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83-695: The Agno River , also known as the Pangasinan River , is a river on the island of Luzon in the Philippines . Traversing the provinces of Benguet , Pangasinan , and Tarlac , it is one of the largest river systems in the country, with a drainage area of 5,952 square kilometres (2,298 sq mi). The river originates in the Cordillera Mountains and empties into the South China Sea via Lingayen Gulf . The river

166-516: A few areas above 800 metres (2,600 ft) ASL . The forests have been replaced by grassland and riceland . Since the Agno River basin is characterized by mountainous topography, the Ambuklao water reservoir was built to keep it from gushing down and causing devastating effects on the lower levels of the river, the flood runoff estimated annually at about 6,654 million cubic meters reaches

249-559: A later date. During the 1360s, the Javanese -centered Hindu-Buddhist Shivaite empire of Majapahit briefly ruled over Luzon as recorded in the epic poem Nagarakretagama , which reports imperial colonies in the Philippines at Saludong ( Manila ) and Solot ( Sulu ). Eventually, the kingdoms of Luzon regained independence from Majapahit after the 1365 Battle of Manila. Sulu also reestablished independence and in vengeance assaulted

332-538: A lot of broken rice, required two to three skilled men and women to work harmoniously and was actually a form of socializing among young folks in the villages. In old Latin, Italian, and Portuguese maps, the island is often called "Luçonia" or "Luconia." Luções, [luˈsõjʃ] (also Luzones in Spanish ) was a demonym used by Portuguese sailors in Malaysia during the early 1500s, referring to

415-428: A lusong, explaining: Traditional milling was accomplished in the 1900s by pounding the palay with a wooden pestle in a stone or wooden mortar called lusong. The first pounding takes off the hull and further pounding removes the bran but also breaks most grains. Further winnowing with a bamboo tray (bilao) separates the hull from the rice grains. This traditional hand-pounding chore, although very laborious and resulted in

498-633: A million souls. People from the Philippines, primarily from Luzon, were recruited by France (then in alliance with Spain ), first to defend Indo-Chinese converts to Christianity being persecuted by their native governments. Eventually, Filipino mercenaries helped the French conquer Vietnam and Laos and to re-establish Cambodia as a French Protectorate. This process culminated in the establishment of French Cochinchina , centered in Saigon . After many years of Spanish occupation and resistance to reform,

581-601: A prince from Mecca who became the Sultan of Brunei , a nation that then expanded its realms from Borneo to the Philippines and set up the Kingdom of Maynila as its puppet-state. The invasion of Brunei spread Chinese royal descent like Ong Sum Ping 's kin and Arab dynasties too into the Philippines like the clan of Sultan Sharif Ali . However, other Luzon kingdoms resisted Islam, like the Wangdom of Pangasinan . It had remained

664-574: A sizeable area in Ifugao split between the towns of Hungduan and Kiangan and a small part in Nueva Vizcaya in the town of Kayapa . The Upper Agno River Basin is the third largest sub-catchment in the entire Agno River Basin that spans three regions in northern Luzon. Its main tributaries are the 110 km (68 mi) long Bokod River which empties into it at the Ambuklao reservoir from

747-697: A southerly course, it exhibits a braided channel pattern. It then transforms into a southwest-directed meandering river as it crosses the Central Luzon Plain . From its confluence with the Tarlac River emanating from the south, the Agno River then veers northward while draining the eastern flanks of the Zambales Mountains . The Agno's principal tributaries include the Pila, Camiling, Tarlac and Ambayoan Rivers. The main branch of

830-420: A tributary state of China and was a largely Sinified kingdom, which maintained trade with Japan. The Polity of Cainta also existed as a fortified city-state, armed with walls and cannons. The Portuguese were the first European explorers who recorded it in their charts as Luçonia or Luçon , calling the inhabitants Luções . Edmund Roberts , who visited Luzon in the early 19th century, wrote that Luzon

913-824: Is 248 kilometres (154 mi) long, making it the sixth longest river in the country. Roughly two million people live in the Agno River Valley , making it one of Philippines' larger population clusters. The river is dammed by three hydroelectric power plants : the Ambuklao Dam in Bokod , the Binga Dam in Itogon , and the San Roque Dam in San Manuel . The Agno River is the main drainage system of

