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69-729: Afro-Portuguese (Afro portugueses or Lusoafricanos) , African-Portuguese (Portugueses com ascendência africana) , or Black Portuguese are Portuguese people with total or partial ancestry from any of the Sub-Saharan ethnic groups of Africa. Most of those perceived as Afro-Portuguese trace their ancestry to former Portuguese overseas colonies in Africa . Black Brazilians living in Portugal, as well as other Black people (e.g. Black Caribbean , Black Europeans ) are also sometimes included, although no statistics are available, as it

138-700: A Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa ) with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. Despite being a residential city, Amadora has commercial zones, industries and headquarters of international companies operating in Portugal. As commercial zones, it has IKEA , Nokia, Decathlon, Alegro, Continente and Ubbo (one of the biggest shopping malls in Europe). Siemens and Roche are examples of international companies based in Amadora. Amadora hosted Portugals national builder of railway rolling stock, Sorefame , until its demise in 2004. Amadora's public transport network

207-528: A colonial empire . It was one of the first global empires and one of the world's major economic, political and military powers in the 15th and 16th centuries, with territories that became part numerous countries. Portugal helped to launch the spread of Western civilization to other geographies. During and after the period of the Portuguese Empire , the Portuguese diaspora spread across

276-672: A Portuguese-speaking African country has increased by 170% from 2017 to 2022. Moreover, as Portugal started returning tuition fees to those who come to study and then stay in the country to work student visas are in high demand. In early 2023, Portugal regularized around 113,000 CPLP citizens residing illegally in the country, with PALOP citizens having their status legalized numbering around 20,000. In recent years, Afro-Portuguese immigration has emerged from non-Lusophone African countries, such as Kenya, South Africa, The Gambia and Ghana/ Around 3,000 Nigerians are thought to be living in Portugal and they are generally well integrated apart from

345-712: A cluster within the haplogroup R category, is more prevalent along the Atlantic façade, including the Cantabrian Coast and Portugal. Its highest frequency is in Galicia (northwestern corner of Iberia). The frequency of haplogroup H shows a decreasing trend from the Atlantic façade toward the Mediterranean. This finding adds strong evidence that Galicia and Northern Portugal was a cul-de-sac population,

414-570: A further 1.28% of the Portuguese population. Bearing in mind that there were many naturalizations occurred before 2008 (as reported by Eurostat ), that Black people from former African colonies living in Portugal were considered Portuguese citizens until 1975 (and many retained their citizenship after 1976) and reminding that many Black Portuguese have settled permanently in Portugal for generations (thus their descendants are Portuguese nationals) this leads to an estimate of at least 323,515 people in Portugal of Sub-Saharan African descent. This estimate

483-516: A kind of European edge for a major ancient central European migration. An interesting pattern of genetic continuity exists along the Cantabria coast and Portugal, a pattern observed previously when minor sub-clades of the mtDNA phylogeny were examined. Given the Paleolithic and Neolithic origins, as well as Bronze Age and Iron Age Indo-European migrations, the Portuguese ethnic origin

552-497: A lower admixture with Mediterraneans . The Portuguese have one unique characteristic: a high frequency of HLA-A25-B18-DR15 and A26-B38-DR13, which may reflect a founder effect from ancient Portuguese, i.e., Oestriminis and Cynetes . According to an early genetic study, the Portuguese are a relatively distinct population according to HLA data, as they have a high frequency of the HLA-A25-B18-DR15 and A26-B38-DR13 genes,

621-479: A person is of pure African descent (for example, a daughter of a Portuguese mother of Cape Verdean descent and a recently arrived Angolan father) they would not appear among the 323,515 people of "recent" Sub-Saharan background, as the Portuguese nationality law privileges jus sanguinis . Moreover, a person born in Portugal to non-citizens acquires citizenship at birth if at least one parent has been resident in

