The Lemhi Shoshone are a tribe of Northern Shoshone , also called the Akaitikka , Agaidika , or "Eaters of Salmon". The name "Lemhi" comes from Fort Lemhi , a Mormon mission to this group. They traditionally lived in the Lemhi River Valley and along the upper Salmon River in Idaho . Bands were very fluid and nomadic , and they often interacted with and intermarried other bands of Shoshone and other tribes, such as the Bannock . Today most of them are enrolled in the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation of Idaho .
12-523: The Akaitikka are Numic speakers, speaking the Shoshone language . Fishing is an important source of food, and salmon, and trout were staples. Gooseberries and camas root, Camassia quamash are traditional vegetable foods for the Lemhi Shoshone. In the 19th century, buffalo hunting provided meat, furs, hides, and other materials. During the 19th century, the Lemhi Shoshone were allied with
24-570: A distinct linguistic variety, there are no unique linguistic changes that mark Mono as a distinct linguistic variety. The sound system of Numic is set forth in the following tables. Proto-Numic had an inventory of five vowels. Proto-Numic had the following consonant inventory: In addition to the above simple consonants, Proto-Numic also had nasal-stop/affricate clusters and all consonants except *s , *h , *j , and *w could be geminated. Between vowels short consonants were lenited. The major difference between Proto-Central Numic and Proto-Numic
36-577: A monograph about them in 1909. Numic languages Numic is the northernmost branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. It includes seven languages spoken by Native American peoples traditionally living in the Great Basin , Colorado River basin, Snake River basin, and southern Great Plains . The word Numic comes from the cognate word in all Numic languages for “person”, which reconstructs to Proto-Numic as /*nɨmɨ/ . For example, in
48-471: A much larger area extending to the north and east (Northern Paiute, Shoshoni, and Colorado River). Some linguists have taken this pattern as an indication that Numic speaking peoples expanded quite recently from a small core, perhaps near the Owens Valley , into their current range. This view is supported by lexicostatistical studies. Fowler's reconstruction of Proto-Numic ethnobiology also points to
60-691: The Flatheads and enemies of the Blackfeet . The Lewis and Clark Expedition encountered the Lemhi at the Three Forks of the Missouri River in 1805. In the 1860s, Indian agents estimated the Lemhi population, which included Shoshone, Bannock, and Tukudeka (Sheepeaters), to be 1,200. Tendoy was a prominent Lemhi chief in the mid-19th century. He was half-Shoshone and half-Bannock. He became
72-972: The Central and Western Numic languages expanded into the Great Basin. Bands of eastern Shoshoni split off from the main Shoshoni body in the very late 17th or very early 18th century and moved southeastward onto the Great Plains. Changes in their Shoshoni dialect eventually produced Comanche. The Comanche language and the Shoshoni language are quite similar although certain low-level consonant changes in Comanche have inhibited mutual intelligibility. Recent lexical and grammatical diffusion studies in Western Numic have shown that while there are clear linguistic changes that separate Northern Paiute as
84-773: The Lemhi's leading chief in 1863 after Tio-van-du-ah was killed in Bannock County, Idaho . The Lemhi Reservation , located along the Lemhi River, west of the Bitterroot Range and north of the Lemhi Range was created in 1875 and terminated in 1907. Most of the residents were moved to the Fort Hall Indian Reservation. Others remain near Salmon, Idaho. Robert Harry Lowie studied the band and published The Northern Shoshone ,
96-654: The clusters. Geminated stops and affricates are voiceless and non-geminated stops and affricates are voiced fricatives. The velar nasals have fallen together with the alveolar nasals. The dialects of Colorado River east of Chemehuevi have lost *h . The dialects east of Kaibab have collapsed the nasal-stop clusters with the geminated stops and affricate. Proto-Western Numic changed the nasal-stop clusters of Proto-Numic into voiced geminate stops. In Mono and all dialects of Northern Paiute except Southern Nevada, these voiced geminate stops have become voiceless. The following table shows some sample Numic cognate sets that illustrate
108-465: The earliest record of Comanche from 1786, but precedes the 20th century. Geminated stops in Comanche have also become phonetically preaspirated. Proto-Southern Numic preserved the Proto-Numic consonant system fairly intact, but the individual languages have undergone several changes. Modern Kawaiisu has reanalyzed the nasal-stop clusters as voiced stops, although older recordings preserve some of
120-547: The region of the southern Sierra Nevada as the homeland of Proto-Numic approximately two millennia ago. A mitochondrial DNA study from 2001 supports this linguistic hypothesis. The anthropologist Peter N. Jones thinks this evidence to be of a circumstantial nature, but this is a distinctly minority opinion among specialists in Numic. David Shaul has proposed that the Southern Numic languages spread eastward long before
132-491: The three Central Numic languages and the two Western Numic languages it is /nɨmɨ/ . In Kawaiisu it is /nɨwɨ/ and in Colorado River /nɨwɨ/ , /nɨŋwɨ/ and /nuu/ . These languages are classified in three groups: Apart from Comanche , each of these groups contains one language spoken in a small area in the southern Sierra Nevada and valleys to the east (Mono, Timbisha, and Kawaiisu), and one language spoken in
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#1732797775872144-555: Was the phonemic split of Proto-Numic geminate consonants into geminate consonants and preaspirated consonants. The conditioning factors involve stress shifts and are complex. The preaspirated consonants surfaced as voiceless fricatives, often preceded by a voiceless vowel. Shoshoni and Comanche have both lost the velar nasals, merging them with *n or turning them into velar nasal-stop clusters. In Comanche, nasal-stop clusters have become simple stops, but p and t from these clusters do not lenite intervocalically. This change postdates
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