The Aerial Experiment Association ( AEA ) was a Canadian-American aeronautical research group formed on 30 September 1907, under the leadership of Dr. Alexander Graham Bell .
108-452: The AEA produced several different aircraft in quick succession, with each member acting as principal designer for at least one. The group introduced key technical innovations, notably wingtip ailerons and the tricycle landing gear . According to Bell, the AEA was a "co-operative scientific association, not for gain but for the love of the art and doing what we can to help one another." Although
216-411: A coordinated turn , adverse yaw is effectively compensated by the use of the rudder , which results in a sideforce on the vertical tail that opposes the adverse yaw by creating a favorable yawing moment. Another method of compensation is ' differential ailerons ', which have been rigged so that the down-going aileron deflects less than the up-going one. In this case the opposing yaw moment is generated by
324-446: A 48-hour period, the village of Hammondsport was among those that were subjected to wide spread damage and ruin. During the prolonged heavy rains much water had drained off the adjacent hills and funneled through Glen Brook, which at its end runs parallel between the hillside and Hammondsport before reachingf Keuka Lake. The torrents of water coming down through the brook at Hammondsport caused the stone retaining walls to give way, allowing
432-452: A French military engineer, Charles Renard , built and flew an unmanned glider incorporating ailerons on each side (which he termed 'winglets'), activated by a Boulton-style pendulum controlled single-axis autopilot device. The pioneering U.S. aeronautical engineer Octave Chanute published descriptions and drawings of the Wright brothers ' 1902 glider in the leading aviation periodical of
540-410: A difference in profile drag between the left and right wingtips. Frise ailerons accentuate this profile drag imbalance by protruding beneath the wing of an upward-deflected aileron, most often by being hinged slightly behind the leading edge and near the bottom of the surface, with the lower section of the aileron surface's leading edge protruding slightly below the wing's undersurface when the aileron
648-576: A flight carrying Selfridge) in the period from 1907 to 1912. Some of Bell's kites are on display at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site . The AEA's work progressed to heavier-than-air machines, applying their knowledge of kites to gliders. The AEA collaboration led to very public success. Casey Baldwin became the first Canadian and first British subject pilot on 12 March 1908 flight of Red Wing . Its successor, White Wing , also of 1908,
756-619: A former curator of the Smithsonian Air & Space Museum in Washington, D.C., and other researchers, due to the patent they had received the Wrights stood firmly on the position that all flying using lateral roll control, anywhere in the world, would only be conducted under license by them. The Wrights subsequently became embroiled with numerous lawsuits they launched against aircraft builders who used lateral flight controls, and
864-486: A garden at his rectory in 1830. He soon discovered that the surrounding region would be ideal for growing imported grape vines and planted the first vines in the slopes around Keuka Lake, which established the wine country and its subsequent wine industry in the western Finger Lakes region. The first townspeople to take vine cuttings from Bostwick's vines were John Poppino, Lemuel Hastings and George McClure. Beginning with Andrew Swartout in 1852, grapes from vineyards around
972-587: A grist mill, three doctors, two dentists, three lawyers, a chiropractor and a veterinarian and a harness shop, along with the airplane works at the Glenn Curtiss Company. In 1921, five local men purchased a wood barrel factory just south of the present D.W. Putnam Wine Company, and named it the Aerial Service Corporation . Two of these men, Henry Kleckler, the president and William Chadeayne, vice president, were formerly with
1080-615: A grist mill. During the winter months, however, operations at the mill stopped due to the freezing water. Subsequently, its life as a grist mill was short lived and after 1840 it was used as a warehouse until 1880 when it was used as a winery by the Glen Wine Company. In 1901 William H. Hallock, owner of the Hallock Bank in Bath, acquired the property. The structure is listed in U.S. National Register of Historic Places Among
1188-594: A higher amount of dihedral than conventional aircraft. Deflecting the rudder gives yaw and a lot of differential wing lift, giving a yaw induced roll moment. This type of control system is most commonly seen in the Flying Flea family of small aircraft and on simpler 2-function (pitch and yaw control) glider models or 3-function (pitch, yaw and throttle control) model powered aircraft, such as radio-controlled versions of "Old Timer" free-flight engine-powered model aircraft. Hammondsport, New York Hammondsport
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#17327718924401296-467: A hull that developed leaks due to engine vibration. In 1909 the Cricket caught fire and was damaged beyond repair while docked at Hammondsport. By 1921, with the increased use of gasoline powered trucks and cars, large boat traffic on the lake was no longer economically feasible: The Mary Bell was the last large vessel to make the run between Hammondsport and Penn Yan on opposite ends of the lake. In
1404-531: A motorcycle engine to power his balloon. Together they built a large building on Kingsley Flats, a low-lying area between the village and the lake and began manufacturing balloons and dirigibles at Hammondsport. Early development of aircraft and seaplanes was carried out by Curtiss in his factory at Hammondsport, and who later had joined with Alexander Graham Bell and others in the Aerial Experiment Association . On July 4, 1908,