690-636: A recent problem of marriages of convenience aiming at legalizing immigrants seeking an EU residence permit . Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine some Nigerians have also started arriving in Portugal from Eastern Europe. The small community from Mali is well integrated and characterized by their staying legally in the country, contrarily to what happens in other European nations. Other recently arrived immigrants include refugees (e.g. Sudan, South Sudan, Eritrea, Nigeria and Somalia) as well as investors (e.g. Uganda, Namibia, Nigeria and Kenya). According to

759-582: A reminder of the Gallaeci (also known as Callaeci), a Celtic tribe that lived in part of Northern Portugal . Alternatively the name may have come from the early settlement of Cale (today's Gaia ), situated on the mouth of the Douro River on the Atlantic coast ( Portus Cale ). The name Cale seems to come from the Celts – perhaps from one of their specifications, Cailleach – but which, in everyday life,

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828-714: A tribal Celtic group, related to the Lusones . The first area settled by the Lusitanians was probably the Douro Valley and the region of Beira Alta ; they subsequently moved south, and expanded on both sides of the Tagus river , before the Roman conquest. The Lusitanians originated from either Proto-Celtic or Proto-Italic populations who spread from Central Europe into western Europe after Yamnaya migrations into

897-583: Is a Romance -speaking ethnic group and nation indigenous to Portugal , a country that occupies the west side of the Iberian Peninsula in south-west Europe , who share culture , ancestry and language . The Portuguese state began with the founding of the County of Portugal in 868 . Following the Battle of São Mamede (1128), Portugal gained international recognition as a kingdom through

966-412: Is done taking into account people with recent immigrant background only, as there are no statistics available indicating the number of Portuguese people of African descent. For instance, if a person holding a citizenship of a Sub-Saharan country marries a Portuguese national (regardless of their " ethnic origin "), the children of this union are not detected in official statistics. This means that, even if

1035-580: Is further emphasized by research by the Max Planck Institute on the origins of Indo-European languages. One study identified one common Celtic branch of peoples and languages spanning most of Atlantic Europe, including Lusitania, at around 7,000 BC. This work contradicts previous theories that excluded Lusitanian from the Celtic linguistic family. In Roman times, the Roman province of Lusitania

1104-724: Is illegal for the Portuguese State to collect data on ethnicity and race (similarly to what happens in other European countries such as France, Italy or Spain but contrary to the norm in the American Census). Alternatively, Afro-Portuguese (Afro portugueses or Lusoafricanos) may also refer to various populations of Portuguese descent , to various degrees, living throughout Africa, often speaking Portuguese or Portuguese creole ( see Luso-Africans or Portuguese Africans instead). Although there may have been people of Black African descent living in Portugal since

1173-696: Is much easier for Black people living in Portugal to naturalise as Portuguese citizens via naturalisation : after residing in the country for at least five years and demonstrating proficiency in the Portuguese language (the overwhelming majority of the Black people in Portugal come from countries where Portuguese is an official language) they can, in fact, proceed to acquire Portuguese citizenship. If married to Portuguese citizens they may acquire citizenship by declaration after three years of residence. The arrival of these black Africans in Portugal, coupled with their difficulty in accessing full citizenship , enhanced, from

1242-786: Is the most common haplogroup in the Iberian peninsula and western Europe. One of the best-characterized of Iberian haplotypes is the Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH). This haplotype reaches the highest frequencies there and in the British Isles. In Portugal it reckons generally 65% in the South, ranging from 87-96% northwards. The Neolithic colonization of Europe from Western Asia and the Middle East, beginning around 10,000 years ago, reached Iberia after reaching

1311-659: The Anas ( Guadiana ) river. As the Lusitanians fought the Romans, the name Lusitania was adopted by the Gallaeci , tribes living north of the Douro, and other surrounding tribes, eventually spreading as a label to the nearby peoples fighting Roman rule in western Iberia. This led the Romans to name their original province in the area, which initially covered the entire western side of the Iberian peninsula, Lusitania. Rome conquered

