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58-753: Robert Athlyi Rogers (6 May 1891 – 24 August 1931), born in Anguilla , was the author of the Holy Piby , and founder of the "Afro-Athlican Constructive Church". He was born on the island of Anguilla on 6 May 1891, and immigrated to the United States as a youth. In 1917, Rogers wrote the Negro Map of Life and founded the United Home and Bank of the Negroes . According to Alfredo Nieves Moreno in

116-727: A parliamentary representative democratic dependency , whereby the Premier is the head of government , and of a pluriform multi-party system. A governor is appointed by the British government to represent the king. The United Nations Committee on Decolonization includes Anguilla on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories . The territory's constitution is the Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982 (amended 1990). Executive power

174-523: A fort on the island in 1631. However, the Company later withdrew after its fort was destroyed by the Spanish in 1633. Traditional accounts state that Anguilla was first colonised by English settlers from Saint Kitts beginning in 1650. The settlers focused on planting tobacco, and to a lesser extent cotton. The French temporarily took over the island in 1666 but returned it to English control under

232-592: A part of the local cuisine, opened up opportunities for ecotourism, and introduced celebrations such as Lobster Fest and boat races. As throughout the Caribbean , holidays are a cultural fixture. Anguilla's most important holidays are of historic as much as cultural importance – particularly the anniversary of the emancipation (previously August Monday in the Park), celebrated as the Summer Festival, or Carnival,

290-435: A rate of around 1–2 mm/yr. Northeastern trade winds keep this tropical island relatively cool and dry. Average annual temperature is 80 °F (27 °C). July–October is its hottest period, December–February, its coolest. Rainfall averages 35 inches (890 mm) annually, although the figures vary from season to season and year to year. The island is subject to both sudden tropical storms and hurricanes, which occur in

348-474: A separate British Crown colony (now a British overseas territory ). Since then, Anguilla has been politically stable, and has seen a large growth in its tourism and offshore financing sectors. Anguilla is a flat, low-lying island of coral and limestone in the Caribbean Sea , measuring some 16 miles (26 km) long and 3.5 miles (6 km) in width. It lies to the east of Puerto Rico and

406-563: Is pigeon peas and rice. A significant amount of the island's produce is imported due to limited land suitable for agriculture production; much of the soil is sandy and infertile. The agriculture produce of Anguilla includes tomatoes, peppers , limes and other citrus fruits , onion, garlic, squash, pigeon peas, and callaloo . Starch staple foods include imported rice and other foods that are imported or locally grown, including yams , sweet potatoes and breadfruit . The Anguilla National Trust has programmes encouraging Anguillan writers and

464-525: Is Anguilla's predominant religion, with 29% of the population practising Anglicanism ; another 23.9% are Methodist . Other churches on the island include Seventh-day Adventist , Baptist , Roman Catholic (served by the Diocese of Saint John's–Basseterre , with the See at Saint John on Antigua and Barbuda ) and a small community of Jehovah's Witnesses (0.7%). Between 1992 and 2001, the number of followers of

522-514: Is Moonsplash. Moonsplash is an annual reggae music festival that has occurred in Anguilla for 33 consecutive years and proves to be the oldest independent musical event in the Caribbean. Along with its longstanding history, it is the largest festival annually alongside carnival. While not many soca and calypso artists have gained extreme popularity, the genres are still widely listened to across

580-721: Is a small, low- elevation , sandy island on the surface of a coral reef . Cays occur in tropical environments throughout the Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian oceans, including in the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef . The Taíno word for "island", cairi , became cayo in Spanish and "cay" / ˈ k iː / in English (spelled "key" in American English). A cay forms when ocean currents transport loose sediment across

638-456: Is abundant, including prawns, shrimp, crab, spiny lobster , conch , mahi-mahi , red snapper , marlin , and grouper . Salt cod is a staple food eaten on its own and used in stews, casseroles and soups. Livestock is limited due to the small size of the island and people there use poultry, pork, goat, and mutton, along with imported beef. Goat is the most commonly eaten meat, used in a variety of dishes. The official national food of Anguilla

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696-574: Is exercised by the government, with legislative power being vested in both the government and the House of Assembly . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. As a British overseas territory, the UK is responsible for Anguilla's military defence, although there are no active garrisons or armed forces present in the territory. Since 2020, the Royal Navy has forward-deployed

