tourist attraction. Most of Argos' historical and archaeological monuments are currently unused, abandoned, or only partially renovated: A great number of archaeological findings, dating from the prehistoric ages, can be found at

1818-652: Is also used to refer to those ancient Greeks generally who assaulted the city of Troy during the Trojan War ; the term is more widely applied by the Homeric bards. Numerous ancient monuments can be found in the city today. Agriculture is the mainstay of the local economy. There are several proposed etyma. The name is associated with the legendary Argus , the third king of the city in ancient times, who renamed it after himself, thus replacing its older name Phoronikon Asty ( Φορωνικόν Άστυ , "Citadel of Phoroneus "). Both

1919-529: Is an essential green space of the city. Currently, the most commercially active streets of the city are those surrounding the Agios Petros square (Kapodistriou, Danaou, Vassileos Konstantinou streets) as well as Korinthou street. The Pezodromi (Pedestrian Streets), i.e. the paved Michael Stamou, Tsaldari and Venizelou streets, are the most popular meeting point, encompassing a wide variety of shops and cafeterias. The neighborhood of Gouva, which extends around

2020-603: Is delimited to the north by dry river Xerias , to the east by Inachos river and Panitsa stream (which emanates from the latter), to the west by the Larissa hill (site of homonymous castle and of a monastery called Panagia Katakekrymeni-Portokalousa ) and the Aspida Hill (unofficially Prophetes Elias hill), and to the south by the Notios Periferiakos road. The Agios Petros (Saint Peter) square, along with

2121-950: Is known as the Farnese Hercules , and it is exhibited in Naples, Italy. In March 2022 the construction of the fountain in St. Peter's square was completed. In the base of the marble fountain there are four lions. Above the visitor can see four members of the Danaids. The fountain has a width of 7 meters and a height of 5 meters, while the fountain was designed in collaboration with the Supreme School of Fine Arts in Athens. The city has three monasteries that are located in Larissa hill. In 700 BC there were at least 5,000 people living in

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2222-518: Is located today. Pheidon also extended Argive influence throughout Greece, taking control of the Olympic Games away from the citizens of Elis and appointing himself organizer during his reign. Pheidon is also thought to have introduced reforms for standard weight and measures in Argos, a theory further reinforced with the unearthing of six "spits" of iron in an Argive Heraion, possibly remainders of

2323-422: Is over, he should give over the kingship to Polynices. On his way back to Argos, Tydeus is ambushed by fifty Thebans, and kills all of these but Maeon. In Book 3, on returning to Argos, the wounded Tydeus urges an immediate attack of Thebes, an action the angry crowd supports. But addressing Polynices, Adrastus "deep of counsel and no novice in manipulating the weight of command" urges restraint: Adrastus consults

2424-413: Is safe. In Book 6, Adrastus presides over games held in honor of Opheltes. As a final honor, Adrastus is asked to give a display of his prowess with the bow or spear. He gladly complies, choosing a tree a great distance away as a target. Adrastus shoots an arrow, which hits the tree, but bounces all the way back to his feet. An ill omen: "the shaft promised its master a war from which he alone would return,

2525-489: Is sometimes between Criasus and Iasus in some sources), Iasus , Agenor , ( Crotopus and Sthenelus was between Agenor and Gelanor in some sources), Gelanor AKA Pelasgus , Danaus , Lynceus , Abas , Proetus , Acrisius , Perseus , Megapenthes , ( Argeus and Anaxagoras comes after in some sources). An alternative version supplied by Tatian of the original 17 consecutive kings of Argos includes Apis , Argios, Kriasos and Phorbas between Argus and Triopas, explaining

2626-603: Is today the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Argolis . Under 'Frankish' Crusader rule , Argos became a Latin Church bishopric in 1212, which lasted as a residential see until Argos was taken by the Ottoman Empire in 1463 but would be revived under the second Venetian rule in 1686. Today the diocese is a Catholic titular see . The former municipality and current municipal unit, is subdivided into

2727-665: The Argolid —involving Adrastus, the grandson of Bias, and Amphiaraus , the son of Oicles , a grandson of Melampus. According to Pindar , at one time the sons of Talaus ruled Argos but were "overpowered by discord" and Adrastus fled Argos and went to Sicyon to escape Amphiaraus, and that during his reign there, he founded the Sicyonian games. Pindar does not say what circumstances caused Adrastus to flee from Argos to Sicyon, or how he became its king, but later sources do. According to one version, after Adrastus' brother Pronax, who