1512-422: A new and useful method of controlling an airplane. The patent application included the claim for the lateral control of aircraft flight that was not limited to wing warping, but through any manipulation of the "....angular relations of the lateral margins of the airplanes [wings].... varied in opposite directions". Thus the patent explicitly stated that other methods besides wing-warping could be used for adjusting
1620-587: A total of US$ 35,000 (equivalent to $ 1,190,000 in 2023) to finance the Association, with $ 20,000 made available immediately by the sale of property. Curtiss, the American motorcycle designer and manufacturer and a recognized expert on gasoline engines , was recruited as a member of the association, and his associate Augustus Post assisted as representative from the Aero Club of America. Curtiss had visited
1728-524: Is a village in Steuben County, New York , United States. First settled in 1792 the village is located at the south end of Keuka Lake , one of the Finger Lakes . Beginning in the 1790s the village began to take form, which included a courthouse and a jail. In the 1850s vineyards and the wine industry began to emerge in and around Hammondsport. Pioneer aviation engineer and pilot Glenn Curtiss
1836-502: Is basically countered by aircraft yaw stability and also by the use of differential aileron movement. The Frise-type aileron also forms a slot, so air flows smoothly over the lowered aileron, making it more effective at high angles of attack. Frise-type ailerons may also be designed to function differentially. Like the differential aileron , the Frise-type aileron does not eliminate adverse yaw entirely. Coordinated rudder application
1944-411: Is caused partly by the change in drag between the left and right wing. The rising wing generates increased lift, which causes increased induced drag . The descending wing generates reduced lift, which causes reduced induced drag. Profile drag caused by the deflected ailerons may add further to the difference, along with changes in the lift vectors as one rotates back while the other rotates forward. In
2052-431: Is deflected upwards, substantially increasing profile drag on that side. Ailerons may also be designed to use a combination of these methods. With ailerons in the neutral position, the wing on the outside of the turn develops more lift than the opposite wing due to the variation in airspeed across the wing span, which tends to cause the aircraft to continue to roll. Once the desired angle of bank (degree of rotation about
2160-402: Is moved downward, the other is moved upward: the down-going aileron increases the lift on its wing while the up-going aileron reduces the lift on its wing, producing a rolling (also called 'banking') moment about the aircraft's longitudinal axis (which extends from the nose to the tail of an airplane). Ailerons are usually situated near the wing tip , but may sometimes also be situated nearer
2268-412: Is still needed when ailerons are applied. By careful design of the mechanical linkages, the up aileron can be made to deflect more than the down aileron (e.g., US patent 1,565,097). This helps reduce the likelihood of a wing tip stall when aileron deflections are made at high angles of attack. In addition, the consequent differential in drag reduces adverse yaw (as also discussed above ). The idea
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#17327718924402376-422: Is that the loss of lift associated with the up aileron carries no penalty while the increase in lift associated with the down aileron is minimized. The rolling couple on the aircraft is always the difference in lift between the two wings. A designer at de Havilland invented a simple and practical linkage and their de Havilland Tiger Moth classic British biplane became one of the best-known aircraft, and one of
2484-865: The America , was also designed by Curtiss and launched in Keuka Lake at Hammondsport in 1914, while the people of Hammondsport and the press gathered to witness the landmark event. This aircraft was again flown by Captain Jim Poel, and co-pilot, Lee Sackett, over Keuka Lake during an exhibition at Hammondsport in 2008 and again in 2009. In 1911 Curtiss founded the first flying school in America at Hammondsport. Here he taught Blanche Stuart Scott how to operate an airplane, who became America's first female pilot. During this time Scott resided in Hammondsport at
2592-521: The June Bug , was the first American airplane to fly at least 1 km and was flown by Curtiss from the Hammondsport airfield. The June Bug was later fitted with pontoons and became the first aircraft to perform takeoffs and landings on the water. Hammondsport at Keuka Lake was the site where the first successful flight of a "flying boat" took place in July 1912. The first long distance "flying boat",
2700-523: The 107th New York Infantry Regiment (nicknamed the Campbell Guards), was mustered. Young men from Hammondsport, Bath and Elimra who volunteered for service were assigned to Company G of the regiment which was organized in Elmira, NY . The regiment was mustered into service for three years and left the state to serve on August 13, 1862. Morris Brown, Jr. , a once Hammondsport resident, received
2808-535: The Aero Club of America —called the Herring-Curtiss Company . This new development, plus the fact that it effectively displaced the AEA's headquarters at Curtiss' own facility in Hammondsport, resulted in the AEA's mandate expiring without further extension on March 31. Aileron An aileron (French for "little wing" or "fin") is a hinged flight control surface usually forming part of
2916-493: The Bristol Aeroplane Company developed an aileron shape that is pivoted at about its 25 to 30% chord line and near its bottom surface [1] , in order to decrease stick forces as aircraft became faster during the 1930s. When the aileron is deflected up (to make its wing go down), the leading edge of the aileron starts to protrude below the underside of the wing into the airflow beneath the wing. The moment of