754-504: Is made up almost entirely of the skeletal remains of plants and animals – biogenic sediment – from the surrounding reef ecosystems. If the accumulated sediments are predominantly sand , then the island is called a cay ; if they are predominantly gravel , the island is called a motu . Cay sediments are largely composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ), primarily of aragonite , calcite , and high-magnesium calcite. They are produced by myriad plants (e.g., coralline algae , species of

812-471: Is much debate and concern over the future stability of cays in the face of growing human populations and pressures on reef ecosystems, and predicted climate changes and sea level rise . There is also debate around whether these islands are relict features that effectively stopped expanding two thousand years ago during the late Holocene or, as recent research suggests, they are still growing, with significant new accumulation of reef sediments. Understanding

870-405: Is noted for its ecologically important coral reefs and beaches. Apart from the main island of Anguilla itself, the territory includes a number of other smaller islands and cays , mostly tiny and uninhabited: In Anguilla forest cover is around 61% of the total land area, equivalent to 5,500 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, which was unchanged from 1990. Anguilla (and the wider Anguilla Bank)

928-576: Is of volcanic origin, lying on the Lesser Antilles volcanic island arc, and tuffs and volcaniclastic breccias of Eocene age are exposed locally on the island. The island was largely submerged during the Miocene , leading to the formation of the reefal limestone Anguilla Formation, which was subsequently tectonically uplifted and covers most of the island today. Since the late Pleistocene, however, Anguilla has undergone tectonic subsidence at

986-728: Is referred to locally by terms such as "dialect" (pronounced "dialek"), Anguilla Talk or "Anguillian". It has its main roots in early varieties of English and West African languages, and is similar to the dialects spoken in English-speaking islands throughout the Eastern Caribbean in terms of its structural features. Linguists who are interested in the origins of Anguillan and other Caribbean Creoles point out that some of its grammatical features can be traced to African languages while others can be traced to European languages. Three areas have been identified as significant for

1044-404: The 2018 Commonwealth Games . He won the 100 metres at the 2018 European Athletics Championships , the 4 x 100 metres at the same championships, and the 4 x 100 metres for England at the 2018 Commonwealth Games . He also won a 4 × 100 m relay team gold at the 2022 Birmingham Commonwealth Games and a silver on the 4 × 100 m relay for Great Britain at the 2020 Olympic Games . In 2023 he broke

1102-482: The Church of God and Pentecostals increased considerably. There are at least 15 churches on the island. Although a minority on the island, Anguilla is an important location to followers of Rastafarian religion as the birthplace of Robert Athlyi Rogers , author of the Holy Piby which had a strong influence on Rastafarian and other Africa-centre belief systems. More recently, a Muslim cultural centre has opened on

1160-484: The Encyclopedia of Puerto Rico , the 1920s and 1930s were an active and exciting time for the social movements that sought to highlight the importance of African heritage in the world. Among the most significant developments were the government of Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie I and Marcus Mosiah Garvey's ideas of "Africa for Africans" and his Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), which also inspired

1218-726: The Holy Piby , he left behind as a legacy the "salvation" of the Ethiopians. Anguilla Anguilla ( / æ ŋ ˈ ɡ w ɪ l ə / ang- GWIL -ə ) is a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean . It is one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles , lying east of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and directly north of Saint Martin . The territory consists of

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1276-571: The Holy Piby . Charles Goodridge, one of the leaders of UNIA on the island, which was then a British colony, was imprisoned for spreading the doctrines of the religious text written by Rogers. Rogers' "Athlican" faith attracted a few followers, mostly in the West Indies , but never grew to the prominence he had envisaged. Pastor Robert Athlyi Rogers committed suicide on 24 August 1931, when he felt that his mission on earth had been completed. But as stated in chapter four of his spiritual manifesto ,

1334-735: The Rastafarian movement begun by Leonard Percival Howell in Jamaica . Pastor Robert Athlyi Rogers emerged from this evolution of thought and philosophy about the black race . Jamaican leader Marcus Mosiah Garvey had immigrated to the United States in 1916 and established a chapter of the UNIA there. In 1922, Rogers attended a UNIA meeting in Newark, New Jersey , and was very impressed with Garvey's discourse. Rogers' admiration for Garvey