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996-485: Is covered by 8 administrative regions , 30 provinces and, as of 2014 , 68 cities (8 regions, 38 provinces and 71 cities if associated islands are included). Table note(s): Luzon is part of the Philippine Mobile Belt , a fast deforming plate boundary zone (Gervasio, 1967) hemmed in between two opposing subduction zones, the west-dipping Philippine Trench - East Luzon Trench subduction zone, and

1079-811: Is dominated by the Bicol Peninsula , a mountainous and narrow region extending approximately 150 kilometres (93 mi) southeast from the Tayabas Isthmus in Quezon province to the San Bernardino Strait along the coasts of Sorsogon . The area is home to several volcanoes , the most famous of which is the 2,460-metre (8,070 ft) high symmetrically shaped Mayon Volcano in Albay province. The Sierra Madre range has its southern limits at Quezon province. Ultra-prominent mountains dot

1162-510: Is held sacred by its people. Portions of the land serve as the burial grounds of their ancestors. The place holds great historical value and is considered one of the remaining seats of Ibaloi culture. Archaeological sites were discovered at Sitio Camanggaan, Barangay San Roque in San Manuel, Pangasinan and in surrounding areas. Yields consisted of tradeware and earthenware shards and Palaeolithic and Neolithic stone tools . Gold panning

1245-425: Is stocked abundantly with introduced fish species, namely silver perch , Celebes goby , common carp , silver carp , bighead carp and tilapia . It also has commercially abundant freshwater shrimp and Asiatic clam . The Ambuklao reservoir also supports aquaculture and has at least 83 fish cage operators harvesting crimson snapper , tilapia and silver carp within the permitted 6.8-hectare (17-acre) fishing zone of

1328-458: Is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines . Located in the northern portion of the Philippine archipelago , it is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, Manila , as well as Quezon City , the country's most populous city. With a population of 64 million as of 2021 , it contains 52.5% of the country's total population and is

1411-537: The 4th most populous island in the world. It is the 15th largest island in the world by land area . Luzon may also refer to one of the three primary island groups in the country . In this usage, it includes the Luzon Mainland , the Batanes and Babuyan groups of islands to the north, Polillo Islands to the east, and the outlying islands of Catanduanes , Marinduque and Mindoro , among others, to

1494-752: The Agno River from the Mount Data National Park in Buguias to Binga Dam in Itogon . It is located to the east and north of the city of Baguio in the southern Cordillera Central mountains and covers the catchment area between the ridges of the Central and Polis ranges. The majority of the reserve is in Benguet shared by the municipalities of Atok , Bokod , Buguias, Itogon, Kabayan , Kibungan , La Trinidad and Tublay . It also has

1577-614: The Andres Novales uprising occurred and it was inspired by the Latin American Wars of Independence . Novales' uprising was primarily supported by Mexicans living in the Philippines as well as immigrant Latinos from the now independent nations of Colombia , Venezuela , Peru , Chile , Argentina and Costa Rica . Although the uprising failed it inspired the Cavite Mutiny , the suppression of which, lead to

1660-601: The Asian palm civet , Malayan civet , Philippine long-tailed macaque , Northern Luzon giant cloud rat , Mount Data shrew-rat , Luzon shrew , large flying fox , Philippine warty pig and Philippine deer . The Upper Agno river and its tributaries have the highest fish diversity among the five river systems in Benguet. Fish species found in these rivers include Java fat-nose goby, mangrove flathead goby, giant mottled eel , pond loach and mosquitofish . The Ambuklao reservoir

1743-514: The Cagayan to the north, and the Pampanga to the south. In the middle of the plain rises the solitary Mount Arayat . The western coasts of Central Luzon are typically flat extending east from the coastline to the Zambales Mountains , the site of Mount Pinatubo , made famous because of its enormous 1991 eruption . These mountains extend to the sea in the north, forming Lingayen Gulf , and to

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1826-533: The Indian Ocean , the Strait of Malacca , the South China Sea , and the medieval maritime principalities of the Philippines . His father and wife carried on his maritime trading business after his death. Another important Malacca trader was Curia de Raja who also hailed from Luzon. The "surname" of "de Raja" or "diraja" could indicate that Regimo and Curia, and their families, were of noble or royal descent as

