109-562: Legatum Limited , also known as Legatum , is a private investment firm, headquartered in Dubai , United Arab Emirates . Legatum is a partnership that uses its own funds to invest globally. The firm also invests in activities to promote entrepreneurship and free enterprise as well as anti-slavery, health and education initiatives. Legatum (meaning "legacy" or "gift") is a private investment firm based in Dubai using only capital provided by members of
218-408: A serological test, although the test is not very accurate. Treatment is with medication, which may have severe side effects. There are 50–100 million dengue virus infections annually. Dengue fever is usually not fatal, but infection with one of four serotypes can increase later susceptibility to other serotypes, resulting in a potentially fatal disease called severe dengue. Dengue fever
327-477: A tropical , hot desert climate ( Köppen BWh). Summers in Dubai are extremely hot, prolonged, windy, and humid, with an average high around 40 °C (104 °F) and overnight lows around 30 °C (86 °F) in the hottest month, August. Most days are sunny throughout the year. Winters are mild to warm, with an average high of 24 °C (75 °F) and overnight lows of 14 °C (57 °F) in January,
436-399: A center for regional and international trade since the early 20th century, and its economy relies on revenues from trade, tourism, aviation, real estate, and financial services. Oil revenue helped accelerate the development of the city. However, oil production contributed less than 1 percent to the emirate's GDP in 2018. Due to financial secrecy, low taxes, and valuable real estate, Dubai
545-403: A component of the issue. From the 1960s onward, approximately one citation a year related to social stigma. In 2006, there were 458. Stigma greatly affects disease control by decreasing help-seeking and treatment adherence. Disease control programs since the 1980s have begun to integrate stigma mitigation into their offerings. In India , a leprosy program prioritized the message that "leprosy
654-518: A construction boom that brought a massive influx of foreign workers, mainly Asians and Middle Easterners. Between 1968 and 1975, the city's population grew by over 300%. As part of the infrastructure for pumping and transporting oil from the Fateh field, located offshore of the Jebel Ali area of Dubai, two 500,000-gallon storage tanks were built, known locally as "Kazzans", by welding them together on
763-530: A diverse group of tropical infections that are common in low-income populations in developing regions of Africa , Asia , and the Americas . They are caused by a variety of pathogens , such as viruses , bacteria , protozoa , and parasitic worms ( helminths ). These diseases are contrasted with the "big three" infectious diseases ( HIV/AIDS , tuberculosis , and malaria ), which generally receive greater treatment and research funding. In sub-Saharan Africa,
872-574: A growing awareness of the burden on these populations, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control has laid out ten public health guidelines. They cover a variety of topics, from health education and promotion to community partnerships and the development of a minority healthcare workforce. There is some debate among the WHO, CDC , and infectious disease experts over which diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases. Feasey,
981-585: A hidden disease burden among the poorest people in wealthy societies . In developed nations, lack of knowledge in the healthcare industry and lack of conclusive diagnostic tests perpetuate the neglect of this group of diseases. In the United States, rates of parasitic infection can be distributed along geographic, racial, and socio-economic lines. Among African Americans , there may be up to 2.8 million cases of toxocariasis . Toxocariasis, trichomoniasis , and some other neglected infections occur in
1090-481: A lack of economic incentives and public policy failings. A lack of awareness prevents effective policy generation and leaves healthcare services unequipped to address the issue. Additionally, little effort is put into creating and maintaining large data sets on neglected diseases in the United States and other developed nations. The first summit on the issue was held by the Adler Institute on Social Exclusion in
1199-780: A majority stake in SHARE Microfinance, India's leading microfinance institution. In 2006, the company co-founded an early charity crowdfunding platform, Razoo Global Corporation, based in Alexandria, VA . The platform has raised US$ 550 million in crowdfunding since its establishment. It announced a management buy-out of Legatum's holding in 2017. In 2007, Legatum purchased a significant minority stake in Intellecap , which provides consultancy advice to companies in Asia and Africa, and which it subsequently sold back to its owner,
SECTION 10
#17327985138851308-647: A mud wall, scattered with goats and camels. The main footpath out of the village led to a reedy creek while another trailed off into the desert and merged into caravan routes. In 1833, following tribal feuding, members of the Al Bu Falasah tribe seceded from Abu Dhabi and established themselves in Dubai. The exodus from Abu Dhabi was led by Obeid bin Saeed and Maktoum bin Butti , who became joint leaders of Dubai until Ubaid died in 1836, leaving Maktoum to establish
1417-480: A natural inlet, Dubai Creek , which has been dredged to make it deep enough for large vessels to pass through. Dubai also has multiple gorges and waterholes, which dot the base of the Western Al Hajar mountains. A vast sea of sand dunes covers much of southern Dubai and eventually leads into the desert known as The Empty Quarter . Seismically , Dubai is in a very stable zone—the nearest seismic fault line,
1526-518: A negative financial impact on the city, with depositors and traders withdrawing money and trade. However, Dubai rebounded in a changing political climate and prospered. In the late 1990s, various foreign trading communities—initially from Kuwait , during the Gulf War, and later from Bahrain , amidst the Shia unrest—relocated their businesses to Dubai. Dubai served as refuelling base for allied forces at