2828-454: The Epigoni ("Afterborn"), marched again on Thebes. Adrastus accompanied them on this second Theban expedition, called the war of the Epigoni. This time (according to Pindar) the omens foretold success for the expedition, but death for Adrastus' son Aegialeus. According to Hyginus , as Adrastus was the only one of the Seven to survive the first expedition, his son Aegialeus was the only one of

2929-490: The Greco-Persian Wars . There is evidence of continuous settlement in the area starting with a village about 7,000 years ago in the late Neolithic , located on the foot of Aspida hill. Since that time, Argos has been continually inhabited at the same geographical location. And while the name Argos is generally accepted to have a Hellenic Indo-European etymology, Larissa is generally held to derive from

3030-643: The Peloponnesian Senate . It had a single head of state, Stamatellos Antonopoulos, styled " Consul ", between 28 March and 26 May 1821. Later, Argos accepted the authority of the unified Provisional Government of the First National Assembly at Epidaurus , and eventually became part of the Kingdom of Greece . With the coming of governor Ioannis Kapodistrias , the city underwent efforts of modernisation. Being an agricultural village,

3131-486: The personal name and placename are linked to the word argós ( αργός ), which meant "white" or "shining"; possibly, this had to do with the visual impression given of the Argolic plain during harvest time. According to Strabo , the name could have even originated from the word agrós ( αγρός ) 'field' by metathesis of the consonants. Herodotus first recorded the myth of the traditional story of Argos being

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3232-477: The "crime" done to Polynices by his brother Eteocles, who had stolen "his property" (i.e. the Theban throne), Adrastus marched "seven companies against Thebes". Theseus then asks Adrastus whether he consulted seers and the gods before making war on Thebes, and Adrastus answers that, not only did he go to war "without the gods’ good will", he also "went against the wish of Amphiaraus." Finally persuaded to help recover

3333-592: The Ancient Agora to the eastern side of the city, delimited by Danaou and Agiou Konstadinou streets. Argos played a minor role in the Corinthian Wars against Sparta, and for a short period of time considered uniting with Corinth to form an expanded Argolid state. For a brief period of time, the two poleis combined, but Corinth quickly rebelled against Argive domination, and Argos returned to its traditional boundaries. After this, Argos continued to remain

3434-604: The Argos museum, housed at the old building of Dimitrios Kallergis at Saint Peter's square. The Argos airfield , located in the homonymous area (Aerodromio) in the northwest outskirts of the city, is also worth mentioning. The area it covers was created in 1916–1917 and was heavily used during the Greco-Italian War and for the training of new Kaberos school aviators for the Hellenic Air Force Academy . It also constituted an important benchmark in

3535-728: The Athenians at the Battle of Tanagra . Following the allies' defeat at Tanagra in 457 BC, the alliance began to fall apart, resulting in its dissolution in 451 BC. Argos remained neutral or the ineffective ally of Athens during the Archidamian War between Sparta and Athens. Argos' neutrality resulted in a rise of its prestige among other Greek cities, and Argos used this political capital to organize and lead an alliance against Sparta and Athens in 421 BC. This alliance included Mantinea , Corinth , Elis , Thebes , Argos, and eventually Athens. This alliance fell apart, however, after

3636-439: The Athenians recovered the bodies and buried them. In his Fabulae , Hyginus gives an account of Adrastus' story, mostly in accord with earlier sources. Following Bacchylides, Pindar, and Euripides, Hyginus says that Adrastus was the son of Talaus , however Hyginus provides the name of a mother, Eurynome . Following Euripides, Hyginus says that Adrastus had received an oracle of Apollo which said he would marry his daughters to

3737-616: The Black Sea in 267 A.D. and devastated the Greek coastline and interior. Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes and Argos were all sacked. Gallienus finally cut off their retreat north and destroyed them with great slaughter at Naissus in Moesia. With the death of the last emperor over a unified Empire, Theodosius I , the Visigoths under their leader Alaric I descended into Greece in 396–397 A.D., sacking and pillaging as they went. Neither