1909-680: The Kapampangan and Tagalog people who lived in Manila Bay , which was then called Lusong ( Kapampangan : Lusung , Portuguese : Luçon ), from which Luzon was also derived. The term was also used for Tagalog settlers in Southern Tagalog region, where they created intensive contact with the Kapampangans. Eventually, the term "Luzones" would refer to the settlers of Luzon island, and later on, would be exclusive to

1992-591: The Lower Agno Watershed Forest Reserve . Spanish explorers who documented the catchment area of the river in the 16th century say the mouth of the Agno was an extensive marshland with rich alluvial soil . It was thickly covered with mangrove and nipa palm trees which served as habitat to many marshland wildlife species. But the catchment area is now severely deforested . Primary forest has almost completely disappeared apart from

2075-459: The Pacific War , the Philippines were considered to be of great strategic importance because their capture by Japan would pose a significant threat to the U.S. As a result, 135,000 troops and 227 aircraft were stationed in the Philippines by October 1941. Luzon was captured by Imperial Japanese forces in 1942 during their campaign to capture the Philippines . General Douglas MacArthur —who

2158-877: The United States in the Philippine–American War which the Republic's forces lost due to its diplomatic isolation (no foreign nation recognized the First Republic) as well as due to the numerical superiority of the American military . The Americans then set up the cool mountain city of Baguio as a summer retreat for its officials. The Americans also rebuilt the capital, Manila, and established American military bases in Olongapo and Angeles cities mainly Clark Airbase and Subic Naval Base . During

2241-539: The floodplains of the Tarlac River. The PAGASA , the national weather bureau, has established a flood monitoring and warning center in Pangasinan. The Agno traverses several towns in Benguet province where some 35,000 indigenous Ibaloi , Kankanaey and Kalanguya people live. The Ibaloi people of Benguet regard the river as sacred because it gives life. Barangay Dalupirip, Itogon in Benguet province

2324-541: The 12th century, and local Tagalog , Kapampangan and Pangasinan potters had marked each jar with Baybayin letters denoting the particular urn used and the kiln the jars were manufactured in. Certain kilns were renowned over others; prices depended on the reputation of the kiln. Of this flourishing trade, the Burnay jars of Ilocos are the only large clay jar manufactured in Luzon today with origins from this time. In

2407-662: The 16th century saw the incorporation of the Luções people and the breaking up of their kingdoms and the establishment of the Las Islas Filipinas with its capital Cebu , which was moved to Manila following the defeat of the local Rajah Sulayman in 1570. Under Spain, Luzon also came to be known as the Nueva Castilla or the New Castile . In Spanish times, Luzon became the focal point for trade between

2490-539: The 2015 census, the population of Luzon Island is 57,470,097 people, making it the 4th most populated island in the world . Upper Agno River Basin Resource Reserve The area of the Upper Agno river basin first achieved official park protection on February 16, 1929, when Governor-General Henry L. Stimson signed Proclamation No. 217 declaring 81.8% of the entire Cordillera Central range as

2573-492: The Agno River forms a vast alluvial fan and delta called the Pangasinan Plain, a historically vital economic hub on Luzon Island. A number of faults of local and regional significance cut across the river. Joint systems are also found in the area. These faults and joints reduce the rock strength and rock coherence through which water could pass or slippage could occur. The Philippine Fault System , including

Agno River - Misplaced Pages Continue

2656-461: The Agno River is Tarlac River which originates from Mount Pinatubo (elevation 1,745 metres (5,725 ft)) in Tarlac and joins the Agno River at Poponto Swamp near Bayambang . The swamp has an area of about 25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi) and temporarily retains flood waters from Tarlac River. After passing through mountains at an average elevation of some 2,000 feet (610 m) ASL,

2739-630: The Americas and Asia. The Manila Galleons constructed in the Bicol region brought silver mined from Peru and Mexico to Manila. The silver was used to purchase Asian commercial goods like Chinese silk , Indian gems and Indonesian spices , which were then exported back to the Americas. The Chinese valued Luzon so much, in that when talking about Spain and the Spanish-Americas, they preferred to call it as "Dao Lusong" (Greater Luzon) while