1635-428: A neglected tropical disease that has been latent for a long period is often not realized. Areas of high endemicity are often geographically isolated, making treatment and prevention much more difficult. There are three other major reasons that these diseases have been overlooked: they mainly affect the poorest countries of the developing world ; in recent years public health efforts have focused heavily on decreasing
1744-515: A new UK TV channel. Also in 2021, Legatum invested in Mobile Premier League, an esports and gaming platform. As of 2014, Legatum had invested around US$ 80 million in 1,440 projects in 107 countries. Legatum focuses on three core areas of philanthropic investment: development, entrepreneurship, and policy innovation. Legatum Foundation is the development arm of Legatum and invests in community-based organizations and projects around
1853-402: A new airport terminal building was constructed which included Dubai's first duty-free shops . Throughout the 1960s Dubai was the centre of a lively gold trade, with 1968 imports of gold at some £56 million. This gold was, in the vast majority, re-exported – mainly to customers who took delivery in international waters off India . The import of gold to India had been banned and so the trade
1962-481: A pipeline from wells at Awir and a series of storage tanks and, by 1968, Dubai had a reliable supply of piped water. On 7 April 1961, the Dubai-based MV Dara , a five thousand ton British flagged vessel that plied the route between Basra (Iraq), Kuwait , and Bombay (India), was caught in unusually high winds off Dubai. Early the next morning in heavy seas off Umm al-Quwain, an explosion tore out
2071-399: A primary cyst develops, usually in the liver, in addition to weight loss, abdominal pain, malaise , and signs of liver failure . Untreated alveolar echinococcosis is fatal. Surgery and drugs can be used to treat echinococcosis. It can be prevented by deworming dogs, sanitation, proper disposal of animal feces, health education, and livestock vaccination. Cystic echinococcosis is found in
2180-934: A researcher in neglected tropical diseases, notes 13 neglected tropical diseases: ascariasis , Buruli ulcer , Chagas disease , dracunculiasis , hookworm infection, human African trypanosomiasis , leishmaniasis , leprosy , lymphatic filariasis , onchocerciasis , schistosomiasis , trachoma , and trichuriasis . Fenwick recognizes 12 "core" neglected tropical diseases: the same as above, excluding hookworm. These diseases result from four classes of causative pathogens : (i) protozoa (Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis, and leishmaniasis); (ii) bacteria (Buruli ulcer, leprosy, trachoma, and yaws ), (iii) helminths or metazoan worms ( cysticercosis / taeniasis , dracunculiasis, echinococcosis , foodborne trematodiases , lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, and soil-transmitted helminthiasis ); and (iv) viruses ( dengue , chikungunya , and rabies ). The WHO recognizes
2289-457: A structure for the firm to continue operating beyond its founders. The firm's investment activities tend to focus on globally listed companies, markets in economic transition (such as Japan or China ), or distressed situations. Legatum was one of the first foreign commercial investors to provide critical equity capital to for-profit microfinance organizations in India, investing $ 25 million for
SECTION 20
#17327985138852398-569: A time when the tribes of the interior were also experiencing poverty. In a letter to the Sultan of Muscat in 1911, Butti laments, "Misery and poverty are raging among them, with the result that they are struggling, looting and killing among themselves." In 1910, in the Hyacinth incident , the town was bombarded by HMS Hyacinth , with 37 people killed. Dubai's geographical proximity to Iran made it an important trade location. The town of Dubai
2507-444: A town centre, all of which could feasibly be built with the limited financial resources at the time. 1959 saw the establishment of Dubai's first telephone company, 51% owned by IAL (International Aeradio Ltd) and 49% by Sheikh Rashid and local businessmen and in 1961 both the electricity company and telephone company had rolled out operational networks. The water company (Sheikh Rashid was chairman and majority shareholder) constructed
2616-438: Is a somewhat rare protozoal disease, with fewer than 10,000 cases currently. Human African trypanosomiasis is vector-borne and spreads through the bite of the tsetse fly . The most common symptoms are fever, headache, lymphadenopathy , sleeping disturbances, personality changes, cognitive decline, and coma . The disease is always fatal if untreated. The current forms of treatment are highly toxic and ineffective, as resistance
2725-431: Is a vector-borne disease, caused by blackflies infected with filarial worms. It can be treated with ivermectin and prevented by insecticide spraying or preventative dosing with ivermectin. There are two forms of rabies : furious and paralytic. It is mostly found in Asia and Africa. There is a higher prevalence in rural areas, and it disproportionately affects children. Rabies is fatal after symptoms develop. It
2834-432: Is also known as Guinea-worm disease. In 2019, 53 cases were reported across four countries, a substantial decrease from 3,500,000 cases in 1986. It is not fatal, but can cause months of inactivity. It is caused by drinking water contaminated by water fleas infected with guinea-worm larvae. Approximately one year after infection, a painful blister forms and one or more worms emerge. Worms can be up to 1 metre long. It
2943-591: Is an appealing destination for money launderers, criminals, corrupt political figures and sanctioned businesspeople to launder or hide money. Dubai has the second-most five-star hotels in the world and the tallest building in the world , the Burj Khalifa , which is 828 metres (2,717 ft) tall. Located in the eastern Arabian Peninsula , on the coast of the Persian Gulf , it is a major global transportation hub for passengers and cargo. In 2023, Dubai
3052-512: Is caused by a flavivirus which is spread mostly by the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. No treatment for either dengue or severe dengue exists beyond palliative care . The symptoms are high fever and flu-like symptoms. It is found in Asia, Latin America, and Northern Australia. Chikungunya is an arboviral disease transmitted by A. albopictus and A. aegypti mosquitoes. The virus