1380-760: The Antiquity , they started arriving in significant numbers only after the Moorish conquest of the Iberian Peninsula ( Saqaliba ) and, more significantly, after the creation of the Portuguese Empire . For instance, there are early reports of Sudanese working in Portugal dating back to 1440 and of Ethiopian people living in Porto in 1466. The first slaves were brought to Portugal as early as 1444. There are also records of there being Black slaves in Lisbon in

1449-693: The Cape Verdean one , were the lands north of Lisbon, near the present-day parish of Benfica . Starting from the 1970s, numerous clandestine neighborhoods ( bairros ) emerged here, often lacking basic services and plagued by crime-related issues. From 1993 onwards, with Portugal's slum eradication program, many people have been provided with alternative public housing and, despite the initial discrimination, many have nowadays found success. For instance, in Amadora only around 10,000 people used to live in shanty towns such as: Despite initial difficulty during

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1518-596: The Conquest of Faro , religious and ethnic minorities such as the so-called "new Christians" or the " Ciganos " ( Roma gypsies ) later suffered persecution from the state and the Inquisition . As a consequence, many were expelled, condemned, and subjected to auto-da-fé , or fled the country, creating a Jewish diaspora in the Netherlands , England, US, Brazil, Balkans , and beyond. The political origin of

1587-827: The Danube Valley , while Proto-Germanic and Proto-Balto-Slavic may have developed east of the Carpathian Mountains , in present-day Ukraine , moving north and spreading with the Corded Ware culture in Middle Europe (third millennium BCE). One theory claimed that a European branch of Indo-European dialects, termed "North-west Indo-European" and associated with the Bell Beaker culture , may have been ancestral to Celtic, Italic, Germanic, and Balto-Slavic lanaguages. The Lusitanians' Celtic root,

1656-582: The Estado Novo regime of António de Oliveira Salazar and became integral parts of Portugal. A minority also originate from other Sub-Saharan African countries. These communities arrived in continental Portugal after the independence of the African overseas provinces in the mid-1970s and after the Portuguese economic growth in the late 1980s. They should not be confused with the population – of overwhelming white European descent – that "returned" from

1725-684: The Middle Ages . By the mid-16th century, there were approximately 10,000 Africans in Lisbon, around 10% of the city's population. By the end of the 16th century, the predominantly African neighborhood of Mocambo was established in the modern neighborhood of Madragoa  [ pt ] . Black Portuguese citizens are primarily descendants or migrants issuing from the five former Portuguese colonies in Africa : Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe. The colonies were abolished in 1951, transformed into overseas provinces by

1794-638: The Pontic–Caspian steppe of Eastern Europe during the Bronze Age , along with carriers of Indo-European languages like proto-Celtic and proto-Italic . Unlike older studies on uniparental markers, large amounts of autosomal DNA were analyzed in addition to paternal Y-DNA . An autosomal component was detected in modern Europeans that was not present in the Neolithic or Mesolithic, and which entered Europe with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as

1863-630: The Portuguese throne . The Portuguese share some DNA with the Basques . The results of the present HLA study in Portuguese populations show that they have features in common with Basques and some Madrid -area Spaniards : a high frequency of the HLA- haplotypes A29-B44-DR7 (ancient Western Europeans) and A1-B8-DR3 are common characteristics. Many Portuguese and Basques do not show the Mediterranean A33-B14-DR1 haplotype , confirming

1932-400: The Roman province of Lusitania (modern Portugal , Extremadura and part of Salamanca ). They spoke Lusitanian , of which only a few short written fragments survive. Most Portuguese consider Lusitanians as their ancestors, although the northern regions ( Minho , Douro , Trás-os-Montes ) identify more with Gallaecians . Linguists such as Ellis Evans claimed that Gallaecian -Lusitanian