2822-550: The Central Cordillera Forest Reserve. Through an amendment to the law made in 1932 by Governor-General Theodore Roosevelt Jr. , the reserve lost 1,026.8931 hectares (2,537.508 acres) of fragmented lands to mining concessions. When President Manuel L. Quezon signed Proclamation No. 65 in 1936, a portion of the basin surrounding Mount Data was re-gazetted as part of the 2,398-hectare (5,930-acre) Baguio–Bontoc Scenic National Park. The national park

2905-552: The Cordillera Central mountain ranges is the large Cagayan Valley . This region, which is known for being the second largest producer of rice and the country's top corn-producer, serves as the basin for the Cagayan River , the longest in the Philippines. Along the southern limits of the Cordillera Central lies the lesser-known Caraballo Mountains . These mountains form a link between the Cordillera Central and

2988-770: The Digdig Fault, which has been assessed as the causative fault of the July 16, 1990 Luzon earthquake , and the San Manuel Fault, Bulangit Fault and the San Roque Fault are some of the major fault lines crossing the river. The river's headwaters and upstream basin in the Cordillera Central range are designated conservation areas that lie within the Mount Data National Park, the Upper Agno River Basin Resource Reserve and

3071-667: The Majapahit province of Poni ( Brunei ) before a fleet from the capital drove them out. In 1405, the Yongle Emperor appointed a Chinese governor of Luzon, Ko Ch'a-lao, during Zheng He 's voyages . China also had vassals among the leaders in the archipelago. China attained ascendancy in trade with the area in Yongle's reign. Afterwards, some parts of Luzon were Islamized when the former Majapahit province of Poni broke free, converted to Islam , and imported Sharif Ali ,

3154-546: The Mount Pulag National Park. On April 23, 2000, through the issuance of Proclamation No. 268, the reserve was consolidated as a resource reserve and was significantly expanded to 77,561 hectares (191,660 acres) to cover the entire upper Agno river basin bordering the Mount Data and Mount Pulag national parks. The Upper Agno reserve protects the northernmost 45.94 km (28.55 mi) section of

3237-634: The Portuguese conquest in 1511. Antonio Pigafetta notes that one of them was in command of the Brunei fleet in 1521. However, the Luções did not only fight on the side of the Muslims. Pinto says they were also apparently among the natives of the Philippines who fought the Muslims in 1538. On Mainland Southeast Asia , Lusung/Luções warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD. At

3320-508: The Sierra Madre Oriental, Angat, Zambales , Central Cordillera of Luzon , Bicol, and Catanduanes Island blocks. Using seismic and geodetic data, Luzon was modeled by Galgana et al. (2007) as a series of six micro blocks or micro plates (separated by subduction zones and intra-arc faults), all translating and rotating in different directions, with maximum velocities ~100 mm/yr NW with respect to Sundaland/Eurasia. As of

3403-663: The Sierra Madre mountain ranges, separating the Cagayan Valley from the Central Luzon plains. The central section of Luzon is characterized by a flat terrain, known as the Central Luzon plain , the largest in the island in terms of land area. The plain, approximately 11,000 square kilometres (4,200 sq mi) in size, is the country's largest producer of rice, and is irrigated by two major rivers;

Agno River - Misplaced Pages Continue

3486-442: The Spanish, then settled in Cainta, Rizal . Newcomers who were impoverished Mexicans and peninsulares were accused of undermining the submission of the natives. In 1774, authorities from Bulacan, Tondo, Laguna Bay, and other areas surrounding Manila reported with consternation that discharged soldiers and deserters (from Mexico, Spain and Peru) were providing Indios military training for the weapons that had been disseminated all over

3569-439: The United States, Hong Kong, Singapore and Saudi Arabia . Eventually, the People Power Revolution led by Corazon Aquino and Cardinal Jaime Sin , removed Marcos and his cronies from power and they fled to Hawaii where the US granted them asylum. The following administrations are subsequently managing the political and economic recovery of the Philippines with the particular aim of spreading development outside of Luzon and into

3652-421: The area and has a catchment area of 5,952 square kilometres (2,298 sq mi). It is the third largest river in Luzon (next to Cagayan River and Pampanga River ) and the fifth largest river in the Philippines. The Agno is the largest Philippine river in terms of water discharge , draining around 6.6 cubic kilometers of fresh water into Lingayen Gulf , or almost 70% of the total fresh water input into

