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32-536: Adrian Lyne (born 4 March 1941) is an English film director. Lyne is known for sexually charged narratives, conflicting passions, the power of seduction, moral ambiguity, betrayal, and the indelibility of infidelity. In the mid 1970s, he directed television commercials for DIM Lingerie (France), but Lyne's career in feature length films began in 1980 with Foxes , and would later direct Flashdance , 9½ Weeks , Fatal Attraction , Jacob's Ladder , Indecent Proposal , Lolita , and Unfaithful . Lyne received

64-469: A cult following . A group of four teenage girls in the San Fernando Valley during the end of the 1970s have painful emotional troubles. Deirdre is a disco queen who is fascinated by her sexuality, likes boys, and has many relationship troubles. Madge is unhappily overweight and angry that she is still a virgin. Her parents are overprotective, and she has an annoying younger sister. Annie

96-607: A factory by day and dances in a club at night. The film generated over $ 200 million worldwide and was the third highest-grossing film of 1983. The film was also nominated for four Academy Awards, with the theme song, "What a Feeling", winning the Oscar for Best Song. In 1986, Lyne attracted controversy with 9½ Weeks . Based on a novel by Elizabeth McNeill , the tale of a sexually abusive relationship starred Mickey Rourke and Kim Basinger . Although considered too explicit by its American distributor, and cut for U.S. release, it became

128-545: A group of teenage girls coming of age in suburban Los Angeles toward the end of the disco era. Foxes was released theatrically in the United States on February 29, 1980, by United Artists . The film was Foster's penultimate major film appearance before taking a sabbatical from acting to attend Yale . It received several positive reviews from critics. The film grossed $ 7.5 million in North America and earned

160-457: A huge hit abroad in its unedited version. Lyne's fourth film was Fatal Attraction , which generated over $ 320 million worldwide, making it the highest-grossing film of 1987. Based on James Dearden 's British erotic thriller Diversion , the story of a happily married lawyer ( Michael Douglas ) who tries to break off an affair with an attractive single woman ( Glenn Close ), only to have her become obsessed with him and endanger his family,

192-440: A look at the friendship of four teenage girls growing up in the San Fernando Valley , starring Jodie Foster . His next film, 1983's Flashdance , was an innovative blend of rock 'n' roll, new dance styles, and visual imagery. Lyne's visuals (reminiscent of his 1970s UK commercials for Brutus Jeans ), wedded to Giorgio Moroder's score, propelled the story of an aspiring ballerina ( Jennifer Beals , in her film debut) who works in

224-412: A mob of greasers. The subject of the movie is the way these events are seen so very differently by the kids and their parents. And at the heart of the movie is one particular, wonderful, and complicated parent-child relationship, between Jodie Foster and Sally Kellerman . They only have a few extended scenes together, but the material is written and acted with such sensitivity that we really understand

256-754: A nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director for Fatal Attraction . Lyne was born in Peterborough , Northamptonshire (now Cambridgeshire ) and raised in London. He was educated at Highgate School in North London ; together with his younger brother, Oliver Lyne (1944–2005), a classical scholar and academic at the University of Oxford. Their father was a teacher at the school. An avid moviegoer during his school days at Highgate , he

288-433: A pear, and say, "Annie's tastin' good this year, huh?" The film was based on a script by Gerald Ayers, who was better known at the time for being a producer of such films as The Last Detail and Cisco Pike . He decided to move into screenwriting and had written what would become Rich and Famous before writing Foxes . Ayers says he started with the question, "What would happen if you dropped Louisa May Alcott into

320-456: A story of a marriage threatened by infidelity and murder. Lane received much praise for her performance, and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for Best Actress. After Unfaithful , Lyne did not direct another film for twenty years. In 2005, Lyne was reportedly linked to Warner Bros. ' biopic of Johnny Stompanato , with Keanu Reeves portraying him and Catherine Zeta-Jones set to star as Lana Turner . In 2006, Lyne

352-442: Is a teenage runaway who drinks, uses drugs, and runs away from her abusive police officer father. Jeanie feels she has to take care of them all, is fighting with her divorced mother, who cycles through different boyfriends and is yearning for a closer relationship with her distant father, a tour manager for the rock band Angel . The girls believe school is a waste of time, their boyfriends are immature, and they are alienated from