3838-516: The Epigoni to die in the second. According to Pausanias , the Megarians said that Adrastus, leading the Argive army home after taking Thebes, died at Megara of old age and grief for the death of his son, and was honored there. However Hyginus says that, in accordance with an oracle of Apollo , Adrastus and his son Hipponous killed themselves by throwing themselves into a fire. There are only

3939-404: The Epigoni) was the son of Deipyle and Tydeus. At Polynices request, Adrastus assembled an army to take back the kingship of Thebes from Eteocles. Adrastus chose "seven generals" (including himself) for the army because the walls of Thebes had seven gates. The army stops at Nemea in search of water, Opheltes is killed by a snake, Adrastus and the Seven kill the snake and establish funeral games in

4040-677: The Latin poet Statius . In The Phoenician Women and Apollodorus (as in the Seven Against Thebes ) each of the Seven is assigned to one of the seven gates of Thebes, with Adrastus being assigned the "Seventh" gate, in The Phoenician Women , and the "Homoloidian" gate in Apollodorus. Ten years after the failed expedition against Thebes, to avenge their father's deaths, the sons of the fallen Seven, who were called

4141-666: The Peloponnese to continue their military service under the Republic of Venice or the Kingdom of Naples . At the end of the Ottoman–Venetian wars, a large number of Albanians had fled from the Peloponnese to Sicily. Some historians consider the French military term "argoulet" to derive from the Greek "argetes", or inhabitant of Argos, as a large number of French stratioti came from the plain of Argos. During Ottoman rule, Argos

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4242-456: The Spartans in a hoplite battle. During the time of its greatest power, the city boasted a pottery and bronze sculpturing school, pottery workshops, tanneries and clothes producers. Moreover, at least 25 celebrations took place in the city, in addition to a regular local products exhibition. A sanctuary dedicated to Hera was also found at the same spot where the monastery of Panagia Katekrymeni

4343-751: The Visigoths north of Epirus. Sites said to have been destroyed in Argos include the Hypostyle hall, parts of the agora, the odeion, and the Aphrodision. In the late 7th century, it became part of the Theme of Hellas , and later of the Theme of the Peloponnese . In the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade , the Crusaders captured the castle built on Larisa Hill, the site of the ancient acropolis, and

4444-514: The allied loss at the Battle of Mantinea in 418 BC. This defeat, combined with the raiding of the Argolid by the Epidaurians, resulted in political instability and an eventual oligarchic coup in 417 BC. Although democracy was restored within a year, Argos was left permanently weakened by this coup. This weakening led to a loss of power, which in turn led to the shift of commercial focus from

4545-432: The apparent unrelation of Triopas to Argus. The city of Argos was believed to be the birthplace of the mythological character Perseus , the son of the god Zeus and Danaë , who was the daughter of the king of Argos, Acrisius . After the original 17 kings of Argos, there were three kings ruling Argos at the same time (see Anaxagoras ), one descended from Bias , one from Melampus , and one from Anaxagoras . Melampus

4646-672: The area became part of the lordship of Argos and Nauplia . In 1388, it was sold to the Republic of Venice , but was taken by the Despot of the Morea Theodore I Palaiologos before the Venetians could take control of the city; he sold it anyway to them in 1394. The Crusaders established a Latin bishopric. Venetian rule lasted until 1463, when the Ottomans captured the city. In 1397, the Ottomans plundered Argos, carrying off part of

4747-571: The battle—is not considered by Aeschylus to be one of the "Seven". The same list of names is given in Euripides ' The Suppliants , and Sophocles ' Oedipus at Colonus . However, Euripides gives a slightly different list in The Phoenician Women , with Adrastus (instead of Eteoclus) as one of the Seven, and this list will be followed by the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus , the mythographers Apollodorus and Hyginus , and

4848-514: The burial of the expeditions' dead. Athenian tradition held that Theseus , the king and founder-hero of Athens , assisted Adrastus in recovering the bodies of his fallen comrades. Prior to the fifth century BC, the number and names of the "seven" champions is uncertain. The first certain reference to the number of champions being seven, along with a list of their names, occurs in Aeschylus' Seven Against Thebes . Adrastus—although present at