3735-405: The coolest weather in the Philippines. The focal point of the reserve is the Ambuklao Dam and reservoir situated on the confluence of the Agno and Bokod rivers in the southern portion of the reserve. It is the oldest hydropower dam in the country built in 1956 with a reservoir capacity of 329,000,000 cubic metres (1.16 × 10  cu ft) that supplied 75 megawatts (increased to 105 MW when it

3818-440: The early 1300s the Chinese annals, Nanhai zhi , reported that Hindu Brunei invaded or administered Sarawak and Sabah as well as the Philippine kingdoms of Butuan , Sulu , and in Luzon: Ma-i (Mindoro) and Malilu 麻裏蘆 (present-day Manila ); Shahuchong 沙胡重 (present-day Siocon or Zamboanga ), Yachen 啞陳 Oton (Part of the Madja-as Kedatuan), and 文杜陵 Wenduling (present-day Mindanao ), which would regain their independence at

3901-468: The east, the Benneng River which flows 121 km (75 mi) on the east side between the Ambuklao and Binga dams, and the 47 km (29 mi) long Bantay River located upstream of Ambuklao Dam. The reserve is also fed by several other smaller streams including Karao River in Bokod, and Eddet and Adaoay rivers in Kabayan . Upper Agno is one of the highest protected areas in the country. It has an average elevation of 1,604.97 metres (5,265.6 ft),

3984-467: The east-dipping north–south trending Manila Trench - Negros Trench- Cotabato Trench . The Philippine Sea Plate subducts under eastern Luzon along the East Luzon Trench and the Philippine Trench, while the South China Sea basin, part of the Eurasian Plate , subducts under western Luzon along the Manila Trench. The North-Southeastern trending braided left-lateral strike-slip Philippine Fault System traverses Luzon, from Quezon province and Bicol to

4067-418: The following number of tributes, with each tribute representing a family of 6-7, and he reported 90,243 native Filipino tributes; 10,512 Chinese (Sangley) and mixed Chinese Filipino mestizo tributes; and 10,517 mixed Spanish Filipino mestizo tributes. Pure Spaniards are not counted as they are exempt from tribute. Out of these, Fr. Joaqin Martinez de Zuñiga estimated a total population count exceeding half

4150-413: The gulf. The headwaters of Agno River are at the slopes of Mount Data in the Cordillera Mountains at an elevation of 2,090 metres (6,860 ft), where it drains Cretaceous to Paleocene igneous basement rocks , and marine siliciclastic and carbonate rocks . Of its total length, about 90 kilometres (56 mi) runs through mountainous terrain and canyons . As the river descends following

4233-858: The highest among the nineteen Agno river sub-basins. Mount Mongawto (Mongoto) is the highest point in the reserve at 2,720 m (8,920 ft) situated in the Central range within the municipality of Atok. Halsema Highway (Baguio–Bontoc Road), the country's highest paved national road, runs through the reserve's western boundaries. Nine other mountain peaks over 7,000 feet (2,100 m) high provide scenic vistas, including Mount Nangaoto (8,386 ft (2,556 m), Mount Singakalsa (8,104 ft (2,470 m), Mount Aki (7,723 ft (2,354 m), Mount Ambubungan (7,405 ft (2,257 m), Mount Palugloko (7,359 ft (2,243 m), Mount Toyangan (7,238 ft (2,206 m), Mount Bayoyo (7,185 ft (2,190 m) and Mount Palansa (7,119 ft (2,170 m). This area experiences regular hailstorms and some of

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4316-405: The immediate upstream and downstream of the Ambuklao Dam including a portion of the Mount Data National Park traversed by the Agno River as part of a new protected area, the 9,700-hectare (24,000-acre) Ambuklao Watershed Forest Reserve. In 1987, a portion of the forest reserve containing Luzon's highest peak, Mount Pulag , Mount Tabeyoc, Mount Panotoan and four other adjacent peaks were set aside as