3161-418: Is caused by the vector-borne protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi . It is spread by contact with Trypanosoma cruzi -infected feces of the triatomine ( assassin bug ). The protozoan can enter the body via the bug's bite, skin breaks, or mucous membranes . Infection can result from eating infected food or coming into contact with contaminated bodily fluids. There are two phases of Chagas disease. The acute phase
3270-473: Is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans . It is related to the bacteria that cause tuberculosis and leprosy. Mycobacterium ulcerans produces a toxin, mycolactone , that destroys tissue. The prevalence of Buruli ulcer is unknown. The risk of mortality is low, although secondary infections can be lethal. Morbidity takes the form of deformity, disability, and skin lesions, which can be prevented through early treatment with antibiotics and surgery. It
3379-626: Is curable if treated early. Treatment requires multidrug therapy. The BCG vaccine has some preventative effect against leprosy. Leprosy has a 5–20 year incubation period, and the symptoms are damage to the skin, nerves, eyes, and limbs. Lymphatic filariasis is also known as elephantiasis . There are approximately 120 million individuals infected and 40 million with deformities. Approximately two-thirds of cases are in Southwest Asia, and one-third are in Africa. Lymphatic filariasis
Legatum - Misplaced Pages Continue
3488-588: Is curable, not hereditary" in order to inspire optimism in highly affected communities. The goal was to make leprosy a disease "like any other", so as to reduce stigma. At the same time, medical resources were optimized to fulfill the promise that the disease could be cured. Treatment and prevention of neglected tropical diseases are not seen as profitable, so patents and profit play a reduced role in stimulating innovation compared to other diseases. Like all non-commercial areas, communities affected by these diseases are reliant on governments and philanthropy. Currently,
3597-657: Is diagnosed with a finger-prick blood test. Noma, an opportunistic bacterial infection causing gangrenous necrosis of the mouth, was added to the World Health Organization's list of neglected tropical diseases in December 2023. Onchocerciasis is also known as river blindness. There are 20.9 million people infected, and prevalence is higher in rural areas. Over 99 percent of cases are in sub-Saharan Africa . It causes blindness, skin rashes, lesions, intense itching, and skin depigmentation. It
3706-449: Is found in Africa, Asia, Australia, and Latin America. Chagas disease is also known as American trypanosomiasis. There are approximately 15 million people infected with Chagas disease. Morbidity rates are higher for immunocompromised individuals, children, and the elderly, but can be very low if the disease is treated early. Chagas disease does not kill victims rapidly, instead causing years of debilitating chronic symptoms. It
3815-490: Is higher in rural areas, and there are more than one million people infected currently. It is caused by ingesting parasites in animal feces. There are two versions of the disease: cystic and alveolar . Both versions involve an asymptomatic incubation period of several years. In the cystic version, liver cysts cause abdominal pain , nausea , and vomiting , while cysts in the lungs cause chronic cough , chest pain , and shortness of breath . In alveolar echinococcosis,
3924-466: Is rarely fatal but has lifelong implications, such as lymphoedema of the limbs, genital disease, and painful recurrent attacks. Most people are asymptomatic but have lymphatic damage. Up to 40 percent of infected individuals have kidney damage. It is a vector-borne disease, caused by nematode worms that are transmitted by mosquitoes. It can be treated with cost-effective antihelminthic treatments, and washing skin can slow or even reverse damage. It
4033-600: Is situated on the Persian Gulf coast of the United Arab Emirates and is roughly at sea level (16 m or 52 ft above). The emirate of Dubai shares borders with Abu Dhabi in the south, Sharjah in the northeast, and the Sultanate of Oman in the southeast. Hatta , a minor exclave of the emirate, is surrounded on three sides by Oman and by the emirates of Ajman (in the west) and Ras Al Khaimah (in
4142-942: Is spreading. It is diagnosed through an inexpensive serological test. The three forms of leishmaniasis , a protozoal disease, are visceral ( Kala-azar ), cutaneous , and mucocutaneous. There are an estimated 12 million people infected. It is fatal if untreated, and 20,000 deaths from visceral leishmaniasis occur annually. It is a vector-borne disease caused by the bite of sandflies . At least 90 percent of visceral leishmaniasis occurs in Bangladesh , Brazil , Ethiopia , India , South Sudan , and Sudan . Cutaneous leishmaniasis occurs in Afghanistan , Algeria , Brazil, Colombia , Iran , Pakistan , Peru , Saudi Arabia , and Syria . Around 90 percent of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis occurs in Bolivia , Brazil, and Peru. A vaccine
4251-556: Is the most populous city in the United Arab Emirates and the capital of the Emirate of Dubai , the most populated of the country's seven emirates . The city has a population of around 3.79 million (as of 2024), more than 90% of which are expatriates . Beginning in the early 20th century, Dubai developed into a significant regional and international trade hub, emphasizing on tourism and luxury. Dubai has been
4360-455: Is under development to prevent leishmaniasis. The only other method of prevention is avoidance of sandfly bites. Diagnosis can be made by clinical signs, serological tests, or parasitological tests. Leishmaniasis can be treated with expensive medications. According to recent figures from the WHO, 208,619 new cases of leprosy were reported in 2018 from 127 countries. It is most prevalent in India (69% of cases), Brazil, Indonesia , Nigeria ,
4469-583: Is usually asymptomatic. The first symptoms are usually skin chancres , unilateral purplish orbital oedema , local lymphadenopathy , and fever , accompanied by a variety of other symptoms depending on the infection site. The chronic phase occurs in 30 percent of all infections and can take three forms: asymptomatic (most prevalent), cardiac, and digestive lesions. Chagas disease can be prevented by avoiding insect bites through insecticide spraying, home improvement, bed nets, hygienic food, medical care, laboratory practices, and testing. It can be diagnosed through