4949-514: The child's honor. At Thebes, all of the Seven die except Adrastus. Just as the Cyclic Thebaid had been, the Latin poet Statius 's Thebaid (c. 92 AD), is devoted entirely to the Seven against Thebes. An epic poem in 12 books, it gives the most detailed account of Adrastus' story. In Book 1, the situations at Thebes and Argos are described. In Thebes, Polynices and Eteocles having agreed to rule in alternate years, Eteocles occupies

5050-455: The city. In the fourth century BC, the city was home to as many as 30,000 people. Today, according to the 2021 Greek census, the city has a population of 21,891. It is the largest city in Argolis, larger than the capital Nafplio. The primary economic activity in the area is agriculture. Citrus fruits are the predominant crop, followed by olives and apricots. The area is also famous for its local melon variety, Argos melons (or Argitiko). There

5151-676: The dead, Theseus leads an Athenian army to Thebes, where he defeats the Thebans in battle and brings back the dead warriors to Eleusis. Adrastus then, in a long speech of 60 lines, eulogizes the fallen champions. The Greek historian Diodorus Siculus (first century BC), the Roman mythographer Hyginus (c. 64 BC – AD 17), the Latin poet Statius (c. 45—c. 96), and the Greek mythographer Apollodorus (first or second century AD), all gave accounts of Adrastus' story. According to Diodorus Siculus , Polynices fled Thebes, when Eteocles refused to give up

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5252-407: The death of Amphiaraus , Pindar has Adrastus say: "I dearly miss the eye of my army, good both as a seer and at fighting with the spear." In Pythian 8, Pindar mentions Ardastus receiving a prophecy from the dead Amphiaraus during the battle of the Epigoni at Thebes: Adrastus is a principal character in Euripides ' tragedy The Suppliants (c. 420 BC). The action of the play takes place after

5353-447: The death of Amphiaraus. Much of the later tradition concerning Adrastus probably derives from this work. The 5th-century lyric poet Pindar mentions Adrastus in several of his poems. He devotes twenty lines of his Nemian 9 to Adrastus, and the expedition of the Seven against Thebes. He begins by praising Adrastus as the founder of the Sicyonian games, which Pindar says Adrastus did during his reign as king of Sicyon: He then tells of

5454-532: The disastrous defeat of the Seven against Thebes, and the refusal of Creon, the new Theban king, to allow the burial of the expedition's dead. Adrastus has come to Eleusis seeking the Athenians' help in recovering the bodies of the fallen warriors. In the play we hear for the first time an account of why Adrastus made war on Thebes. In an initial interview, Adrastus tells Theseus , the king of Athens , that because of an oracle of Apollo, he had given his daughters (unnamed) to Polynices and Theseus, and that, because of

5555-503: The disastrous war of the Seven against Thebes . Adrastus bequeathed the kingdom to his son, Aegialeus , who was subsequently killed in the war of the Epigoni . Diomedes , grandson of Adrastus through his son-in-law Tydeus and daughter Deipyle , replaced Aegialeus and was King of Argos during the Trojan war. This house lasted longer than those of Anaxagoras and Melampus , and eventually

5656-418: The eastern or western Roman warlords, Rufinus (consul) or Stilicho , made an effective stand against them due to the political situation between them. Athens and Corinth were both sacked. While the exact level of destruction for Argos is disputed due to the conflicting nature of the ancient sources, the level of damage to the city and people was considerable. Stilicho finally landed in western Greece and forced

5757-608: The end of their terms. There is some evidence that ostracism was practiced. Under Roman rule, Argos was part of the province of Achaea . While prosperous during the early principate, Argos along with much of Greece and the Balkans experienced disasters during the Crisis of the 3rd Century when external threats and internal revolts left the Empire in turmoil. During Gallienus' reign, marauding bands of Goths and Heruli sailed down from

5858-520: The eponymous cathedral (dedicated to saint Peter the Wonderworker ), make up the town centre, whereas some other characteristic town squares are the Laiki Agora (Open Market) square, officially Dimokratias (Republic) square, where, as implied by its name, an open market takes place twice a week, Staragora (Wheat Market), officially Dervenakia square, and Dikastirion (Court) square. Bonis Park

5959-548: The exception of a period of Venetian domination in 1687–1715, Argos remained in Ottoman hands until the beginning of the Greek War of Independence in 1821, when wealthy Ottoman families moved to nearby Nafplio due to its stronger walling. At that time, as part of the general uprising, many local governing bodies were formed in different parts of the country, and the "Consulate of Argos" was proclaimed on 28 March 1821, under