2001-678: The Suebi , the Buri , and the Visigoths (an estimated 2–3% of the population), ruled the peninsula for centuries and assimilated into the local population. Some of the Vandals ( Silingi and Hasdingi ) and Alans lingered. The Suebians were the most numerous Germanic tribes. Portugal and Galicia, (along with Catalonia which was part of the Frankish Kingdom ), are the regions with

2070-579: The Treaty of Zamora and the papal bull Manifestis Probatum . This Portuguese state paved the way for the Portuguese people to unite as a nation. The Portuguese explored distant lands previously unknown to Europeans—in the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania (southwest Pacific Ocean). In 1415, with the conquest of Ceuta , the Portuguese took a significant role in the Age of Discovery , which culminated in

2139-465: The majority of the population To sum up, it is difficult to estimate the number of Portuguese people having African ancestry. In fact, the number of Afro-Portuguese with Portuguese nationality is not known, as there are no official statistics in Portugal regarding race or ethnicity. The Portuguese nationality law privileges Jus sanguinis and a sizable number of Black-Africans in Portugal maintained their respective nationality of origin. Even if

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2208-455: The 1970s onwards, the processes of ethnic and racial discrimination . This is the result of multiple factors, from institutional and juridical, to socio-cultural (the construction of stereotypical ethno-racial differences ), residential (with the concentration of black migrants in degraded ghettos in Lisbon area, although this does not occur elsewhere in the country) and economical (the poorly qualified professional and educational profile of

2277-461: The 9th and 11th centuries , made by Norsemen who raided coastal areas mainly in the northern regions of Douro and Minho . Low-incidence, pre-Roman influence came from Phoenicians and Greeks in southern coastal areas. The name Portugal is a portmanteau that comes from the Latin word Portus (meaning port) and a second word Cale , whose meaning and origin are unclear. Cale is probably

2346-437: The 9th century. The term denoted the area between the Douro and Minho rivers. Portuguese origins are predominantly from Southern and Western Europe. The earliest modern humans inhabiting Portugal are believed to have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggest that modern Portuguese trace a proportion of these lineages to the paleolithic peoples who began settling

2415-463: The Azores and Madeira belonged to 78–83% of the "Western European" haplogroup R1b , and Mediterranean J and E3b . The comparative table shows statistics by haplogroups of Portuguese men with men of European countries , and communities. Culturally and linguistically, the Portuguese are close to Galicians . The similarities among the two groups are pronounced. Galician and Portuguese may be

2484-573: The EU as a whole) as of 2023. People aged 65 or more accounted for 23%. The total fertility rate is 1.35 against the EU average of 1.53. Life expectancy at birth is 83. Due to the high percentage of senior citizens, the crude mortality rate (12%) is well in excess of the crude birth rate (8%). Amadora There is significant evidence of Neolithic settlements in the municipality. The Necropolis of Carenque consists of three artificial caves that served as tombs from around 3000 BCE. Amadora

2553-535: The European continent at the end of the last glaciation around 45,000 years ago. Northern Iberia is believed to have been a major Ice age refuge from which Paleolithic humans later colonized Europe. Migrations from northern Iberia during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic link modern Iberians to much of Western Europe, particularly the British Isles and Atlantic Europe . Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b

2622-602: The Indo-European languages. The first immigrations of Indo-European language speakers were followed by waves of Celts . The Celts arrived in Portugal about 3,000 years ago. Migration was particularly intense from the 7th to the 5th centuries BC. These two processes defined Iberia's cultural landscape "Continental in the northwest and Mediterranean towards the southeast", as historian José Mattoso described. The northwest–southeast cultural shift also shows in genetic differences: based on 2016 findings, haplogroup H,

2691-562: The Portuguese Foreigners and Borders Services, in December 2023, there were approximately 184,159 people holding the citizenship of a Sub-Saharan African country legally residing in Portugal, and thus accounting for 1.73% of the total population . In addition, only taking into account the period between 2008 and 2023, around 136,346 people hailing from Sub-Saharan Africa received the Portuguese citizenship , accounting for