Legatum - Misplaced Pages Continue
4578-498: Is usually treated by World Health Organization volunteers who clean and bandage wounds caused by worms and return daily to pull the worm out a few more inches. Dracunculiasis is preventable by water filtration, immediate case identification to prevent spread, health education, and treating ponds with larvicide. An eradication program has been able to reduce prevalence. As of 2014 , the four endemic countries are Chad , Ethiopia , Mali , and South Sudan . The rate of echinococcosis
4687-407: Is very low, but the disease causes disfigurement and disability if untreated. The most common symptom is skin lesions. It is a chronic bacterial infection, transmitted by skin contact, and caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum pertenue . It is treated with antibiotics and can be prevented through hygiene and sanitation. Yaws is most prevalent in warm, moist tropical regions of
4796-636: The Freedom Fund . The aim of the fund is to help eradicate modern day slavery , an illegal industry that generates over $ 32 billion in profits every year around the world. Prior to the founding of the Fund, Legatum sponsored a 2012 information-gathering trip for non-profit organizations in Nepal and India to learn more about the human trafficking and slave-trade industries there. In 2007, Legatum established The Legatum Center for Entrepreneurship at MIT with
4905-646: The Al Qawasim tribe) to Dubai. An indicator of the growing importance of the port of Dubai can be gained from the movements of the steamer of the Bombay and Persia Steam Navigation Company, which from 1899 to 1901 paid five visits annually to Dubai. In 1902 the company's vessels made 21 visits to Dubai and from 1904 on, the steamers called fortnightly – in 1906, trading 70,000 tones of cargo. The frequency of these vessels only helped to accelerate Dubai's role as an emerging port and trading hub of preference. Lorimer notes
5014-585: The Democratic Republic of the Congo , Madagascar , and East Africa from Mozambique to Ethiopia, with the highest relative incidence in India, Brazil, and Nepal . There are one to two million individuals currently disabled or disfigured due to past or present leprosy. It is caused by bacteria and transmitted through droplets from the mouth and nose of infected individuals. Leprosy causes disfigurement and physical disabilities if untreated. It
5123-556: The Gates Foundation funded most extra activities to counter these diseases. Since 2008, the concept of "neglected diseases of poverty" has been developed and explored. This group of diseases, which overlaps with neglected tropical diseases, also pose a threat to human health in developed nations. In the United States alone, there are at least 12 million people with neglected parasitic infections. They make up
5232-530: The Jebel Ali port, a deep-water port accommodating larger ships, marked a significant development. Initially facing challenges, Sheikh Mohammed initiated the JAFZA ( Jebel Ali Free Zone ) around the port in 1985, facilitating unrestricted import of labour and export of capital for foreign companies. Simultaneously, Dubai airport and the aviation industry continued their expansion. The Gulf War in early 1991 had
5341-715: The Maktoum dynasty . Dubai signed the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 with the British government along with other Trucial States , following the British campaign in 1819 against Ras Al Khaimah . This led to the 1853 Perpetual Maritime Truce . Dubai also – like its neighbours on the Trucial Coast – entered into an exclusivity agreement in which the United Kingdom took responsibility for
5450-481: The Taipei 101 and officially gaining its title as the tallest skyscraper in the world. Dubai's smart city initiatives, which include smart tourism, play a key role in advancing the city’s growth ambitions, primarily through its Smart Dubai project. In 2016, the world's first functioning 3D-printed office building was opened in Dubai, as part of a drive to boost the Persian Gulf's main tourism and business hub. Dubai
5559-521: The Aavishkaar Group, in 2017. In 2008, Legatum and Omidyar Network , a philanthropic investment firm founded by Pierre Omidyar , collaborated to co-invest a total of $ 40 million into Unitus Equity Fund II (now known as Elevar Equity ). The fund is a commercial venture providing capital to businesses targeted at serving the poor in the developing world. In 2021, Legatum invested in GB News ,
SECTION 50
#17327985138855668-613: The Act of Union to form the United Arab Emirates . The seventh emirate, Ras Al Khaimah, joined the UAE on 10 February 1972, following Iran 's annexation of the RAK-claimed Tunbs islands. In 1973, Dubai joined the other emirates to adopt a uniform currency: the UAE dirham . In that same year, the prior monetary union with Qatar was dissolved and the UAE dirham was introduced throughout
5777-616: The Americas, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. Foodborne trematode infections include clonorchiasis , opisthorchiasis , fascioliasis , and paragonimiasis . These infections are all zoonotic , primarily affecting domestic or wild animals, but can also be transmitted to humans. They are acquired by eating food, such as raw fish, contaminated with the larval stages of the parasites. At least 40 million people are thought to be infected. African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness)
5886-544: The British government resulted in a cessation of hostilities. Despite a lack of oil, Dubai's ruler from 1958, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum , used revenue from trading activities to build infrastructure. Private companies were established to build and operate infrastructure, including electricity, telephone services, and both the ports and airport operators. An airport of sorts (a runway built on salt flats)
5995-471: The British withdrawal would leave behind. The principle of union was first agreed upon between the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , and Sheikh Rashid of Dubai on 18 February 1968 meeting in an encampment at Argoub Al Sedirah, near Al Semeih, a desert stop between the two emirates. The two agreed to work towards bringing the other emirates, including Qatar and Bahrain, into