6060-451: The expedition sets out from Argos with Adrastus leading the first of the seven contingents: In desperate need of water the expedition is forced to stop at Nemea. There they encounter Hypsipyle , the nurse of the infant Opheltes , and Adrastus urgently asks her to lead them to water, which she does. Meanwhile, in Book 5, the unattended Opheltes is killed by a serpent, and the infant's father

6161-520: The following communities and their respective settlements: Argos has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa ). It is one of the hottest places in Greece during summer. Argos has generally cold winters, although due to the local climate, some winter months may have little rainfall. The weather of Argos includes an abundant amount of sunny days throughout the year, even in the winter. Temperatures below zero degrees Celsius are recorded mostly in

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6262-533: The following genealogy. Adrastus' father was Talus, who was the son of Bias and Pero. His mother was Lysimache, the daughter of Abas , son of Melampus . He had four younger brothers, Parthenopaeus , Pronax , Mecisteus , and Aristomachus , and a sister Eriphyle . Adrastus married Amphithea , the daughter of his brother Pronax, by whom he had three daughters, Argia , Deipyle , and Aegiale, and two sons, Aegialeus and Cyanippus . Adrastus' daughters had several notable husbands and sons. Argia married Polynices ,

6363-415: The following genealogy: According to Apollodorus, Polynices, being banished from Thebes by Eteocles, came to Argos one night and fought with Tydeus. They were heard by Adrastus, who separated them. Adrastus, noticing their shields, one with a lion and the other a boar, remembered an oracle which told him that he should marry his daughters to "a boar and a lion", and married his daughters Argia and Deipyle to

6464-493: The husbands that had been prophesied for his two daughters. Adrastus feasts the young princes and introduces them to his daughters. The next day, in Book 2, Polynices and Tydeus accept Adrastus' offer of his daughters Argia and Deipyle in marriage, and Adrastus promises to help the two exiles regain their native kingdoms. Adrastus sends Tydeus to Thebes to see if Eteocles will peacefully surrender his crown. At Thebes, Eteocles rejects Tydeus' arguments that, since his year of rule

6565-424: The interior of each mahala, having a semi-public character, whereas the third type of streets referred to dead-end private alleys used specifically by families to access their homes. Remnants of this city layout can be witnessed even today, as Argos still preserves several elements of this Ottoman type style, particularly with its long and complicated streets, its narrow alleys and its densely constructed houses. With

6666-446: The intersection of Vassileos Konstantinou and Tsokri streets, is also considered a commercial point. In the center of the city, next to the St. Peter's church, there is an artificial lake that was constructed and filled during an extensive redevelopment works in the city, which lasted between February 2015 and April 2016. During the work for the redevelopment of the city's square the floor of the old (now demolished) church of St. Nicholas

6767-515: The king, holding Hypsipyle responsible, intends to kill her with his sword. The Archive champions rush to defend Hypsipyle—their army's savior—and Nemeans rally to their king, but Adrastus and Amphiaraus intercede, preventing an armed clash. A rumor of Hypsipyle's imminent death reaches the Archive army, and they attack the palace, but Adrastus is able to stop them by racing to the palace with Hypsipyle in his chariot to show his army that she

6868-427: The kingdom was reunited under its last member, Cyanippus, son of Aegialeus, soon after the exile of Diomedes. After Christianity became established in Argos, the first bishop documented in extant written records is Genethlius, who in 448 AD took part in the synod called by Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople that deposed Eutyches from his priestly office and excommunicated him. The next bishop of Argos, Onesimus,

6969-415: The kingship", and they agreed that Eriphyle, Adrastus' sister and Amphiaraus's wife, would settle the matter. And when Eriphyle "awarded the victory to Adrastus" saying that the expedition "should be undertaken", Amphiaraus agreed to go. Adrastus recruited Capaneus, Hippomedon and Parthenopaeus, the son of Atalanta, to join himself, Polynices, Tydeus, and Amphiaraus as the seven leaders of the "notable army",