3024-563: The Curtiss Aeroplane Company , known as the Mercury Corporation , established in Hammondsport in 1920. As the greater part of Hammondsport's economy was dependent on its wineries, the effects of the prohibition from 1919 to 1933 forced many wineries to stop operations, resulting in an overall decline in the wine industry and subsequent unemployment in Hammondsport, which in turn all but closed down
3132-1027: The Medal of Honor posthumously on March 6, 1869, for his service in the Union Army at the Battle of Gettysburg , where he daringly captured the Confederate flag. He died in action almost a year later in Virginia. Brown, Jr. was interred at Lakeview Cemetery in Penn Yan at the northern end of Keuka Lake. By the time World War I began in 1914 the village of Hammondsport included twelve wineries, five grape-packing houses, one barrel making factory, four hotels, five grocery stores, five meat markets, three blacksmiths, two livery stables, five barber shops, three pool halls, three movie houses, two men's clothing stores, three hat shops, three lumber yards, four coal yards,
3240-479: The Wright brothers to discuss aeronautical engineering and offered them use of a 50 hp engine. Wilbur cordially declined, saying that a motor of their own development met their power needs, unaware that the AEA was about to become a serious competitor in powered flight. Bell wrote to U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt to have an interested young officer who had volunteered his help, U.S. Army Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge , officially detailed to Baddeck. Selfridge
3348-465: The Wright brothers patent war . The Wright company quietly changed its aircraft flight controls from wing warping to the use of ailerons at that time as well. Others who were previously thought to have been the first to introduce ailerons included: The Wright Brothers' Ohio patent attorney Henry Toulmin filed an expansive patent application and on May 22, 1906, the brothers were granted U.S. Patent 821393. The patent's importance lay in its claim of
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3456-473: The fuselage is parallel to the flight path. A simple gauge on the instrument panel called the slip indicator , also known as "the ball", indicates when this coordination is achieved. Particularly on larger or faster aircraft, control forces may be extremely heavy. Borrowing a discovery from boats that extending a control surface's area forward of the hinge lightens the forces needed first appeared on ailerons during World War I when ailerons were extended beyond
3564-501: The later version of the Santos-Dumont Demoiselle , which only warped the wingtips "downward". One of the disadvantages of this setup was a greater tendency to yaw than even with basic interconnected ailerons. During the 1930s a number of light aircraft used single acting controls but used springs to return the ailerons to their neutral positions when the stick was released. Used on the first-ever airframe to have
3672-643: The town assessor . The Hamondsport Advertiser , first published in 1838, and the Hammondsport Herald , first published in 1874, were Hammondsport's first newspapers. In 1931 the Hammondsport newspaper, the Keuka Grape Belt , combined with the Hammondsport Herald and Bath Plaindealer , and operated from 1931 to 1940. Published by the Keuka Grape Belt Co., its circulation served Hammondsport and Steuben County. In 1895
3780-400: The trailing edge of each wing of a fixed-wing aircraft . Ailerons are used in pairs to control the aircraft in roll (or movement around the aircraft's longitudinal axis ), which normally results in a change in flight path due to the tilting of the lift vector . Movement around this axis is called 'rolling' or 'banking'. Considerable controversy exists over credit for the invention of
3888-427: The wing root . Modern airliners may also have a second pair of ailerons on their wings, with the two positions distinguished by the terms 'outboard aileron' and 'inboard aileron'. An unwanted side effect of aileron operation is adverse yaw —a yawing moment in the opposite direction to the roll. Using the ailerons to roll an aircraft to the right produces a yawing motion to the left. As the aircraft rolls, adverse yaw
3996-487: The 1850s the farming industry began to decline when the Erie Railroad came through the area, which subsequently reduced lake traffic. During this time, however, viticulture began to materialize as a new and promising industry, as the temperate climate and well-drained soil along the shores of the lake were ideal for growing grapes. Charles Champlin's Pleasant Valley Wine Company was the first vineyard established in
4104-603: The 1938 popular US Piper J-3 Cub monoplane possessed Frise ailerons as designed and helped introduce them to a wide audience. A claimed benefit of the Frise aileron is the ability to counteract adverse yaw. To do so, the leading edge of the aileron has to be sharp or bluntly rounded, which adds significant drag to the upturned aileron and helps counterbalance the yaw force created by the other aileron turned down. This can add some unpleasant, nonlinear effect and/or potentially dangerous aerodynamic vibration (flutter). Adverse yaw moment
4212-502: The Bath & Hammondsport Railroad was purchased by local interests and renamed the B & H Railroad. The railroad remained in operation for 120 years. By 1870, Hammondsport had 3000 acres of vineyards; by 1879, 5000 acres; and by 1889, 14,500 acres. Subsequently, Hammondsport is considered the heart of the grape-growing region in New York. The Crooked Lake Canal , after much deliberation with state officials, and labor disputes,
4320-524: The Bath & Hammondsport Railroad, which for years had routinely transported large cargoes of wine and grapes from Hammondsport to other towns. Hammondsport was at the center of aviation development during the first years of the 20th century. The Reverend Claudius G. Curtiss, a Methodist minister, arrived at Hammondsport in 1876. He was the grandfather of Glenn Hammond Curtiss , the airplane designer who first developed aircraft capable of taking off and landing in water, who resided at Hammondsport, where he