6104-525: The Emirates. Throughout the 1970s, Dubai experienced continued growth fueled by revenues generated from oil and trade, even as the city witnessed an influx of immigrants fleeing the Lebanese civil war . Border disputes between the emirates persisted even after the formation of the UAE; it was only in 1979 that a formal compromise was reached, putting an end to disagreements. In 1979, the establishment of
6213-533: The Jebel Ali Free Zone during the Gulf War and again during the 2003 Invasion of Iraq . Subsequent significant increases in oil prices prompted Dubai to maintain its focus on free trade and tourism. In the early 2000s, construction of artificial islands on the coast of Dubai, known as the Palm Islands and The World Islands , began. The Burj Khalifa was opened in Dubai in 2010, surpassing
6322-781: The Legatum Fortune Technology Prize, a $ 1 million award intended to reward for-profit businesses who provide products and services to the needy through the use of technology. In 2013, Legatum launched the Centre for Entrepreneurs (CFE) in partnership with Luke Johnson to promote and support entrepreneurs in the UK . Legatum Foundation is a sponsor of the Legatum Institute, a policy, advisory and advocacy organization based in London . Dubai Dubai
6431-713: The Luminos Fund had provided education for 132,611 children in Ethiopia, Lebanon and Liberia, whose access had been limited due to conflict, discrimination or poverty. Legatum founded the END Fund in 2012 to co-ordinate and support programmes to treat neglected tropical diseases , which affect over 1.5 billion people globally. Legatum first started funding NTD work in 2006, after Legatum partner Alan McCormick visited Professor Alan Fenwick (Professor of Tropical Parasitology) at Imperial College London , who in turn had founded
6540-518: The Persian Gulf. In 1937 an oil exploration contract was signed which guaranteed royalty rights for Dubai and concessionary payments to Sheikh Saeed bin Maktoum . However, due to World War II , oil would not be struck until 1966. In the early days since its inception, Dubai was constantly at odds with Abu Dhabi . In 1947, a border dispute between Dubai and Abu Dhabi on the northern sector of their mutual border escalated into war. Arbitration by
6649-424: The Persian Gulf. By then, amenities in the town grew and a modern quarter was established, Al Bastakiya . Dubai was known for its pearl exports until the 1930s; the pearl trade was damaged irreparably by the 1929 Great Depression and the innovation of cultured pearls . With the collapse of the pearling industry, Dubai fell into a deep depression and many residents lived in poverty or migrated to other parts of
SECTION 60
#17327985138856758-505: The Schistosomiasis Control Initiative in 2002. It has since led to Legatum investing over $ 10m in efforts to eliminate NTDs. Legatum has also funded more than one thousand community-based health initiatives that are solving common concerns in the developing world, like blindness and agricultural harm. In 2013, in partnership with Humanity United and Walk Free , Legatum established a $ 100 million fund called
6867-654: The United States at the same rate as in Nigeria . Within the Hispanic community, neglected infections are concentrated near the US–Mexico border . Vector-borne illnesses are especially high, with some rates approaching those of Latin America . Chagas disease was found in the US as early as the 1970s. However, in the developed world, diseases that are associated with poverty are often not addressed comprehensively. This may be due to
6976-504: The United States in 2009. In Europe , a similar trend is seen. Neglected tropical diseases are concentrated in eastern and southern Europe , where poverty levels are highest. The most prevalent diseases in this region are ascariasis , trichuriasis , zoonotic helminth infections , and visceral leishmaniasis . Migration paths to Europe, most notably to Spain , have brought diseases to Europe as well. As many as 6,000 cases of Chagas disease have been introduced in this way. In response to
7085-474: The Zagros Fault, is 200 kilometres (124 miles) from the UAE and is unlikely to have any seismic impact on Dubai. Experts also predict that the possibility of a tsunami in the region is minimal because the Persian Gulf waters are not deep enough to trigger a tsunami. The sandy desert surrounding the city supports wild grasses and occasional date palms. Desert hyacinths grow in the sabkha plains east of
7194-811: The aim to create a generation of business leaders in developing countries by providing them with the skills needed to succeed as entrepreneurs. Fellowships are granted to students who show entrepreneurial ambition and an interest in making a lasting and positive economic impact on low-income countries. Throughout 2017, the Center had distributed over $ 7 million to 213 fellows and launched enterprises across 40 countries. The Legatum fellows have pursued businesses that tackle social issues such as improving sanitation by converting waste products into fertiliser in Kenya, establishing plastic recycling businesses in Nigeria, and improving
7303-570: The area in 1580 and mentioned Dubai ( Dibei ) for its pearling industry. Dubai is thought to have been established as a fishing village in the early 18th century and was, by 1822, a town of some 700–800 members of the Bani Yas tribe and subject to the rule of Sheikh Tahnun bin Shakhbut of Abu Dhabi . In 1822, a British naval surveyor noted that Dubai was at that time populated with a thousand people living in an oval-shaped town surrounded by
7412-684: The beach and then digging them out and floating them to drop onto the seabed at the Fateh field. These were constructed by the Chicago Bridge & Iron Company , which gave the beach its local name (Chicago Beach), which was transferred to the Chicago Beach Hotel, which was demolished and replaced by the Jumeirah Beach Hotel in the late 1990s. The Kazzans were an innovative oil storage solution which meant supertankers could moor offshore even in bad weather and avoided