7070-506: The kingship, as had been agreed, and Tydeus fled Calydon , after killing his cousins. The two princes came to Argos where "Adrastus received both the fugitives kindly". As in Euripides, because of an oracle, Adrastus married his daughters Argia to Polynices and Deipyle to Tydeus, and promised to restore the exiles to their native kingdoms. Adrastus decided to deal with Thebes first. So he sent his son-in-law Tydeus on an embassy to negotiate

7171-421: The midst of the fertile plain of Argolis. Argos experienced its greatest period of expansion and power under the energetic 7th century BC ruler King Pheidon . Under Pheidon, Argos regained sway over the cities of the Argolid and challenged Sparta 's dominance of the Peloponnese. Spartan dominance is thought to have been interrupted following the Battle of Hyssiae in 669–668 BC, in which Argive troops defeated

7272-469: The most organised, having the best layout, while Bekir mahala and Karamoutza mahala were the most labyrinthine. However, all quarters shared the same type of streets; firstly, they all had main streets which were wide, busy and public roads meant to allow for communication between neighbourhoods (typical examples are, to a great extent, modern-day Korinthou, Nafpliou and Tripoleos streets). Secondary streets were also common in all four quarters since they lead to

7373-409: The need for urban planning was vital. For this reason, in 1828, Kapodistrias himself appointed mechanic Stamatis Voulgaris as the creator of a city plan which would offer Argos big streets, squares and public spaces. However, both Voulgaris and, later, French architect de Borroczun's plans were not well received by the locals, with the result that the former had to be revised by Zavos. Ultimately, none of

7474-400: The nightly hours during the winter months. Snowfalls are generally rare there, although not unheard of. The most recent significant snowfall in Argos occurred in early January 2017 during a large European cold wave . There is also a degree of variation in the annual rainfall volumes in Argos, as rainfall in Argos usually is between 300 and 800 millimeters depending the year. The city of Argos

7575-507: The organization of the Greek air forces in southern Greece . Furthermore, the airfield was used by the Germans for the release of their aerial troops during the Battle of Crete . It was last used as a landing/takeoff point for spray planes (for agricultural purposes in the olive tree cultivations) up until 1985. Argos is connected via regular bus services with neighbouring areas as well as Athens . In addition, taxi stands can be found at

7676-409: The origin of the Nemean Games . As the seer Amphiaraus had foretold, the expedition ended in disaster at Thebes. All of the champions perished, except for Adrastus who was saved by the speed of his divine horse Arion. According to accounts first occurring in fifth-century BC Greek tragedy, after the failed assault on Thebes, Creon , who with the death of Etecles became the new ruler of Thebes, forbade

7777-548: The origin of the ancient Macedonian royal house of the Argead dynasty (Greek: Ἀργεάδαι, Argeádai) of Philip II and Alexander the Great . As a strategic location on the fertile plain of Argolis, Argos was a major stronghold during the Mycenaean era. In classical times , Argos was a powerful rival of Sparta for dominance over the Peloponnese, but was eventually shunned by other Greek city-states after remaining neutral during

7878-456: The plans were fully implemented. Still, the structural characteristics of de Borroczun's plan can be found in the city today, despite obvious proof of pre-revolutionary layout, such as the unorganised urban sprawl testified in the area from Inachou street to the point where the railway tracks can be found today. After talks concerning the intentions of the Greek government to move the Greek capital from Nafplio to Athens , discussions regarding

7979-621: The population, to sell as slaves. The Venetians repopulated the town and region with Albanian settlers, granting them long-term agrarian tax exemptions. Together with the Greeks of Argos, they supplied stratioti troops to the armies of Venice. Throughout the Ottoman–Venetian wars , many Albanians died or were captured in service to the Venetians; at Nafpaktos , Nafplio , Argos, Methoni , Koroni and Pylos . Furthermore, 8,000 Albanian stratioti , most of them along with their families, left

8080-414: The possibility of Argos also being a candidate as the potential new capital became more frequent, with supporters of the idea claiming that, unlike Athens, Argos was naturally protected by its position and benefited from a nearby port (Nafplio). Moreover, it was maintained that construction of public buildings would be difficult in Athens, given that most of the land was owned by the Greek church, meaning that

8181-460: The rabbits) was composed mostly of Albanian emigrants and well-reputed families. Karamoutza mahala was home to the most prominent Turks and boasted a mosque (modern-day church of Agios Konstadinos), a Turkish cemetery, Ali Nakin Bei's serail , Turkish baths and a Turkish school. It is also at this period when the open market of the city is first organised on the site north to Kapodistrias' barracks, at