4428-603: The Cessna 152/172 series can be roll controlled with rudder alone. The rudder of the Boeing 737 has more roll authority over the aircraft than the ailerons at high angles of attack. This led to two notable accidents when the rudder jammed in the fully deflected position causing rollovers (see Boeing 737 rudder issues ). Some aircraft such as the Fokker Spin and model gliders lack any type of lateral control. Those aircraft use
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4536-520: The Curtis Manufacturing Company (CMC) in Hammondsport. Its great success and national notoriety is said to have "put Hammondsport on the map". Later Glenn became a motorcycle and aircraft designer and manufacturer in Hammondsport, and became a recognized expert on gasoline engines. Curtiss' first involvement with aeronautics occurred in 1904, with his association with Thomas Baldwin , a pioneer balloonist, when Curtiss sold him
4644-540: The Hammondsport area, which was followed by Walter Taylor's vineyard, and others. Winemakers from France, including Jules D. Masson, who introduced new varieties of grapes from that country. The Bath and Hammondsport Railroad soon emerged, which connected to the Erie Railroad in Bath eight miles south of Hammondsport, which brought in more people and business to Hammondsport. During the American Civil War , with President Lincoln calling for 300,000 volunteers,
4752-641: The Junkers J 7 all-duralumin metal demonstrator monoplane using them—the J 7 led directly to the Junkers D.I all-duralumin metal German fighter design of 1918, which had conventionally hinged ailerons. The main problem with this type of aileron is the dangerous tendency to stall if used aggressively, especially if the aircraft is already in danger of stalling, hence the use primarily on prototypes, and their replacement on production aircraft with more conventional ailerons. Engineer Leslie George Frise (1897–1979) of
4860-632: The Saint James Episcopal Church was built. it was the third church, replacing the Episcopal churches that were built in 1833 and 1877. The cornerstone contains documents, including photographs and an 1886 Prayer Book formerly in the cornerstone of the second building. Beginning in 1894 Hammondsport received its first water system from springs that were contained in the Rufus Scofield farm, on Mt. Washington, not far from
4968-545: The Wrights. There are still conflicting claims today over who first invented the aileron. Other 19th century engineers and scientists, including Charles Renard , Alphonse Pénaud , and Louis Mouillard , had described similar flight control surfaces. Another technique for lateral flight control, wing warping , was also described or experimented with by several people including Jean-Marie Le Bris , John Montgomery , Clement Ader , Edson Gallaudet , D.D. Wells, and Hugo Mattullath. Aviation historian C.H. Gibbs-Smith wrote that
5076-459: The aileron and its function, i.e., lateral or roll control, the flight control device was invented and described by the British scientist and metaphysicist Matthew Piers Watt Boulton in his 1864 paper On Aërial Locomotion . He was the first to patent an aileron control system in 1868. Boulton's description of his lateral flight control system was "the first record we have of appreciation of
5184-418: The aileron lower surface, ahead of the aileron hinge, by a lever arm. They reduce the force needed by the pilot to deflect the aileron and are often seen on aerobatic aircraft. As the aileron is deflected upward, the spade produces a downward aerodynamic force, which tends to rotate the whole assembly so as to further deflect the aileron upward. The size of the spade (and its lever arm) determines how much force
5292-558: The aileron was "....one of the most remarkable inventions... of aeronautical history, which was immediately lost sight of". In 1906 the Wright brothers obtained a patent not for the invention of an airplane (which had existed for a number of decades in the form of gliders) but for the invention of a system of aerodynamic control that manipulated a flying machine's surfaces, including lateral flight control, although rudders , elevators and ailerons had previously been invented. Pairs of ailerons are typically interconnected so that when one
5400-405: The aileron. In addition to reducing the risk of flutter, mass balances also reduce the stick forces required to move the control surface in maneuvers. Some aileron designs, particularly when fitted on swept wings, include fences like wing fences flush with their inboard plane, in order to suppress some of the spanwise component of the airflow running on the top of the wing, which tends to disrupt
5508-424: The aileron. In some aircraft the aileron construction may be too heavy to allow this system to work without an excessive increase in the weight of the aileron. In this case, the weight may be added to a lever arm to move the weight well out in front to the aileron body. These balance weights are tear drop shaped (to reduce drag), which make them appear quite different from spades, although both project forward and below
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#17327718924405616-556: The aileron. The Wright brothers and Glenn Curtiss fought a years-long legal battle over the Wright patent of 1906, which described a method of wing-warping to achieve lateral control. The brothers prevailed in several court decisions which found that Curtiss's use of ailerons violated the Wright patent. Ultimately, the First World War compelled the U.S. Government to legislate a legal resolution. A much earlier aileron concept
5724-531: The airflow over a wing, disrupt the airflow and reduce the amount of lift generated. Many modern aircraft designs, especially jet aircraft , use spoilers in lieu of, or to supplement ailerons, such as the F4 Phantom II and Northrop P-61 Black Widow , which had almost full width flaps (there were very small conventional ailerons at the wingtips as well). All aircraft with dihedral have some form of yaw-roll coupling to promote stability. Common trainers like