7521-596: The city, the salt-crusted coastal plains, known as sabkha , give way to a north–south running line of dunes. Farther east, the dunes grow larger and are tinged red with iron oxide . The flat sandy desert gives way to the Western Hajar Mountains , which run alongside Dubai's border with Oman at Hatta. The Western Hajar chain has an arid, jagged and shattered landscape, whose mountains rise to about 1,300 metres (4,265 feet) in some places. Dubai has no natural river bodies or oases; however, Dubai does have
7630-503: The city, while acacia and ghaf trees grow in the flat plains within the proximity of the Western Al Hajar mountains. Several indigenous trees such as the date palm and neem as well as imported trees such as the eucalyptus grow in Dubai's natural parks. The MacQueen's bustard , striped hyena , caracal , desert fox , falcon, and Arabian oryx are common in Dubai's desert. Dubai is on the migration path between Europe, Asia, and Africa, and more than 320 migratory bird species pass through
7739-704: The civilisations of the Indus Valley and Mesopotamia , and even as far afield as the Levant . Archaeological finds in the emirate of Dubai, particularly at Al-Ashoosh , Al Sufouh , and the notably rich trove from Saruq Al Hadid show settlement through the Ubaid and Hafit periods, the Umm Al Nar and Wadi Suq periods, and the three Iron Ages in the UAE. The area was known to the Sumerians as Magan and
7848-578: The clothing industry's conditions in Tanzania. Legatum established the annual Africa Awards for Entrepreneurship program, which recognises and rewards business leaders who serve as role models to Africa's aspiring entrepreneurs. The scheme has been in operation since 2007 and is now run by the African Leadership Network , with Legatum still involved as a lead sponsor. In 2008, Legatum partnered with Fortune magazine to announce
7957-500: The construction of a jet airport... More and more European and Arab firms are opening up and the future looks bright." In 1962, with expenditure on infrastructure projects already approaching levels some thought imprudent, Sheikh Rashid approached his brother-in-law, the Ruler of Qatar , for a loan to build the first bridge crossing Dubai Creek . This crossing was finished in May 1963 and
8066-460: The coolest month. Dubai summers are also known for the very high humidity level, which can make it very uncomfortable for many with exceptionally high dew points, which can exceed 30 °C (86 °F) in summer. Heat index values can reach over 60 °C (140 °F) at the height of summer. The highest recorded temperature in Dubai is 49.0 °C (120.2 °F). Neglected tropical diseases Neglected tropical diseases ( NTDs ) are
8175-553: The de-merger of Sovereign in 2006. Christopher Chandler established Legatum the following December. In 2012, Legatum purchased a building in the Dubai International Financial Centre for its global headquarters. The building was renamed Legatum Plaza, and the company moved into the building the following year. In 2015, Legatum transitioned to a partnership, consisting of Christopher Chandler, Mark Stoleson, Philip Vassiliou and Alan McCormick, providing
8284-522: The eastern portion of the Mediterranean region, northern Africa, southern and eastern Europe, the southern portion of South America, and Central Asia. Alveolar echinococcosis is found in western and northern China, Russia, Europe, and northern North America. It can be diagnosed through imaging techniques and serological tests . There are limited data available on the prevalence of yaws , although it primarily affects children. The mortality risk
8393-473: The effect of neglected tropical diseases as a group is comparable to that of malaria and tuberculosis. NTD co-infection can also make HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis more deadly. Some treatments for NTDs are relatively inexpensive. For example, praziquantel for schistosomiasis costs about US $ 0.20 per child per year. Nevertheless, in 2010 it was estimated that control of neglected diseases would require funding of between US$ 2 billion and $ 3 billion over
8502-414: The emirate in spring and autumn. The waters of Dubai are home to more than 300 species of fish, including the hammour . The typical marine life off the Dubai coast includes tropical fish, jellyfish, coral, dugong , dolphins, whales, and sharks. Various types of turtles can also be found in the area including the hawksbill turtle and green turtle , which are listed as endangered species. Dubai features
8611-537: The emirate's security in 1892 . In 1841, a smallpox epidemic broke out in the Bur Dubai locality, forcing residents to relocate east to Deira . In 1896, fire broke out in Dubai, a disastrous occurrence in a town where many family homes were still constructed from barasti – palm fronds. The conflagration consumed half the houses of Bur Dubai, while the district of Deira was said to have been totally destroyed. The following year, more fires broke out. A female slave
8720-641: The firm. Legatum was founded in December 2006 in the United Arab Emirates by Christopher Chandler , who made his fortune in markets undergoing political transitions. Previously, Chandler was the president of Sovereign Global, or Sovereign, which he co-founded with his brother Richard Chandler in 1986. Sovereign invested capital in companies located in Asia , Africa , Latin America and Eastern Europe , and in industries including telecommunications, electric utilities, steel, oil and gas, banking and oil refining. The Chandler brothers embarked on separate ventures following
8829-523: The first major projects Sheikh Rashid embarked upon when oil revenue started to flow was the construction of Port Rashid , a deep-water free port constructed by British company Halcrow. Originally intended to be a four-berth port, it was extended to sixteen berths as construction was ongoing. The project was an outstanding success, with shipping queuing to access the new facilities. The port was inaugurated on 5 October 1972, although its berths were each pressed into use as soon as they had been built. Port Rashid
8938-481: The need to pipe oil onshore from Fateh, which is some 60 miles out to sea. Dubai had already embarked on a period of infrastructural development and expansion. Oil revenue flowing from 1969 onwards supported a period of growth with Sheikh Rashid embarking on a policy of building infrastructure and a diversified trading economy before the emirate's limited reserves were depleted. Oil accounted for 24% of GDP in 1990 but had fallen to 7% of GDP by 2004. Critically, one of