8282-440: The same list of Seven as in Euripides ' The Phoenician Women . Omitting any mention of the Seven's stop at Nemea, Diodorus next gives an account of the battle at Thebes. As always, all of the Seven died, except Adrastus. As for the burial of the Seven, Diodorus (with no mention of Creon or Theseus) says that the Thebans refused to allow Adrastus to remove the dead, so he went home to Argos, and (as in Euripides' The Suppliants )

8383-447: The same spot where it is held in modern times. A mosque would have existed there, too, according to the city planning most Ottoman cities followed. Argos grew exponentially during this time, with its sprawl being unregulated and without planning. As French explorer Pouqueville noted, "its houses are not aligned, without order, scattered all over the place, divided by home gardens and uncultivated areas". Liepur mahala appears to have been

8484-419: The seers Amphiaraus and Melampus who receive omens too terrifying to divulge. Meanwhile, the Argives eagerly arm themselves, and at "the sad kings door" demand war. Amphiaraus is finally forced to reveal what he has foreseen: death and defeat at Thebes, but the Argives are undeterred. Argia, now Polynices' wife, tearfully urges her father Adrastus to make war on Thebes, who begins assembling an army. In Book 4,

8585-519: The son of the Thebean king Oedipus , and Deipyle married Tydeus , the son of the Calydonian king Oeneus . According to Hyginus , Diomedes , who fought in the Trojan War , was the son of Deipyle and Tydeus, and Thersander (one of the Epigoni) was the son of Argia and Polynices. In the Iliad , another of Adrastus' daughters, Aegiale, is the wife of Diomedes . Hyginus , also says that Hippodamia ,

8686-427: The sons of the Seven, in the successful second war against Thebes, and was said to have died on his way home. Adrastus is mentioned as early as Homer 's Iliad , and his story was (presumably) told in the Cyclic Thebaid . He figures prominently in the poetry of Pindar, and is a main character in Euripides ' The Suppliants . His story was told by Diodorus Siculus , Hyginus , Statius , and Apollodorus . He

8787-602: The throne, while Polynices is in exile for a year. While in Argos: One night, during a raging storm, Polynices and Tydeus (also an exile) separately arrive at Adrastus' palace in Argos seeking refuge. They quarrel over the same bit of shelter, a fight breaks out, Adrastus is awoken, and separates them. He invites the two inside, and notices that Polynices wears a lion's pelt and that Tydeus a boar's skin and tusks, and by these signs, Adrastus recognizes in Polynices and Tydeus,

8888-614: The two began to fight over the same space. When Adrastus discovered Polynices and Tydeus fighting like wild beasts (or in later accounts when he saw that Polynices wore the hyde of a lion and that Tydeus wore the Hyde of a Boar, or that they had those animals on their shields), he remembered an oracle of Apollo that said he should marry his daughters to a lion and a boar. So Adrastus gave his daughters, Argia to Polynices, and Deipyle to Tydeus, and promised to restore them to their kingdoms, beginning with Polynices. Adrastus proceeded to assemble

8989-731: The two young men. Adrastus promised to restore both his son-in-laws to their kingdoms, and "eager to march against Thebes" first, began to assembled an army. Polynices Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.150 via cp1114 cp1114, Varnish XID 931145800 Upstream caches: cp1114 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 08:32:54 GMT Argos, Peloponnese Argos ( / ˈ ɑːr ɡ ɒ s , - ɡ ə s / ; Greek : Άργος [ˈarɣos] ; Ancient and Katharevousa : Ἄργος [árɡos] )

9090-517: The wife of King Pirithous of the Lapiths , was the daughter of an Adrastus, possibly referring to this Adrastus. The Iliad refers to Adrastus as king of Sicyon , but does not explain how a son of the Argive king Talaus, came to rule Sicyon. However, later sources tell of a dispute, of some sort, between the descendants of Bias and his brother Melampus —two of the most powerful families in

9191-408: Was able to return to Argos and assume the Argive throne. Adrastus was the owner of the fabulously fast horse Arion , who was the offspring of Posidon and Demeter when they mated in horse form. Adrastus was given Arion by Heracles , and the horse saved Adrastus' life during the war of the Seven against Thebes, when all the other champions of the expedition were killed. Adrastus seems to have had