4399-441: The island, which encompasses most of the Ilocos Region , is characterized by a flat terrain extending east from the coastline toward the Cordillera Central mountains . The Cordillera mountain range, which feature the island's north-central section, is covered in a mixture of tropical pine forests and montane rainforests , and is the site of the island's highest mountain, Mount Pulag , rising at 2,922 metres. The range provides

4482-514: The landscape, which include Mount Isarog and Mount Iriga in Camarines Sur , and Mount Bulusan in Sorsogon . The peninsula 's coastline features several smaller peninsulas, gulfs and bays , which include Lamon Bay , San Miguel Bay , Lagonoy Gulf , Ragay Gulf , and Sorsogon Bay . Several outlying islands near mainland Luzon are considered part of the Luzon island group . The largest include Palawan , Mindoro , Masbate , Catanduanes , Marinduque , Romblon and Polillo . The island

4565-405: The largest lake in the country. The 949-square-kilometre (366 sq mi) lake is drained into Manila Bay by the Pasig River , one of the most important rivers in the country due to its historical significance and because it runs through the center of Metro Manila . Located 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of Laguna de Bay is Taal Lake , a crater lake containing the Taal Volcano ,

4648-418: The lower montane forests are the Benguet pine ( Pinus kesiya ), evergreen shrubs ( Gaultheria borneensis ) and makole flowering plants ( Coprosma granadensis ). In slopes above 2,000 m (6,600 ft), the mossy forests primarily contain woody plants belonging to the Ericaceae family such as Rhododendron taxifolium , Rhododendron subsessile , Vaccinium myrtoides and Vaccinium indutum . Above

4731-402: The main port for Luzon and many Mexican soldiers and sailors were stationed in the naval garrisons there. When the Spanish evacuated from Ternate , Indonesia; they settled the Papuan refugees in Ternate, Cavite which was named after their evacuated homeland. After the short British Occupation of Manila , the Indian Sepoy soldiers that mutinied against their British commanders and joined

4814-437: The martyrdoms of Priests, Gomburza and the subsequent execution of the reformist and hero, Jose Rizal . Reeling against this, the Philippine Revolution against Spain erupted in Cavite and spread all throughout Luzon and the Philippines. Consequently, the First Philippine Republic was established in Malolos, Bulacan . In the meantime, Spain sold the Philippines to the United States and the First Philippine Republic resisted

4897-407: The more isolated provinces of the Visayas and Mindanao . During the administration of Ferdinand Marcos' son, Bongbong Marcos , Luzon became a destination of American and Japanese investments, it being the location of the Luzon Economic Corridor. Luzon island alone has an area of 109,964.9 square kilometres (42,457.7 sq mi), making it the world's 15th largest island . It is bordered on

4980-439: The more than 400 ha (990-acre) artificial lake since 1994. Nestled between Mount Pulag and Mount Ugo just east of the Ambuklao lake in Bokod is an ecologically significant hiking mountain circuit destination with peaks rising above 2,000 m (6,600 ft). The Mount Purgatory (Mangisi) Ecotourism Circuit is made up of seven mountain peaks, the highest of which are Mount Komkompol and Mount Pack, which are accessible by

5063-641: The mossy forest around the summit of the 2,300-metre (7,500 ft) high Mount Komkompol in Bokod in 2020. At least 70 bird species have been sighted or recorded within the protected area, 46 of which are endemic to the Philippines, including the scale-feathered malkoha , mountain shrike , indigo-banded kingfisher , bicolored flowerpecker , balicassiao , flame-breasted fruit dove , Philippine coucal , Philippine scops owl , white-browed jungle flycatcher , blue-headed fantail , lovely sunbird , Luzon striped babbler , Northern Luzon dark-throated oriole and whiskered pitta . Its mammalian wildlife species include

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5146-519: The northwestern part of the island. This fault system takes up part of the motion due to the subducting plates and produces large earthquakes. Southwest of Luzon is a collision zone where the Palawan micro-block collides with SW Luzon, producing a highly seismic zone near Mindoro island. Southwest Luzon is characterized by a highly volcanic zone, called the Macolod Corridor, a region of crustal thinning and spreading. Using geologic and structural data, seven principal blocks were identified in Luzon in 1989:

5229-476: The original Luzon was referred to as "Xiao (Small) Lusong" to refer to not only Luzon but the whole Philippines. Luzon also became a focal point for global migration. The walled city of Intramuros was initially founded by 1200 Spanish families. The nearby district of Binondo became the center of business and transformed into the world's oldest Chinatown . There was also a smaller district reserved for Japanese migrants in Dilao . Cavite City also served as

5312-691: The peoples of Central Luzon . Before 1000 CE, the Tagalog , Kapampangan , and Pangasinan peoples of south and central Luzon had established several major coastal polities , notably Maynila , Tondo and Namayan . The oldest known Philippine document, written in 900, is the Laguna Copperplate Inscription , which names places in and around Manila Bay and also mentions Medan , a place in Indonesia. These coastal Philippine kingdoms were thalassocracies , based on trade with neighboring Asian political entities, and structured by leases between village rulers ( Datu ) and landlords ( Lakan ) or Rajahs , by whom tributes were extracted and taxes were levied. There

5395-431: The plain in several hours in the river mouth in about a day. Average annual rainfall varies from 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in the neighborhood of Tarlac to 4,000 millimetres (160 in) in the upper reaches of the Agno River. The Pangasinan Plain suffers from recurrent and destructive floods. The catastrophic floods of July–August 1972, May 1976, and September 2009 inundated the entire Pangasinan Plain, including

5478-433: The same time, Lusong warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayutthaya. Luções military and trade activity reached as far as Sri Lanka in South Asia where Lungshanoid pottery made in Luzon were discovered in burials. Scholars have thus suggested that they could be mercenaries valued by all sides. The Spanish arrival in

5561-448: The smallest in the country. The environs of the lake form the upland Tagaytay Ridge , which was once part of a massive prehistoric volcano that covered the southern portion of the province of Cavite and the whole of Batangas province. South of Laguna Lake are two solitary mountains, Mount Makiling in Laguna and Batangas provinces, and Mount Banahaw , the highest in the region of Calabarzon . The southeastern portion of Luzon

5644-451: The south, forming the Bataan Peninsula . The peninsula encloses Manila Bay , a natural harbor considered to be one of the best natural ports in East Asia, due to its size and strategic geographical location. The Sierra Madre mountain range continues to stretch across the western section of Central Luzon, snaking southwards into the Bicol Peninsula . Southern Luzon is dominated by Laguna de Bay ( Old Spanish , " Lake of Bay town "),

5727-417: The south. The islands of Masbate , Palawan and Romblon are also included, although these three are sometimes grouped with another of the island groups, the Visayas . The name Luzon is thought to derive from ᜎᜓᜐᜓᜅ᜔ lusong , a Tagalog word referring to a particular kind of large wooden mortar used in dehusking rice. A 2008 research paper by Eulito Bautista and Evelyn Javier provides an image of

5810-402: The term is an abbreviation of Sanskrit adiraja . Fernão Mendes Pinto noted that a number of Luções in the Islamic fleets went to battle with the Portuguese in the Philippines during the 16th century. The Sultan of Aceh gave one of them (Sapetu Diraja) the task of holding Aru (northeast Sumatra) in 1540. Pinto also says one was named leader of the Malays remaining in the Moluccas Islands after

5893-406: The territory during the British war. There was also continuous immigration of Tamils and Bengalis into the rural areas of Luzon: Spanish administrators, native nobles, and Chinese businessmen imported them as slave labor during this period. In the 1600s, Fr. Joaqin Martinez de Zuñiga, conducted a census of the Archdiocese of Manila which held most of Luzon under its spiritual care, and it had

5976-466: The upland headwaters of the Agno River , which stretches from the slopes of Mount Data , and meanders along the southern Cordillera mountains before reaching the plains of Pangasinan . The northeastern section of Luzon is generally mountainous, with the Sierra Madre , the longest mountain range in the country, abruptly rising a few miles from the coastline. Located in between the Sierra Madre and

6059-528: The upper montane forests that cover the summits of the highest peaks are grasslands dominated by dwarf bamboo ( Yushania niitikayamensis ) as well as heathgrass ( Danthonia oreoboloides ), reedgrass ( Deyeuxia suizanensis ), Pulag St. Johnswort ( Hypericum pulogense ) and ( Trichophorum subcapitatum ). An endemic ornamental begonia , Begonia merrittii , is also known to occur in high elevation habitats of Upper Agno. A new species of endemic orchids, Dendrochilum ignisiflorum , has also been documented in