2760-495: The Portuguese state is in the founding of County of Portugal in 868 ( Portuguese : Condado Portucalense ; in period documents the name used was Portugalia ). It was the first time that a cohesive nationalism emerged there, as even during the Roman Era, the indigenous populations were from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Although the country began as a county, after the Battle of São Mamede on 24 June 1128 Portugal

2829-576: The Roman period, starting in 409 . These included the Suebi , Buri , Hasdingi Vandals and Visigoths . The pastoral North Caucasus ' Alans left traces in a few central-southern areas (e.g. Alenquer , from " Alen Kerke " or "Temple of the Alans"). The Umayyad conquest of Iberia , between the early 8th century until the 12th century , also left small Moorish , Jewish and Saqaliba genetic contributions. Other minor – as well as later – influences include small Viking settlements between

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2898-806: The Roman provinces in Gaul (modern France). Three years later (147 B.C.), Viriathus became the leader of the Lusitanians and attacked Roman rule in Lusitania and beyond. He commanded a confederation of Celtic tribes and prevented Roman expansion with guerrilla warfare. In 139 B.C. Viriathus was betrayed and killed in his sleep by his companions (emissaries to the Romans ), Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus , bribed by Marcus Popillius Laenas . However, when Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus returned to receive their reward, Consul Quintus Servilius Caepio ordered their execution, declaring, " Rome does not pay traitors " . Viriathus

2967-419: The airplane was Adm. Gago Coutinho , a well known Portuguese celebrity. The municipality was formed on 11 September 1979, when it ceased being a parish of the municipality of Oeiras . A few days later, on 17 September, Amadora was granted city status. The former Sorefame railway rolling stock factory was located in Amadora, but was closed in 2004. Most of the carriages for Portuguese Railways built during

3036-490: The aqueduct (like others along its way). At the request of its population, in 1907, a decree issued during King Carlos I reign, merged the communities of Porcalhota, Amadora and Venteira into one town named Amadora. At the present time Amadora does not have any airfield. However, in the 1920s a small airfield (the first in Portugal) was located here. The first flight from Portugal to Brazil left from Amadora. The Captain of

3105-429: The colonies immediately after their independence. This different ethnic group is the one formed by the so-called retornados (meaning "those who came back") — Portuguese settlers and descendants of Portuguese settlers born in former African colonies who relocated to continental Portugal after their independence and in the first half of the 1980s. One of the primary settlement areas for communities in Portugal, especially

3174-615: The country for a period of ten years. A new 2006 law granted Portuguese nationality to the second generation, if living in Portugal for at least five years. It also removed differences between countries of origin, given the influx of immigrants from Eastern Europe, most notably Ukrainians . The law was announced in 2005 by Prime minister José Sócrates and granted Portuguese nationality to children born in Portugal of foreign parents, as he stated: "those children did not spoke another language other than Portuguese and only studied in Portuguese schools, but had nationality denied." In general, today

3243-465: The country for at least one year prior to the time of birth, or was born in Portugal and resident in the country at the time of birth, a fact that is quite common among long-established communities such as the African one: again, these Portuguese individuals, although of African descent, do not appear in official statistics as there are no data aiming at portraying the ethnic diversity of the country. This means that – as of December 2023 – at least 3.04% of

3312-669: The highest ratios of Germanic Y-DNA. Other influences include small Viking settlements between the 9th and 11th centuries , made by Norsemen who raided coastal areas mainly in Douro and Minho . The Moors occupied what is now Portugal from the 8th century until the Reconquista movement expelled them in 1249. Some 2.000 of their population, mainly Berbers and Christian Jews became New Christians ( Cristãos novos ); some descendants of these people are still identifiable by their new surnames . Several genetic studies, including

3381-487: The inauguration of Portuguese democracy, 6 Portuguese people of African descent have been elected MPs. As of today, the only MP of African descent is jurist and politician Romualda Fernandes . In recent years, a renewed interest towards immigration to Portugal has emerged, particularly in Portuguese-speaking African countries and for study purposes. For instance, the number of students coming from