5832-560: The association had no significant commercial impact, one of its members, Glenn Curtiss , later established a commercial venture that would ultimately become the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company . The AEA was disbanded on 31 March 1909. The AEA came into being when John Alexander Douglas McCurdy and his friend Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin , two recent engineering graduates of the University of Toronto , decided to spend
5940-404: The beginning of the 20th century. Later additions were added to the building on both sides, and thereafter it continued to serve as the Hammondsport school until 1935. In 1836 Mallory Mill was built by Meridith Mallory on Pulteney Street in Hammondsport. Four stories in height, the stone structure was the second largest free-standing building in New York. It had three water wheels used to power
6048-513: The brothers were consequently blamed for playing "...a major role in the lack of growth and aviation industry competition in the United States comparative to other nations like Germany leading up to and during World War I". Years of protracted legal conflict ensued with many other aircraft builders until the U.S. entered World War I, when the government imposed a legislated agreement among the parties which resulted in royalty payments of 1% to
6156-466: The canal became obsolete. Subsequently, the canal was financially forced to close in 1877. The first school-house to appear in Hammondsport was built in 1827 at the location where the St. James (Episcopal) Church exists today. In 1858 a private academy opened in a stone building at the corner of Main and Lake Streets in Hammondsport. The structure was later purchased by the Hammondsport school district around
6264-488: The cockpit so that different power settings or flight attitudes can be compensated for. Some large aircraft from the 1950s (including the Canadair Argus ) used free floating control surfaces that the pilot controlled only through the deflection of trim tabs, in which case additional tabs were also provided to fine-tune the control to provide straight and level flight. Spades are flat metal plates, usually attached to
6372-541: The combination of "joystick/rudder-bar" controls that directly led to the modern flight control system , the Blériot VIII in 1908, some designs of early aircraft used "wingtip" ailerons, where the entire wingtip was rotated to achieve roll control as a separate, pivoting roll-control surface—the AEA June Bug used a form of these, with both the experimental German Fokker V.1 of 1916 and the earlier versions of
6480-509: The day, L'Aérophile , in 1903. This prompted Esnault-Pelterie, a French military engineer, to build a Wright-style glider in 1904 that used ailerons in lieu of wing warping . The French journal L'Aérophile then published photos of the ailerons on Esnault-Pelterie's glider which were included in his June 1905 article, and its ailerons were widely copied afterward. The Wright brothers used wing warping instead of ailerons for roll control on their glider in 1902, and about 1904 their Flyer II
6588-469: The earliest printed aeronautical use of 'aileron' was that in the French aviation journal L'Aérophile of 1908. Ailerons had more or less completely supplanted other forms of lateral control, such as wing warping , by about 1915, well after the function of the rudder and elevator flight controls had been largely standardised. Although there were previously many conflicting claims over who first invented
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#17327718924406696-542: The earliest, to use differential ailerons. On the earliest Pioneer Era aircraft, such as the Wright Flyer and the later, 1909-origin Blériot XI and Etrich Taube , lateral control was effected by twisting the outboard portion of the wing so as to increase or decrease lift by changing the angle of attack. This had the disadvantages of stressing the structure, being heavy on the controls, and of risking stalling
6804-493: The first Christian religious service was held in Hammondsport by Episcopal Reverend Bostwick, who organized the Episcopal Church Society in Hammondsport and resided in a rectory there. In July 1831, Reverend Isaac Flagler, a Presbyterian, arrived and began religious services. On July 25, a Presbyterian religious society was established, and on September 14 a Presbyterian church, consisting of eight members,
6912-503: The first US military officer to pilot a modern aircraft, when he flew solo in the Aerial Experiment Association 's newest aircraft, White Wing , off shore from the village in Keuka Lake. In September of that year, while conducting flying experiments with Orville Wright in Virginia, he was the first member of the military to die in a plane crash. Heavy rains in July 1935 caused flooding and damage across much of southern-central New York. With more than 8.0 inches (200 mm) of rain in
7020-500: The first physicians to practice medicine in Hammondsport were Dr. Ezekiel B. Pulling, Dr. Amasa Church, Dr. C. E. Campbell, Dr. Moses T. Babcock, and Dr. Oliver H. Babeock. Among the first lawyers to live and practice in the village, were Benjamin Bennitt, Benjamin F. Drew, and Monroe Wheeler, Esqs. The first election of village officers was held November 22, 1856, which included William Hastings as senior trustee, and Orlando Shepard, as
7128-485: The first telephone office was built in Hammondsport which was needed to accommodate the Curtiss Manufacturing Company with its many business involvements. Hammondsport, on the shore of Keuka Lake, had several docks that accommodated lake-faring vessels that were typically used for trading and ferrying, transporting people and goods between Hammondsport and Penn Yan. The first vessel to set upon
7236-609: The flight control device was in general use. Gibbs-Smith stated on several occasions that if the Boulton patent had been revealed at the time of the Wright brothers ' legal filings, they might not have been able to claim priority of invention for the lateral control of flying machines. The fact that the Wright brothers were able to gain a patent in 1906 did not invalidate Boulton's lost and forgotten invention. Ailerons were not used on manned aircraft until they were employed on Robert Esnault-Pelterie 's glider in 1904, although in 1871