6142-453: The upper reaches of the river. The government has also established the Agno River irrigation system to provide irrigation water to some 60 to 100 square kilometers of ricelands in Pangasinan. This is listed from mouth to source. The following list shows the cities and towns traversed by the Agno River, ordered upstream going downstream: Luzon Luzon ( / l uː ˈ z ɒ n / loo- ZON , Tagalog: [luˈson] )

6225-720: The west by the South China Sea ( Luzon Sea in Philippine territorial waters), on the east by the Philippine Sea , and on the north by the Luzon Strait containing the Babuyan Channel and Balintang Channel . The mainland is roughly rectangular in shape and has the long Bicol Peninsula protruding to the southeast. Luzon is roughly divided into four sections; Northern Luzon, Central Luzon, Southern Luzon, and Southeastern Luzon. The northwestern portion of

6308-506: The world's many colonies. Subsequently, the Philippines gained independence from the United States. Luzon then arose to become the most developed island in the Philippines. However, the lingering poverty and inequality caused by the long dictatorship of US-supported dictator, Ferdinand Marcos , gave rise to the Philippine diaspora and many people from Luzon have migrated elsewhere and had established large overseas communities; mainly in

6391-543: Was "discovered" in 1521. Many people from Luzon were employed within Portuguese Malacca. For example, the spice magnate Regimo de Raja , based in Malacca, was highly influential and was appointed as Temenggong (Sea Lord)—a governor and chief general responsible for overseeing of maritime trade—by the Portuguese. As Temenggong , de Raja was also the head of an armada which traded and protected commerce in

6474-516: Was also a Buddhist polity known as Ma-i or Maidh, described in Chinese and Bruneian records in the 10th century CE, although its location is still unknown and scholars are divided on whether it is in modern-day Bay, Laguna or Bulalacao , Mindoro . According to sources at the time, the trade in large native Ruson-tsukuri (literally Luzon-made , Japanese: 呂 宋 製 ) clay jars used for storing green tea and rice wine with Japan flourished in

6557-467: Was certain. MacArthur had to wait two years for his wish; it was 1944 before a campaign to recapture the Philippines was launched. The island of Leyte was the first objective of the campaign, which was captured by the end of December 1944. This was followed by the attack on Mindoro and later, Luzon. The end of the World War necessitated decolonization due to rising nationalist movements across

6640-685: Was common along the river, with gold found along the river from Kabayan, Benguet , to San Manuel, Pangasinan , and along its tributaries in Tublay, Benguet , and Bokod, Benguet . The river has three hydroelectric plants : Binga Dam in Itogon, Benguet (29 kilometres (18 mi) upstream); Ambuklao Dam in Bokod, Benguet (37 kilometres (23 mi) upstream) and the San Roque Dam in San Manuel, Pangasinan. Binga has been operational since 1960 and Ambuklao since 1956. There are several mining concessions in

6723-495: Was expanded to 5,512 hectares (13,620 acres) and was renamed Mount Data National Park in 1940. In 1946, the Agno River Development Program was launched to construct six hydropower facilities along the Agno River. The Ambuklao Dam was built in 1956 while the second facility, the Binga Dam , was completed in 1960. On November 25, 1966, President Ferdinand Marcos issued Proclamation No. 120 declaring

6806-509: Was in charge of the defense of the Philippines at the time—was ordered to Australia, and the remaining U.S. forces retreated to the Bataan Peninsula . A few months after this, MacArthur expressed his belief that an attempt to recapture the Philippines was necessary. The U.S. Pacific Commander Admiral Chester Nimitz and Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Ernest King both opposed this idea, arguing that it must wait until victory

6889-448: Was rehabilitated in 2011) to the Luzon grid. Located 19 km (12 mi) downstream of Ambuklao at the southern edge of the reserve is the Binga Dam and reservoir built in 1960 that has a capacity of 87,000,000 cubic metres (3.1 × 10  cu ft) and maximum output of 100 megawatts. The ecology of the Upper Agno reserve varies from lower montane forests, upper montane forests to grassland summits. The most dominant vegetation in

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