9292-635: Was at the 451 Council of Chalcedon . His successor, Thales, was a signatory of the letter that the bishops of the Roman province of Hellas sent in 458 to Byzantine Emperor Leo I the Thracian to protest the killing of Proterius of Alexandria . Bishop Ioannes was at the Third Council of Constantinople in 680, and Theotimus at the Photian Council of Constantinople (879) . The local see

9393-465: Was divided in four mahalas , or quarters; the Greek ( Rûm ) mahala, Liepur mahala, Bekir Efenti mahala and Karamoutza or Besikler mahala, respectively corresponding to what is now the northeastern, the northwestern, the southwestern and southeastern parts of the city. The Greek mahala was also called the "quarter of the unfaithful of Archos town" in Turkish documents, whereas Liepur mahala (the quarter of

9494-515: Was first established after a disastrous defeat by the Spartans at the Battle of Sepeia in 494. So many Argives were killed in the battle that a revolution ensued, in which previously disenfranchised outsiders were included in the state for the first time. Argive democracy included an Assembly (called the aliaia ), a Council (the bola ), and another body called 'The Eighty,' whose precise responsibilities are obscure. Magistrates served six-month terms of office, with few exceptions, and were audited at

9595-485: Was forced to obey because of a promise Amphiaraus had made to allow his wife, who was also Adrastus' sister, to settle any disputes between the two men. Adrastus and his army were forced to stop for water at Nemea, where they became involved in the death of the child-hero Opheltes . There Adrastus held funeral games in Opheltes' honor, in which he won the horse race with his horse Arion. These games were said to have been

9696-523: Was found, which was located north of the present-day church of St. Peter, that was built after 1865. Pursuant to a decision of the Central Archaeological Council, the floor and part of the sidewalls of the old church were covered with dirt in early March 2016. On 15 February 2022 a new statue of Heracles was unveiled. It is a replica of a statue made by Lysippus of Sicyon in the 4th century BC. The Roman copy of Lysippus' statue

9797-563: Was frequently attacked by Allied forces. One of the raids was so large that it resulted in the bombing of the city on October 14, 1943, with the casualties of about 100 dead Argives and several casualties, and 75 of the Germans. The bombing started from the airfield heading southeast, hitting the monastery of Katakrykmeni and several areas of the city, up to the railway station. The mythological kings of Argos are (in order): Inachus , Phoroneus , Apis , Argus , Criasus , ( Phorbas , Triopas

9898-493: Was king of Argos, died, Adrastus fled to Sicyon, where his mother's father Polybus was king, and eventually inherited the Sicyonian throne. While according to another, Adrastus fled to Sicyon after Amphiaraus killed Talaus, and got the throne by marrying Polybus' daughter. In any case, Adrastus became king of Sicyon. Then, according to Pindar, Adrastus (and his brothers) were able to effect a reconciliation with Amphiaraus by giving him their sister Eriphyle in marriage, and Adrastus

9999-441: Was said to be the founder of the Nemean Games , had hero cults at Sicyon , Megara , and Colonus , and was depicted in works of art from as early as the 6th century BC. Homer 's Illiad mentions Adrastus, but without giving any ancestry. The Hesiodic Catalogue of Women (without mentioning Adrastus) has Talaus as the son of Bias and Pero , and from the lyric poets Bacchylides and Pindar we first hear that Adrastus

10100-413: Was succeeded by his son Mantius , then Oicles , and Amphiaraus , and his house of Melampus lasted down to the brothers Alcmaeon and Amphilochus . Anaxagoras was succeeded by his son Alector , and then Iphis . Iphis left his kingdom to his nephew Sthenelus , the son of his brother Capaneus . Bias was succeeded by his son Talaus , and then by his son Adrastus who, with Amphiaraus, commanded

10201-438: Was the son of Talaus, who according to Apollonius of Rhodes was an Argonaut . No early sources say who Adrastus' mother was, however, late sources give three different names: Lysimache , the daughter of Abas , Lysianassa , the daughter of Polybus , or Eurynome . The Iliad mentions a daughter of Adrastus, Aegiale , and the logographer Hellanicus of Lesbos mentions a son, Aegialeus . The mythographer Apollodorus gives

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