9047-405: The north). The Persian Gulf borders the western coast of the emirate. Dubai is positioned at 25°16′11″N 55°18′34″E / 25.2697°N 55.3095°E / 25.2697; 55.3095 and covers an area of 1,588 sq mi (4,110 km ), which represents a significant expansion beyond its initial 1,500 sq mi (3,900 km ) designation due to land reclamation from
9156-418: The pharmaceutical industry views research and development as highly risky. For this reason, resources are not often put into the field of NTDs, and new chemical products are often expensive. A review of public and private initiatives found that of the 1,393 new chemical products that were marketed between 1975 and 1999, only 16 were related to tropical diseases or tuberculosis . The same review found that there
9265-480: The prevalence of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria (far more resources are given to those three diseases because of their higher mortality rates and higher public awareness of them); and neglected tropical diseases do not currently have a prominent cultural figure to champion their elimination. Neglected tropical diseases are often associated with social stigma , making their treatment more complex. Public health research has only recently begun to focus on stigma as
9374-782: The region, the Umayyad Caliph of the eastern Islamic world conquered south-east Arabia and drove out the Sassanians . Excavations by the Dubai Museum in the region of Al-Jumayra ( Jumeirah ) found several artefacts from the Umayyad period. An early mention of Dubai in 1095 is in the Book of Geography by the Andalusian - Arab geographer Abu Abdullah al-Bakri . The Venetian pearl merchant Gasparo Balbi visited
9483-465: The rulers of the Eastern Gulf, the result of a treaty signed in 1892 named the "Exclusive Agreement". This was to change with Prime Minister Harold Wilson 's announcement, on 16 January 1968, that all British troops were to be withdrawn from "East of Aden". The decision was to pitch the coastal emirates, together with Qatar and Bahrain , into fevered negotiations to fill the political vacuum that
9592-469: The sea . Dubai lies directly within the Arabian Desert . However, the topography of Dubai is significantly different from that of the southern portion of the UAE in that much of Dubai's landscape is highlighted by sandy desert patterns, while gravel deserts dominate much of the southern region of the country. The sand consists mostly of crushed shell and coral and is fine, clean and white. East of
9701-409: The second class cabins and started fires. The captain gave the order to abandon ship but two lifeboats capsized and a second explosion occurred. A flotilla of small boats from Dubai, Sharjah , Ajman , and Umm al-Quwain picked up survivors, but 238 of the 819 persons on board were lost in the disaster. The construction of Dubai's first airport was started on the northern edge of the town in 1959 and
9810-402: The slow flow of Dubai Creek inland. The poet and scholar Ahmad Mohammad Obaid traces it to the same word, but to its alternative meaning of "baby locust " ( Arabic : جراد ) due to the abundance of locusts in the area before settlement. The history of human settlement in the area now defined by the United Arab Emirates is complex and extensive. It points to extensive trading links between
9919-439: The subsequent five to seven years. Some pharmaceutical companies have committed to donating all the drug therapies required, and mass drug administration efforts (for example, mass deworming ) have been successful in several countries. While preventive measures are often more accessible in the developed world , they are not universally available in poorer areas. Within developed countries, neglected tropical diseases affect
10028-554: The terminal building opened for business in September 1960. The airport was initially serviced by Gulf Aviation (flying Dakotas , Herons, and Viscounts ) but Iran Air commenced services to Shiraz in 1961. In 1962 the British Political Agent noted that "Many new houses and blocks of offices and flats are being built... the Ruler is determined, against advice [from the British authorities] to press on with
10137-576: The transfer from Lingeh "bids fair to become complete and permanent", and also that the town had by 1906 supplanted Lingeh as the chief entrepôt of the Trucial States. The "great storm" of 1908 struck the pearling boats of Dubai and the coastal emirates towards the end of the pearling season that year, resulting in the loss of a dozen boats and over 100 men. The disaster was a major setback for Dubai, with many families losing their breadwinners and merchants facing financial ruin. These losses came at
10246-434: The twenty diseases below as neglected tropical diseases. Helminth infections: Viral infections: Bacterial infections: Fungal infections: Ectoparasites: Non-infectious diseases caused by toxin exposure: The World Health Organization's 2010 report on neglected tropical diseases offers an expanded list including dengue, rabies, yaws, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, and foodborne trematode infections . Buruli ulcer
10355-609: The union. Over the next two years, negotiations and meetings of the rulers followed—often stormy—as a form of union was thrashed out. The nine-state union was never to recover from the October 1969 meeting where British intervention against aggressive activities by two of the Emirates resulted in a walk-out by Bahrain and Qatar. They dropped out of talks, leaving six of the seven "trucial" emirates to agree on union on 18 July 1971. On 2 December 1971, Dubai, together with Abu Dhabi, Sharjah , Ajman , Umm al-Quwain , and Fujairah joined in
10464-859: The vectors of these diseases. Twenty neglected tropical diseases are prioritized by the World Health Organization (WHO), though other organizations define NTDs differently. Chromoblastomycosis and other deep mycoses , scabies and other ectoparasites , and snakebite envenomation were added to the WHO list in 2017. These diseases are common in 149 countries, affecting more than 1.4 billion people (including more than 500 million children) and costing developing economies billions of dollars every year. They resulted in 142,000 deaths in 2013, down from 204,000 deaths in 1990. The importance of neglected tropical diseases has been underestimated since many are asymptomatic and have long incubation periods . The connection between death and