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384-739: Is in contrast to the Great Man theory propounded by Thomas Carlyle , which sees history as the result of the actions of heroes and geniuses. Contradistinct Hegel perceived such "great men", specifically Napoleon , as the "embodiment of the world-spirit" ( Die Weltseele zu Pferde "the world-soul on horseback" ). Carlyle stresses that leaders do not become leaders by fate or accident. Instead, these individuals possess characteristics of great leaders and these characteristics allow them to obtain positions of power. According to Hegel biographer D. R. Forsyth, Leo Tolstoy disagreed with Carlyle's perspective, instead believing that leadership, like other things,

416-437: Is primarily a quality of an individual and that some people are pre-dispositioned to be a leader whereas others are born to follow these leaders. In contrast, situationist researchers believe that social behavior is a product of society. That is, social influence is what determines human behaviors. Therefore, situationism is of the same opinion as zeitgeist theory—leaders are created from the social environment and are molded from

448-447: The novel by Vladimir Nabokov and starring Jeremy Irons , was filmed for theatrical release in 1997, but American distributors shied away from it due to its controversial subject matter. The film premiered on Showtime and was so well-received that national theatrical distribution soon followed. His next film, Unfaithful , was loosely based on Claude Chabrol 's La Femme Infidèle . The movie stars Richard Gere and Diane Lane in

480-652: The San Fernando Valley today? She would have a different story to tell." He pitched the concept to Twentieth Century Fox who agreed to develop a script. Ayers went out and interviewed "around 40 girls" starting in March 1977 and finished a first draft by November 1977. "It isn't so much a duplication of the characters in Alcott as it is suggested by them," said Ayers. "Beth for example instead of being introverted has become quite extroverted." The original title

512-528: The adults. All four seem immersed in the decadence of the late 1970s. The only way for them to loosen up and forget the bad things happening in their lives is to party and have fun. Annie is the least responsible, while Jeanie is ready to grow up and wants to stop acting like a child. Jeanie is most worried about Annie and continually takes risks to try to keep Annie clean and safe. Annie's unstable behavior keeps everyone on edge and finally leads to her death in an automobile accident. Annie's death brings changes for

544-544: The early stages of a nascent industry. He proposed that the timing of involvement in an industry, and often in sports as well, affected the probability of success. In Silicon Valley , a number of people ( Peter Thiel , Alistair Davidson, Mac Levchin, Nicholas G. Carr , Vinod Khosla ) have argued that much innovation has been shaped by easy access to the Internet, open source software , component technologies for both hardware and software (e.g., software libraries, software as

576-665: The erotic thriller Deep Water , based on a novel by Patricia Highsmith . Disney's 20th Century Studios released the film on Hulu in the United States and on Amazon Prime Video in other countries. It is Lyne's first directorial effort in 20 years, and the first erotic film released by Disney since Color of Night in 1994. Foxes (1980 film) Foxes is a 1980 American coming-of-age drama film directed by Adrian Lyne , in his feature film directorial debut , and written by Gerald Ayres . The film stars Jodie Foster , Scott Baio , Sally Kellerman , Randy Quaid , and Cherie Currie , in her acting debut. It revolves around

608-421: The film a positive review, writing: The movie follows its four foxes through several days and several adventures. It's a loosely structured film, deliberately episodic to suggest the shapeless form of these teenagers' typical days and nights. Things happen on impulse. Stuff comes up. Kids stay out all night, run away, get drunk, or get involved in what's supposed to be a civilized dinner party until it's crashed by

640-603: The film industry, with Lyne stating: "I remember making this advertisement up in Yorkshire when I got a message that Stanley Kubrick had called. He'd seen an ad I'd made for milk in which I'd used a particular type of graduated filter. He wanted to know exactly which filter I'd used." Two of Lyne's early short films, The Table (1973) and Mr Smith (1976), were entries in the London Film Festival . Lyne made his feature filmmaking debut in 1980 with Foxes ,

672-483: The film struck a chord with audiences. Deemed "the zeitgeist hit of the decade" by Time magazine, Fatal Attraction earned six Academy Award nominations including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actress (Glenn Close), Best Supporting Actress ( Anne Archer ), Best Screenplay and Best Editing . In 1990, Lyne directed Jacob's Ladder . Written by Academy Award-winner Bruce Joel Rubin ( Ghost ) and starring Tim Robbins , Elizabeth Peña and Danny Aiello ,