1392-720: The Saint James School of Medicine was established in 2011 in Anguilla. It is a private , for-profit medical school headquartered in Park Ridge , Illinois. There is a University of the West Indies Open campus site in the island. The island's cultural history begins with the native Taino , Arawak and Carib . Their artifacts have been found around the island, telling of life before European settlers arrived. Anguillan culture has also been built through immigration. Many European families have moved to

1450-485: The Virgin Islands and directly north of Saint Martin , separated from that island by the Anguilla Channel . The soil is generally thin and poor, supporting scrub, tropical and forest vegetation. The terrain is generally low-lying, with the highest terrain located in the vicinity of The Valley; Crocus Hill , Anguilla's highest peak at 240 feet (73 m), lies in the western regions of the town. Anguilla

1508-699: The West Indies Cricket Team , while Cardigan Connor played first-class cricket for English county side Hampshire and was 'chef de mission' (team manager) for Anguilla's Commonwealth Games team in 2002. Other noted players include Chesney Hughes , who played for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in England. Rugby union is represented in Anguilla by the Anguilla Eels RFC, who were formed in April 2006. The Eels have been finalists in

1566-689: The British record for the 100m sprint, with a time of 9.83 seconds. Shara Proctor , British Long Jump Silver Medalist at the World Championships in Beijing, first represented Anguilla in the event until 2010 when she began to represent Great Britain and England. Under the Anguillan Flag she achieved several medals in the NACAC games. Cay A cay ( / ˈ k iː , ˈ k eɪ / KEE , KAY ), also spelled caye or key ,

1624-641: The St. Martin tournament in November 2006 and semi-finalists in 2007, 2008, 2009 and Champions in 2010. The Eels were formed in 2006 by Scottish club national second row Martin Welsh, Club Sponsor and President of the AERFC Ms. Jacquie Ruan, and Canadian standout Scrumhalf Mark Harris (Toronto Scottish RFC). Anguilla is the birthplace of sprinter Zharnel Hughes who has represented Great Britain since 2015, and England at

1682-481: The United States, United Kingdom, St Kitts & Nevis , the Dominican Republic , and Jamaica . The years 2006 and 2007 saw an influx of large numbers of Chinese, Indian and Mexican workers, brought in as labour for major tourist developments due to the local population not being large enough to support the labour requirements. Christian churches did not have a consistent or strong presence during

1740-467: The United States, the Caribbean and South America preaching what he called the "law of Ethiopian redemption and liberation". In the city of Kimberley, South Africa , he established one of his religious organizations, which were known as " Afro-Athlican Constructive Gaathly ". However, the South African government attacked Rogers' settlement in the region. Parts of Jamaica also halted publication of

1798-689: The green algae Halimeda ) and animals (e.g., coral , molluscs , foraminifera ). Small amounts of silicate sediment are also contributed by sponges and other creatures. Over time, soil and vegetation may develop on a cay surface, assisted by the deposition of sea bird guano . A range of physical, biological and chemical influences determines the ongoing development or erosion of cay environments. These influences include: Significant changes in cays and their surrounding ecosystems can result from natural phenomena such as severe El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles. Also, tropical cyclones can either help build up or tear down these islands. There

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1856-586: The identification of the linguistic origins of those forced migrants who arrived before 1710: the Gold Coast , the Slave Coast and the Windward Coast . Sociohistorical information from Anguilla's archives suggest that Africans and Europeans formed two distinct, but perhaps overlapping speech communities in the early phases of the island's colonisation. "Anguillian" is believed to have emerged as

1914-406: The initial period of English colonisation; spiritual and religious practices of Europeans and Africans tended to reflect their regional origins. As early as 1813, Christian ministers formally ministered to enslaved Africans and promoted literacy among converts. The Wesleyan (Methodist) Missionary Society of England built churches and schools from 1817. According to the 2001 census, Christianity

1972-586: The island and declared their separation from St Kitts following a referendum . The events, led by Atlin Harrigan and Ronald Webster among others, became known as the Anguillan Revolution; its goal was not independence per se, but rather independence from Saint Kitts and Nevis and a return to being a British colony. With negotiations failing to break the deadlock, a second referendum confirming Anguillans' desire for separation from St Kitts

2030-618: The island and have impacted the formalities of the Anguillan people. Restaurants such as Dolce Vita and Roy's Bayside Grill, located in Sandy Ground, represent the European culture assimilating within the island. Similar to nearby islands, Anguillans geography and location require a cultural reliance on the ocean. The island's abundance of sea life has led to the incorporation of many fish and crustacean into daily life. They have become