10573-509: The very poorest in society. In the United States, there are up to 1.46 million families, including 2.8 million children, living on less than two dollars per day. In developed countries, the burdens of neglected tropical diseases are often overshadowed by other public health issues. However, many of the same issues put populations at risk in developed as well as developing nations. For example, other problems stemming from poverty, such as lack of adequate housing , can expose individuals to
10682-756: The world to help the poorest and most marginalized people and populations in society. In 2015, Legatum established the Luminos Fund , a private donor philanthropic fund designed to develop and scale initiatives which promote education by helping out-of-school children get back to school. The 2020 expansion of the Speed School Programme to Ethiopia was funded by the Foundation. During the coronavirus pandemic of 2020, Luminos worked with Syrian refugees to offer educational support and therapeutic interventions for school-aged children. By February 2020,
10791-514: Was $ 35 an ounce but its market price in India was $ 68 an ounce – a healthy markup. Estimates at the time put the volume of gold imports from Dubai to India at around 75% of the total market. After years of exploration following large finds in neighbouring Abu Dhabi , oil was eventually discovered in territorial waters off Dubai in 1966, albeit in far smaller quantities. The first field was named "Fateh" or "good fortune". This led to an acceleration of Sheikh Rashid's infrastructure development plans and
10900-682: Was a 13-fold greater chance of a newly marketed drug being for central nervous system disorders or cancer than for an NTD. Because of a lack of economic incentives for the pharmaceutical industry, successful NTD treatment programs have often relied on donations. For instance, the Mectizan Donation Program has donated over 1.8 billion tablets of ivermectin . While developed countries often rely on government-run and private partnerships to fund such projects, developing nations frequently have significantly lower per-person spending on these diseases. A 2006 report found that
11009-401: Was a source of metallic goods, notably copper and bronze. The area was covered with sand about 5,000 years ago as the coast retreated inland, becoming part of the city's present coastline. Pre-Islamic ceramics have been found from the 3rd and 4th centuries. Prior to the introduction of Islam to the area, the people in this region worshiped Bajir (or Bajar ). After the spread of Islam in
11118-400: Was an important port of call for foreign tradesmen, chiefly those from Iran, many of whom eventually settled in the town. By the beginning of the 20th century, it was an important port. At that time, Dubai consisted of the town of Dubai and the nearby village of Jumeirah , a collection of some 45 areesh (palm leaf) huts. By the 1920s, many Iranians settled in Dubai permanently, moving across
11227-602: Was caught in the act of starting one such blaze and was subsequently put to death. In 1901, Maktoum bin Hasher Al Maktoum established Dubai as a free port with no taxation on imports or exports and also gave merchants parcels of land and guarantees of protection and tolerance. These policies saw a movement of merchants not only directly from Lingeh, but also those who had settled in Ras Al Khaimah and Sharjah (which had historical links with Lingeh through
11336-468: Was characterized as smuggling, although Dubai's merchants were quick to point out that they were making legal deliveries of gold and that it was up to the customer where they took it. In 1966, more gold was shipped from London to Dubai than almost anywhere else in the world (only France and Switzerland took more), at 4 million ounces. Dubai also took delivery of over $ 15 million worth of watches and over 5 million ounces of silver. The 1967 price of gold
11445-581: Was established in Dubai in the 1950s and, in 1959, the emirate's first hotel, the Airlines Hotel, was constructed. This was followed by the Ambassador and Carlton Hotels in 1968. Sheikh Rashid commissioned John Harris from British architectural construction firm Halcrow , to create the city's first master plan in 1959. Harris imagined a Dubai that would rise from the historic centre on Dubai Creek, with an extensive road system, organised zones, and
11554-618: Was first isolated from an outbreak in Tanzania in 1952. Chikungunya virus is a member of the genus Alphavirus and family Togaviridae . The word "chikungunya" is from the Makonde language and means "that which bends up", referring to the effect of debilitating joint pain on the patient. Symptoms, generally appearing 5–7 days after exposure, can be confused with dengue and include fever, rash, headache, joint pain, and swelling. The disease mainly occurs in Africa and Asia. Dracunculiasis
11663-484: Was paid for by a toll levied on the crossing from the Dubai side of the creek to the Deira side. BOAC was originally reluctant to start regular flights between Bombay and Dubai, fearing a lack of demand for seats. However, by the time the asphalt runway of Dubai Airport was constructed in 1965, opening Dubai to both regional and long haul traffic, a number of foreign airlines were competing for landing rights. In 1970,
11772-574: Was the third most-visited city in the world . Many theories have been proposed as to the origin of the word "Dubai". One theory suggests the word used to be the souq in Ba. An Arabic proverb says " Daba Dubai " ( Arabic : دبا دبي ), meaning "They came with a lot of money." According to Fedel Handhal, a scholar on the UAE's history and culture, the word Dubai may have come from the word dabba ( Arabic : دب ) (a past tense derivative of yadibbu ( Arabic : يدب ), which means "to creep"), referring to
11881-451: Was to be further expanded in 1975 to add a further 35 berths before the larger port of Jebel Ali were constructed. Port Rashid was the first of a swath of projects designed to create a modern trading infrastructure, including roads, bridges, schools, and hospitals. Dubai and the other " Trucial States " had long been a British protectorate where the British government took care of foreign policy and defence, as well as arbitrating between
#884115