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704-451: The film takes audiences on a journey through Vietnam veteran Jacob Singer's (Robbins) post-war life where apparent reality is interleaved with nightmarish hallucinations, leading to a twist ending . With Indecent Proposal , Lyne examined how the sexes look at relationships and money. Starring Robert Redford , Woody Harrelson and Demi Moore , Indecent Proposal became a worldwide box office hit. Lyne's version of Lolita , based on

736-413: The relationship. Foxes was released in a Region 1 DVD by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer on August 5, 2003. A Blu-ray edition of the film was released by Kino Lorber on January 15, 2015. Zeitgeist Its coinage and popularization precede Hegel, and are mostly due to Herder and Goethe . Other philosophers who were associated with such concepts include Spencer and Voltaire . Contemporary use of

768-427: The rest of the girls. Madge marries Jay, an older man with whom she first has sex; Deirdre no longer acts boy crazy; and Jeanie graduates from high school and is about to head off to college. After Madge and Jay's wedding, Jeanie visits Annie's grave and smokes a cigarette. With a smile, she muses that Annie wanted to be buried under a pear tree, "not in a box or anything", so that each year her friends could come by, have

800-614: The situation. Further, this approach was expressed by social psychologist Kurt Lewin by the equation B = f(P, E) where behavior (B) is a function (f) of the person (P) and the environment (E). Executives, venture capitalists, journalists, and authors have argued that the idea of a zeitgeist is useful in understanding the emergence of industries, simultaneous invention, and evaluating the relative value of innovations. Malcolm Gladwell argued in his book, Outliers , that entrepreneurs who succeeded often share similar characteristics—early personal or significant exposure to knowledge and skills in

832-427: The situation. The concept of zeitgeist also relates to the sociological tradition that stems from Émile Durkheim and recently developed into social capital theory as exemplified by the work of Patrick Hunout . These two perspectives have been combined to create what is known as the interactional approach to leadership. This approach asserts that leadership is developed through the mixing of personality traits and

864-616: The term sometimes, more colloquially, is similar to the Overton Window refers to a schema of fashions or fads that prescribe what is considered to be acceptable or tasteful for an era: e.g., in the field of architecture . Hegel in Phenomenology of the Spirit (1807) uses both Weltgeist and Volksgeist , but prefers the phrase Geist der Zeiten "spirit of the times" over the compound Zeitgeist . The Hegelian concept

896-627: Was Twentieth Century Foxes . Fox passed on the script and the project wound up with producer David Puttnam , who had a deal with Casablanca Pictures, for whom he had made Midnight Express . Puttnam said "When I first came out here [Los Angeles] I was fascinated by Beverly Hills teenagers, particularly with the problem of suicide. Gerry's script doesn't deal with that but it does touch on a lot of contemporary issues." Casablanca agreed to finance under its deal with United Artists. Filming began on October 16, 1978, and wrapped in January 1979. The film

928-451: Was a product of the "zeitgeist", the social circumstances at the time. Great Man theory and zeitgeist theory may be included in two main areas of thought in psychology . For instance, Great Man theory is very similar to the trait approach . Trait researchers are interested in identifying the various personality traits that underline human behaviors such as conformity, leadership, or other social behaviors. Thus, they agree that leadership

960-684: Was committed to directing Two Minutes to Midnight , a Sheldon Turner -scripted thriller for 20th Century Fox . In 2007, he was circling to direct Prince of Thieves , which later became The Town . In 2012, Lyne was in talks to direct a film adaptation of the John Grisham novel The Associate . In 2015, there was talk of him directing Nicole Kidman in an adaptation of the 2013 A.S.A. Harrison novel Silent Wife . The next year, Michael Douglas and Halle Berry were connected to another Lyne project called Silence . As of 2022, none of these projects have come to fruition. He most recently directed

992-467: Was inspired to make his own films by the work of French New Wave directors like Jean Luc Godard , François Truffaut and Claude Chabrol . Lyne was among a generation of British directors in the 1970s, including Ridley Scott , Alan Parker , Tony Scott and Hugh Hudson , who would begin their career making television commercials before going on to have major success in films. Their techniques in making commercials were admired and copied by major names in

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1024-516: Was the feature directorial debut from Adrian Lyne. Producer David Puttnam had enjoyed success hiring debutant directors with a background in TV commercials ( Ridley Scott , Alan Parker , Hugh Hudson ) and that is where Lyne came from. Foxes grossed $ 7.5 million domestically. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 70% based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 5.9/10. Film critic Roger Ebert gave

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