3450-432: The late 1990s, also under form of human trafficking . After a hiatus due to the 2008 Global recession , immigration increased again starting in mid-2010s. African immigrants have always be an important fraction of the total immigrant population, especially those coming from former colonies. In 2015, Francisca Van Dunem (Angolan-Portuguese) became the first black Portuguese minister in the Portuguese government . Since

3519-629: The latter is a unique Portuguese marker. In Europe, the A25-B18-DR15 gene is found only in Portugal; it also observed in some North Americans and in Brazilians (very likely of Portuguese ancestry). The pan-European haplotype A1-B8-DR3 and the western-European haplotype A29-B44-DR7 are shared by Portuguese, Basques, and Spaniards. The latter is also common in Irish, southern English, and western French populations. Men from mainland Portugal ,

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3588-985: The migrants). coupled with a parallel strengthening of black identity in African migrants, even surpassing national origins. In 2016, the UN committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination visited Portugal and recommended that Portugal implement specific measures for the Afro-descendent community, in as in cases where some black Portuguese, today full adults, are without citizenship even in cases where siblings can be full Portuguese citizens, such as those born before 1981 or after their parents become legal migrants. B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q Portuguese people The Portuguese people ( Portuguese : Portugueses – masculine – or Portuguesas )

3657-530: The most comprehensive genome-wide studies published on historical and modern populations of the Iberian Peninsula , conclude that the Moorish occupation left few to no Jewish , Arab and Berber genetic influences throughout Iberia, with higher incidence in the south and west, and ower incidence in the northeast, and almost none in Basque Country . Following the end of the Reconquista and

3726-689: The nationality law of 1959 was based on the principle of Jus soli , the changes made in 1975 and 1981 changed it to a Jus sanguinis law after the independence of the African provinces, which denied naturalization not only to first generation migrants, but also to their children and grandchildren. Still this legislation had special clauses: Portuguese nationality was granted to citizens proceeding from Brazil, Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe and East Timor, as well as those born under Portuguese administration in Goa , Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Macau if legally living in Portugal for six years. All other migrants need to live in

3795-434: The peninsula during the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C. from Carthage during the Punic Wars . After 193 B.C., the Lusitanians fought Rome's expansion peninsula following the defeat and occupation of Carthage in North Africa. They fought for years, repeatedly defeating the Roman invaders. In the end they were punished by Praetor Servius Galba in 150 B.C. He killed 9,000 Lusitanians and later sold 20,000 more as slaves to

3864-431: The population of Portugal is of African descent (recent immigrant background only), although the percentage is likely much higher. For instance, the Cape Verdean government estimates that 260,000 people of Cape Verdean descent alone might be living in Portugal. by naturalization (2008–2023) immigrant background (Naturalised citizens + Foreigners) estimates countries people of African descent constitute

3933-418: The population, both genetically and culturally; the Portuguese language derives mostly from Latin , mostly a later evolution of the Roman language after the fall of the Western Roman Empire . According to Mario Pei , the phonetic distance found between Portuguese and Latin stands at 31%. Roman domination lasted from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. After the Romans, Germanic peoples , namely

4002-433: The resettlements, many Afro-Portuguese people have now access to enhanced opportunities and some popular neighbourhoods built for housing them, such as Outurela and Casal da Mira, have been praised for their succeeding in actually bettering the living conditions of citizens once neglected. Immigration to Portugal, historically low, soared after the country's accession to the EU in 1986 and increased significantly starting in

4071-417: The rest of the continent. According to the demic diffusion model its impact was greatest in the southern and eastern regions. In the 3rd millennium BC, during the Bronze Age , the first wave of migrations by Indo-European language speakers into Iberia occurred. The expansion of haplogroup R1b in Western Europe, most common in many areas of Atlantic Europe , was primarily due to massive migrations from