2088-524: The island is the responsibility of the Royal Anguilla Police Force . The majority of residents (90.08%) are of West African ancestry, most of whom are the descendants of enslaved people transported from Africa. Minorities include whites at 3.74% and people of mixed race at 4.65% (figures from 2001 census). Of the population, 72% is Anguillan while 28% is non-Anguillan (2001 census). Of the non-Anguillan population, many are citizens of

2146-920: The island was Malliouhana . In reference to the island's shape, the Italian anguilla , meaning "eel" (in turn, from the Latin diminutive of anguis , "snake") was used as its name. Anguillan tradition holds that Christopher Columbus named the island. Anguilla was first settled by Indigenous Amerindian peoples who migrated from South America. The earliest Native American artefacts found on Anguilla have been dated to around 1300 BC; remains of settlements date from AD 600. There are two known petroglyph sites in Anguilla: Big Spring and Fountain Cavern. The rock ledges of Big Spring contain over 100 petroglyphs (dating back to AD 600–1200),

2204-461: The island, such as soca and calypso , but reggae most deeply roots itself in Anguillan society. Anguilla has produced many artists and groups in this genre. Reggae has shown itself to be the most popular genre in Anguilla. The most successful of reggae artists originating in Anguilla come from the Banks family. Bankie "Banx" and his son Omari Banks have had many chart-topping songs listened to around

2262-539: The island. Today most people in Anguilla speak a British-influenced variety of standard English. Other languages are also spoken on the island, including varieties of Spanish, Chinese and the languages of other immigrant communities. However, the most common language other than Standard English is the island's own English- lexifier Creole language (not to be confused with Antillean Creole ('French Creole'), spoken in French islands such as Martinique and Guadeloupe ). It

2320-435: The island. Boat racing has deep roots in Anguillan culture and is the national sport. There are regular sailing regattas on national holidays, such as Carnival, which are contested by locally built and designed boats. These boats have names and have sponsors that print their logo on their sails. As in many other former British colonies , cricket is also a popular sport. Anguilla is the home of Omari Banks , who played for

2378-537: The language of the masses as time passed, slavery was abolished and locals began to see themselves as "belonging" to Anguillan society. There are six government primary schools, one government secondary school ( Albena Lake Hodge Comprehensive School ), and two private schools. There is a single library, the Edison L. Hughes Education & Library Complex of the Anguilla Public Library. A branch of

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2436-406: The main island of Anguilla, approximately 16 miles (26 kilometres) long by 3 miles (5 km) wide at its widest point, together with a number of much smaller islands and cays with no permanent population. The territory's capital is The Valley . The total land area of the territory is 35 square miles (91 km ), with a population of approximately 15,753 (2021). The native Arawak name for

2494-465: The majority consisting of three indentations that form faces. Precisely when Anguilla was first seen by Europeans is uncertain: some sources claim that Columbus sighted the island during his second voyage in 1493, while others state that the first European explorer was the French Huguenot nobleman and merchant René Goulaine de Laudonnière in 1564. The Dutch West India Company established

2552-527: The offshore patrol vessel HMS Medway long-term to the Caribbean for patrol and sovereignty protection duties. In October 2023, the destroyer HMS Dauntless (which had temporarily replaced Medway on her normal Caribbean tasking), visited the territory in order to assist local authorities in preparing for the climax of the hurricane season. Anguilla had a small marine police force, comprising around 32 personnel, which operated one VT Halmatic M160-class 16-metre (52 ft) fast patrol boat . Policing on

2610-475: The period from July to November. The island suffered damage from Hurricane Luis in 1995, severe flooding 5 to 20 feet (1.5 to 6 metres) from Hurricane Lenny in 1999 and severe damage from Hurricane Irma in 2017, which remains the most powerful hurricane to hit the island. Anguilla is an internally self-governing overseas territory of the United Kingdom. Its politics take place in a framework of

2668-427: The preservation of the island's history. In 2015, Where I See The Sun – Contemporary Poetry in Anguilla A New Anthology by Lasana M. Sekou was published by House of Nehesi Publishers. Among the forty three poets in the collection are Rita Celestine-Carty, Bankie Banx , John T. Harrigan, Patricia J. Adams , Fabian Fahie, Dr. Oluwakemi Linda Banks, and Reuel Ben Lewi. Various Caribbean musical genres are popular on