7344-557: The hillside. A number of buildings surrounding Pulteney Square make up the Pulteney Square Historic District and are listed in the National Register of Historic Places Hammondsport was settled beginning in 1792 by Samuel Baker, Mr. Aulls and Capt. Amos Stone, and was originally called "Cold Spring Valley", due to its icy-cold spring that emptied into Keuka Lake (then called Crooked Lake ) It
7452-487: The home of Curtiss and his family. Worlf War I flying ace, William Thaw , credited with five confirmed and two unconfirmed aerial victories, also attended the Curtiss flying school. In 1914 another aviation pioneer, Samuel Langley , brought his plane to Hammondsport to be reconditioned by Curtis and flown in a scientific demonstration After a long and distinguished career in avionics Curtiss died unexpectedly in 1930 at
7560-521: The lake were being shipped by boat to Hammondsport, then by wagons, and then by the Bath & Hammondsport Railroad to where it connected to the Erie Railroad at the Bath railroad station and transported to New York . Subsequently, the demand for fresh grapes in New York increased dramatically, which in turn greatly promoted the wine industry in and around Hammondsport. After the flood of 1935
7668-577: The lake. According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 0.4 square miles (1.0 km ), of which 0.3 square miles (0.78 km ) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km ) (5.41%) is water. Hammondsport is at the south end of Keuka Lake situated at the foot of one of the long hills that forms the Keuka Lake valley. The village is located north of the junction of New York State Route 54 and New York State Route 54A . NY-54A which passes through
7776-632: The laminar flow above the aileron, when deflected downwards. Used during aviation's pre-war "pioneer era" and into the early years of the First World War, these ailerons were each controlled by a single cable, which pulled the aileron up. When the aircraft was at rest, the ailerons hung vertically down. This type of aileron was used on the Farman III biplane 1909 and the Short 166 . A "reverse" version of this, utilizing wing-warping, existed on
7884-512: The leading edge in the airflow helps to move up the trailing edge, which decreases the stick force. The down moving aileron also adds energy to the boundary layer. The edge of the aileron directs air flow from the underside of the wing to the upper surface of the aileron, thus creating a lifting force added to the lift of the wing. This reduces the needed deflection of the aileron. Both the Canadian Fleet Model 2 biplane of 1930 and
7992-401: The longitudinal axis) has been obtained, the pilot uses opposite aileron to prevent the angle of bank from increasing due to this variation in lift across the wing span. This minor opposite use of the control must be maintained throughout the turn. The pilot also uses a slight amount of rudder in the same direction as the turn to counteract adverse yaw and to produce a "coordinated" turn wherein
8100-500: The necessity for active lateral control as distinguished from [passive lateral stability].... With this invention of Boulton's we have the birth of the present-day three torque method of airborne control" as was praised by Charles Manly . This was also endorsed by C.H. Gibbs-Smith. Boulton's British patent, No. 392 of 1868, issued about 35 years before ailerons were "reinvented" in France, became forgotten and lost from sight until after
8208-501: The organization's secretary and Bell's cousin, Charles J. Bell, became the Association's legal trustee. In March 1909, strained relations arose between Curtiss and the Association's other members. A request for him to attend the association's meeting and resolve the issue went unanswered. It was also in March that Curtiss abruptly announced a new commercial venture—in partnership with Augustus Moore Herring and backed by wealthy members of
8316-548: The outer portions of an airplane's wings to different angles on its right and left sides to achieve lateral roll control. John J. Montgomery was granted U.S. Patent 831173 at nearly the same time for his methods of wing warping. Both the Wright Brothers patent and Montgomery's patent were reviewed and approved by the same patent examiner at the United States Patent Office, William Townsend. At
8424-404: The pilot needs to apply to deflect the aileron. A spade works in the same manner as a horn but is more efficient due to the longer moment arm . To increase the speed at which control surface flutter ( aeroelastic flutter ) might become a risk, the center of gravity of the control surface is moved towards the hinge-line for that surface. To achieve this, lead weights may be added to the front of
8532-524: The relatively early age of 52. His subsequent funeral service was held in Hammondsport at St. James Episcopal Church, with his interment in the family plot at Pleasant Valley Cemetery, just south of Hammondsport in Urbana. Today the Glenn H. Curtiss Museum , located less than a mile south of Hammondsport on State Road, Rt. 54, houses many examples of Curtiss' airplanes and other inventions. Henry Kleckler ,
8640-487: The rushing waters to gouge a channel through some of the dirt roads in the village. The flood killed seven people, five of them children. Among the ruin caused to houses and other structures, the flood also destroyed an old warehouse in the glen that housed the Georges Roulet Winnery, thereby flushing out several hundred barrels of aging brandy into the streets of Hammondsport that were previously stored in
8748-410: The same benefit. Trim tabs are small movable sections resembling scaled down ailerons located at or near the trailing edge of the aileron. On most propeller powered aircraft, the rotation of the propeller(s) induces a counteracting roll movement due to Newton's third law of motion , in that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. To relieve the pilot of having to provide continuous pressure on