4140-407: The same language ( see also: Reintegrationism ). Around 9.15 million (87%) Portuguese-born people live in the country, out of a total population of 10.467 million. About 782,000 foreigners live legally in the country (7%), thus approximately 9.685 million people living in Portugal hold Portuguese citizenship or legal residency. The median age stood at 46.8 years (versus 44.4 in

4209-435: The second half of the 20th century were constructed here. One of the largest urban communities in Portugal, Amadora forms a conurbation with Lisbon , sharing the same subway, bus and train networks. It is dominated by large apartment blocks, commercial parks, industrial areas and some headquarters of international companies. Administratively, the municipality is divided into 6 civil parishes ( freguesias ): Amadora has

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4278-478: The world. The Portuguese people's heritage largely derives from the Indo-European ( Lusitanians , Conii ), and Celtic peoples ( Gallaecians , Turduli and Celtici ). They were later Romanized after the Roman conquest . The Portuguese language –the native language of the overwhelming majority of Portuguese people–stems from Vulgar Latin . A number of male Portuguese lineages descend from Germanic tribes who arrived as ruling elites after

4347-416: Was extended north of the areas occupied by the Lusitanians to include the territories of Asturias and Gallaecia , but these were soon ceded to the jurisdiction of the Provincia Tarraconensis in the north, while the south remained the Provincia Lusitania et Vettones . After this, Lusitania's northern border was along the Douro river, while its eastern border passed through Salmantica and Caesarobriga to

4416-402: Was mainly a mixture of pre-Celts or para- Celts , such as the Lusitanians of Lusitania , and Celtic peoples such as Gallaeci of Gallaecia , the Celtici and the Cynetes of Alentejo and the Algarve . The Lusitanians (or Lusitānus – singular – Lusitani – plural – in Latin ) were an Indo-European people living in the Western Iberian Peninsula long before it became

4485-434: Was officially recognised as a kingdom via the Treaty of Zamora and the papal bull Manifestis Probatum of Pope Alexander III . The establishment of the Portuguese state in the 12th century led the Portuguese to group together as a nation. A subsequent turning point in Portuguese nationalism was the Battle of Aljubarrota in 1385, linked to Brites de Almeida , thereby putting an end to Castilian ambitions to take over

4554-549: Was one language (thus not separate languages) of the "p" Celtic variant. They were a large tribe who lived between Douro and Tagus rivers. The Lusitanians may have originated in the Alps and settled in the region in the 6th century BC. Sholars such as Dáithí Ó hÓgáin consider them to be indigenous . He claimed they were initially dominated by the Celts , before gaining full independence. Romanian archaeologist Scarlat Lambrino  [ ro ] , active in Portugal for many years, proposed that they were originally

4623-419: Was originally named Porcalhota , for being a Majorat of the daughter of a man surnamed Porcalho who was called for being a female Porcalhota . The Aqueduto das Águas Livres , which brings water from the Sintra hills to Lisbon , and stretches 30 kilometres (19 mi), was finished in the 1770s and includes the largest masonry arch ever built, located in Campolide — the local coat of arms also displays

4692-449: Was synonymous with shelter, anchorage or door. Among other theories, some suggest that Cale may stem from the Greek word for kalós (beautiful). Another theory for Portugal postulates a French derivation, Portus Gallus "port of the Gauls". During the Middle Ages , the area around Cale became known through the Visigoths as Portucale . Portucale could have evolved in the 7th and 8th centuries, to become Portugale , or Portugal, from

4761-441: Was the first Portuguese ‘ national hero ’ . After Viriathus' rule, the celticized Lusitanians largely adopted romanized culture and the Latin language. Lusitanian inhabitants, following the rest of the Roman-Iberian peninsula, eventually gained the status of " Citizens of Rome ". Many saints emerged from the territory. These include Saint Engrácia , Saint Quitéria , and Saint Marina of Aguas Santas . The Romans impacted

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