2726-475: The region in the early 17th century, such as slaves from Senegal living on St Kitts in the mid-1600s. By 1672 a slave depot existed on the island of Nevis , serving the Leeward Islands . While the time of African arrival in Anguilla is difficult to place precisely, archival evidence indicates a substantial African presence of at least 100 enslaved people by 1683; these seem to have come from Central Africa as well as West Africa. The slaves were forced to work on

2784-449: The sailboat races, and Lobster Fest. British festivities, such as the King's Birthday , are also celebrated. Music in Anguilla presents itself as an important part of its culture as well. All different genres of music are played at the celebrations mentioned above. This music represents the deep history of talent that Anguillans have displayed for decades. The Anguilla National Trust (ANT)

2842-526: The sugar plantations which had begun to replace tobacco as Anguilla's main crop. Over time the African slaves and their descendants came to vastly outnumber the white settlers. The African slave trade was eventually terminated within the British Empire in 1807, and slavery outlawed completely in 1834. Many planters subsequently sold up or left the island. During the early colonial period, Anguilla

2900-408: The surface of a reef to where the current slows or converges with another current, releasing its sediment load. Gradually, layers of deposited sediment build up on the reef surface – a depositional node . Such nodes occur in windward or leeward areas of reefs, where flat surfaces sometimes rise around an emergent outcrop of old reef or beach rock. The island resulting from sediment accumulation

2958-634: The terms of the Treaty of Breda the next year. Major John Scott who visited in September 1667, wrote of leaving the island "in good condition" and noted that in July 1668, "200 or 300 people fled thither in time of war". The French attacked again in 1688, 1745 and 1798, causing much destruction but failing to capture the island. It is likely that the early European settlers brought enslaved Africans with them. Historians confirm that African slaves lived in

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3016-420: The world. The two musicians continue to provide live performances across the island quite often. British Dependency has also gained popularity throughout the 21st century. The band, who began in Anguilla, boasts the island's first female bass player. Performing alongside The Wailers on tour, British Dependency have earned attention from an American audience. One of many musical events that take place in Anguilla

3074-500: Was administered by the British through Antigua; in 1825, it was placed under the administrative control of nearby Saint Kitts. Anguilla was federated with St Kitts and Nevis in 1882, against the wishes of many Anguillans. Economic stagnation, and the severe effects of several droughts in the 1890s and later the Great Depression of the 1930s led many Anguillans to emigrate for better prospects elsewhere. Full adult suffrage

3132-532: Was established in 1989 and opened its current office in 1991 charged with the responsibility of preserving the heritage of the island, including its cultural heritage. The Heritage Collection Museum used to showcase the history and artifacts of Anguilla, but in 2024 the collection was handed over to the Anguilla National Museum . Anguillan cuisine is influenced by native Caribbean, West African, Spanish, French, and English cuisines. Seafood

3190-580: Was held and the Republic of Anguilla was declared unilaterally, with Ronald Webster as president. Efforts by British envoy William Whitlock failed to break the impasse and 300 British troops were subsequently sent in March 1969 . British authority was restored, and confirmed by the Anguilla Act of July 1971. In 1980, Anguilla was finally allowed to formally secede from Saint Kitts and Nevis and become

3248-559: Was introduced to Anguilla in 1952. After a brief period as part of the West Indies Federation (1958–1962), the island of Anguilla became part of the associated state of Saint Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla with full internal autonomy in 1967. However many Anguillans had no wish to be a part of this union, and resented the dominance of St Kitts within it. On 30 May 1967 Anguillans forcibly ejected the St Kitts police force from

3306-527: Was such that he declared Garvey an " apostle of God" and dedicated the seventh chapter of the Holy Piby to him. Written between 1913 and 1917, and published in 1924 in New Jersey , the Holy Piby was a response to the western Holy Bible , which the author described as of " white origin". To Rogers, the Promised Land for Africans was Ethiopia . Considered "the black man's Bible," the Holy Piby

3364-583: Was the first book published by an Anguilla writer in the 20th century. Although the Holy Piby is generally recognized as one of the most important foundational texts in Rastafarian theology, it is not strictly speaking a Rastafarian document. Rogers wrote it for the use of an Afrocentric religion he had founded, known as the Afro-Athlican Constructive Gaathly . During that era, Pastor Rogers traveled to numerous cities in

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