8856-663: The side with the increased angle of attack during a maneuver. By 1916, most designers had abandoned wing warping in favor of ailerons. Researchers at NASA and elsewhere have been taking a second look at wing warping again, although under new names. The NASA version is the X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing while the United States Air Force tested the Adaptive Compliant Wing . Spoilers are devices that when extended into
8964-441: The stick in one direction (which causes fatigue) trim tabs are provided to adjust or trim out the pressure needed against any unwanted movement. The tab itself is deflected in relation to the aileron, causing the aileron to move in the opposite direction. Trim tabs come in two forms, adjustable and fixed. A fixed trim tab is manually bent to the required amount of deflection, while the adjustable trim tab can be controlled from within
9072-527: The summer in Baddeck, Nova Scotia . McCurdy had grown up there, and his father was the personal secretary of Bell. He had grown up close to the Bell family and was well received in their home. One day, as the three sat with Bell discussing the problems of aviation, Mabel Bell , Alexander's wife, suggested they create a formal research group to exploit their collective ideas. Being independently wealthy, she provided
9180-402: The time Townsend indicated that both methods of wing warping were invented independently and were sufficiently different to each justify their own patent award. Multiple U.S. court decisions favoured the expansive Wright patent, which the Wright Brothers sought to enforce with licensing fees starting from $ 1,000 per airplane, and said to range up to $ 1,000 per day. According to Louis S. Casey,
9288-402: The village after linking with County Road 76. Keuka Inlet and Glen Brook flow past the village. At the 2000 census , there were 731 people, 332 households and 200 families residing in the village. The population density was 2,088.5 inhabitants per square mile (806.4/km ). There were 388 housing units at an average density of 1,108.5 per square mile (428.0/km ). The racial makeup of the village
9396-408: The village. Aside from supplying the village with pure spring water, one of the first objectives was to install five fire hydrants at convenient locations about the village. Pressure from the water system came from the gravitational force and the high altitude of the springs.The water system plant was completed in 1865 costing about $ 25,000, paid for and owned by the village of Hammondsport. In 1917,
9504-439: The waters of Keuka Lake was a schooner called The Sally , built in 1808 at Hammondsport by George McClure for the purpose of transporting wheat and other goods from Penn Yan to Hammondsport, where it would be shipped to market in New York. McClure played a fundamental role in Hammondsport's business development. When steam power came into common use there were several steamboats running on Keuka Lake in 1835. The first built
9612-426: The winery during the prohibition years . Great amounts of mud was also deposited on many of the streets, and buried a number of cars, while the railroad line from Bath to Hammondsport was almost completely destroyed. Not long after the flood, the stone walls along Glen Brook in Hammondsport were widened and reinforced with concrete so as withstand heavy rain runoff from the hillside and channel any future flood waters to
9720-416: The wing warping technique, which was one reason for Esnault-Pelterie's decision to switch to ailerons. By 1911 most biplanes used ailerons rather than wing warping—by 1915 ailerons had become almost universal on monoplanes as well. The U.S. Government, frustrated by the lack of its country's aeronautical advances in the years leading up to World War I , enforced a patent pool effectively putting an end to
9828-473: The wingtip and provided with a horn ahead of the hinge. Known as overhung ailerons, possibly the best known examples are the Handley Page Type O (first flight 17 December 1915), Sopwith Snipe , Fokker Dr.I and Fokker D.VII . Later examples brought the counterbalance in line with the wing to improve control and reduce drag. This is seen less often now, due to the Frise type aileron which provides
9936-495: Was $ 38,182 and the family median income was $ 50,125. Males had a median income of $ 32,143 and females $ 28,906. The per capita income for the village was $ 18,308. About 4.6% of families and 5.8% of the population were below the poverty line , including 11.1% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those aged 65 or over. Sites on the National Register of Historic Places are Hammondsport Union Free School , Mallory Mill and
10044-429: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.83. 24.1% of the population were under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 29.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.2 males. The median household income
10152-529: Was 96.58% White , 1.37% African American , 0.41% Native American , 0.41% Asian , 0.41% from other races , and 0.82% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.27% of the population. There were 332 households, of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.3% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.5% were non-families. 34.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.8% had someone living alone who
10260-468: Was also known as Pleasant Valley. In 1802, General George McClure purchased several hundred acres of land in Pleasant Valley just south of Hammondsp[ort where he built a saw mill, fulling mill, flour mill and carding machine. During this time he opened a store on the site of Hammondsport, which sold goods produced by the mills, thus laying the foundation for future business there. The village
10368-682: Was assigned to the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps on 3 August 1907, two days after its formation, and was sent to Nova Scotia. A year later, on 17 September 1908, while riding as a passenger with Orville Wright on a demonstration flight for the U.S. Army, he became the first person killed in an aircraft accident. In 1898, Bell experimented with man-lifting tetrahedral kites and wings constructed of multiple compound tetrahedral kites covered in maroon silk. The tetrahedral wings were named Cygnet I , II and III , and were flown both uncrewed and crewed ( Cygnet I crashed during
10476-688: Was born in 1878. At this time the population of Hammondsport was almost 1000 people. Not long after his father died Curtiss married Lena Pearl Neff in the Hammondsport Presbyterian Church. In a vacant storefront owned by Mrs. Benjamin Bennett, co-founder of the Hammondsport Herald, he opened up a bicycle shop across from the bandstand on Pulteney Square, which soon grew into a successful business. Here he developed his own gasoline engine which he later produced in
10584-489: Was born in Hammondsport, where he built several types of aircraft, and the first seaplanes, which were tested in Keuka Lake. Hammondsport features a village square, historic buildings, wineries, breweries and museums. Nearby municipalities contain vineyards, and wineries and grape-packing have played a major role in the economy. In 1935, heavy rains lasting three days resulted in mudslides and major flooding, ruining or damaging many homes and structures in Hammondsport, situated at
10692-738: Was called the Keuka Maid , a sidewheeler of 85 feet in length. In the latter half of the 1800s Hammondsport became the home to various steamboat manufacturers which included A. W. Springstead and the Union Dry Dock Company. In 1892 the Dry Dock company built the Mary Bell , considered "The Queen of Lake Keuka", which was the largest steamboat ever to operate on the lake. Some steamboats met an unusual fate while docked at Hammondsport. The Steuben sank while docked there from
10800-736: Was completed in three years and opened in 1833, connecting Hammondsport and the Town of Urbana to the Erie Canal . At a width of 42 feet, the canal was built to accommodate the same size boats in use on the Erie Canal. With access via the Seneca Canal to the Erie Canal, which led to the Hudson River , it became possible to ship goods between Hammondsport and New York City by boat. When the Bath and Hammondsport railroad opened in 1874
10908-554: Was done on seaplane carried out by Curtiss. In France Henri Fabre successfully flew the first powered seaplane in history, the Fabre Hydravion , in March 1910. Bell's organization was established with a fixed term mandate, which was extended to March 31, 1909, by joint agreement of all its members, with Mrs. Bell contributing an additional $ 10,000 of financing. After Lt. Selfridge's death in September 1908, McCurdy became
11016-679: Was flown off the ice of Bras d'Or Lake near Baddeck by McCurdy, who had been one of its designers. On 10 March 1909, McCurdy set a record when he flew the Silver Dart on a circular course over a distance of more than 32 km (20 mi), a feat that the Wrights had already accomplished in 1905. The Association made the first passenger flight in Canada on 2 August, also in the Silver Dart . Much development also took place in Hammondsport, New York , where in 1908 pioneering experimentation
11124-490: Was later renamed for Lazerus Hammond, a settler who arrived in 1810 from nearby Dansville . The first building constructed in the valley is still standing. Hammond officially founded the village around 1826, and it was incorporated in 1856. William Hastings, a member of the Presbyterian church, erected the first store, and started a mercantile business. The village became a center for the New York wine industry. In 1825
11232-491: Was organized, by a committee from the Presbyterian church in Bath, consisting of Reverend Isaac W. Piatt, Reverend Samuel White, with the assistance of two elders. During the 1830s other preachers began arriving and established other churches in Hammondsport, receiving financial assistance and guidance from the American Home Missionary Society . Reverend Bostwick planted the first grapevines in
11340-710: Was patented in 1868 by British scientist Matthew Piers Watt Boulton , based on his 1864 paper On Aërial Locomotion . The name "aileron", from French, meaning "little wing", also refers to the extremities of a bird's wings used to control their flight. It first appeared in print in the 7th edition of Cassell's French-English Dictionary of 1877, with its lead meaning of "small wing". In the context of powered airplanes it appears in print about 1908. Prior to that, ailerons were often referred to as rudders , their older technical sibling, with no distinction between their orientations and functions, or more descriptively as horizontal rudders (in French, gouvernails horizontaux ). Among
11448-705: Was the first airplane to have Bell's ailerons . The following design, the June Bug , also of 1908 and piloted by Curtiss, won the Scientific American Trophy by making the first official one-kilometer flight in North America, although the Wrights had already accomplished this in 1904. Their fourth flying machine, the Silver Dart , also constructed in 1908, made the first controlled powered flight in Canada on 23 February 1909 when it
11556-425: Was the only aircraft of its time able to do a coordinated banked turn. During the early years of powered flight the Wrights had better roll control on their designs than airplanes that used movable surfaces. From 1908, as aileron designs were refined it became clear that ailerons were much more effective and practical than wing warping. Ailerons also had the advantage of not weakening the airplane's wing structure as did
11664-426: Was the shop foreman at Curtiss' airplane manufacturing works (CMC) in Hammondsport. Curtiss considered Kleckler his "right hand man", and a "master innovator and mechanic" He was also a native of Hammondsport and worked with Curtiss in developing more efficient engines for the "flying boats" pioneered and developed by Curtiss. On May 19, 1908, Thomas Selfridge , while working with Curtiss in Hammondsport, became
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