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51-736: The building was constructed before the Second World War and is in the Imperial Crown style , a mixture of western and traditional Japanese architecture. The close proximity to Nagoya Castle is reflected in the decorative roof of the structure. It is located right next to Nagoya City Hall . The building survived the U.S. air raids of World War II . [REDACTED] Media related to Aichi Prefectural Government Office at Wikimedia Commons 35°10′48.8″N 136°54′24.1″E  /  35.180222°N 136.906694°E  / 35.180222; 136.906694 This article about

102-597: A Sōrin finial , traditionally used in Buddhist temple architecture. Different types of Japanese gables are also used including Chidori gables ( 千鳥破風 , Chidori hafu ) , which are used with Shiroko styled roofs, Irimoya gables ( 入母屋破風 , Irimoya hafu ) , and Karahafu gables ( 唐破風 , karahafu ) as seen in the Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art Annex. Traditional ornamental fittings are also incorporated into Imperial Crown Style architecture, such as

153-464: A Japanese building- or structure-related topic is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Imperial Crown style The Imperial Crown Style ( 帝冠様式 , teikan yōshiki ) of Japanese architecture developed during the Japanese Empire in the early twentieth century. The style is identified by Japanese-style roofing on top of Neoclassical styled buildings; and can have

204-541: A centrally elevated structure with a pyramidal hip roof . Outside of the Japanese mainland, Imperial Crown Style architecture often included regional architectural elements. Before the end of World War II, the style was originally referred to as Emperor's Crown Amalgamate Style , and sometimes Emperor's Crown Style (帝冠式, Teikanshiki). Starting in Japan in the 1930s, this Western and Japanese eclectic architectural style

255-579: A design directly to the Diet. This was also rejected, and the competition was won by Fuzuko Watanabe. During this period, Shimoda was also involved in a dispute over claims about his design proposal for the Imperial Hotel, Tokyo , which was later formally awarded as a commission to Frank Lloyd Wright. Notable works during this period included The Shanghai Club interior (c. 1910) in Shanghai ; and

306-477: A draughtsman by Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, but was not held in high regard. In Wright's autobiography, he described Shimoda as a yellow-faced and evil-eyed, and then assaulted and terminated his employment. Shimoda returned to Japan, and submitted two preliminary design drawings. Shimoda avoided strictly imitating Western architectural styles seen in large scale hotel projects of the period, by amalgamating

357-681: A memorandum with the Imperial Household for the project until March 1916, and not without protest from Kikutaro, who claimed that his design had been appropriated by Lloyd. Architectural design competitions were held for the Kanagawa Prefectural office in 1920, and for the Nagoya Prefectural office in 1930, both winning entries had Japanese style roofs. Neither of these competitions had entry conditions which required Japonesque architectural designs, however as

408-473: A particular design purpose – this was interpreted as being essentially Japanese. Kunio Maekawa's entry was supported by the youngest judge Kishida Hideta, but his decision was overturned by Chūta Itō, and the proposal was not successful. Despite this, Kunio Maekawa gained sympathy for his stance of promoting modernism, and became a hero to his professional peers. To the architects of the 1930s these Japanese styled roofs set on Japonesque buildings, appeared to be

459-542: A period of decline of older architectural designs, the development of Japonesque architecture was forced to stop. On the other hand, the increasing influence of Modernist architecture benefited from the regulatory standards governing building functionality, and rebound after the end of the war. The end of World War II, began a period repudiation of pre-war Statism in Shōwa Japan to give way to post-war democratisation. The post-War Modernist architects who had been repressed by

510-654: A position as Construction Site Deputy Manager, improving his professional experience. While managing the California Pavilion construction site, Shimoda studied steel frame construction methods, under Daniel Burnham who was General Manager of site construction for the Exposition. Wishing to further his study of steel-frame construction, he took up employment at D.H. Burnham & Company , which allowed him to work on steel-frame construction projects such as Reliance Building , Western Union Telegraphy Building,

561-603: A process of 'de-Japanisation' ( qu Ribenhua in Chinese), anti-Japanese sentiment led to some examples of Japanese architecture being demolished or modified to a more 'Chinese' style. However, in 1982 the Cultural Heritage Preservation Law was passed which provided for such relics being preserved as national assets. Examples of Imperial Crown Style architecture can also be found in Korea, including

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612-548: A revival of the Emperor's Crown Amalgamate Style and therefore used the term Emperor's Crown Style . To Chūta Itō, the modification of Classic architecture that required a Japanese style roof, and in the Emperor's Crown Amalgamate Style, which was a legitimate Classic architectural design that had a Japanese style roof; despite them being distinctly different, he condemned both styles calling them "national disgraces" . However at

663-504: The East Asian hip-and-gable roof (入母屋, Irimoya ) style and floor plan of Phoenix Hall Byōdō-in , into an earthquake resistant building. In March 1916, Following Shimoda's submission, the project architect was changed to Frank Lloyd Wright, who signed a memorandum with the Imperial Household. When Wright's design plans became known to Shimoda, he made claims that his work had been plagiarised. The Imperial Hotels executives conceded to

714-653: The Japanese Empire . He was a native of Akita , in northern Honshu , and moved to Tokyo in 1881, when he was fifteen. At Keio University , he enrolled in an architecture course under Josiah Conder . Kikutarō Shimoda was born in 1886, was the eldest son of Satake clansman, Junchū Shimoda, in Kakunodate, Akita (now part of Semboku, Akita , Japan. During his third year studies at Akita Junior High School ( 秋田中学校 , Akita chū gakkō ) , he moved to Tokyo to take up language studies at Mita English Language School ( 三田英語学校 , Mita eigo gakkō ) , after which in 1883 he took

765-789: The Seoul Metropolitan Library ( 京城府庁舎 , Keijō fuchōsha ) , built by the Chōsen Architectural Association ( 朝鮮建築会 , Chōsen kenchiku kai ) , in the 1920s. Examples of the style were also constructed in Manchukuo , or Manchuria, a region in China which formed part of the Japanese Empire for more than a decade until 1945. For a time, the area of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in Russia was part of

816-525: The 1930s, most variations in design became known as Emperor's Crown Style . The Kanagawa Prefectural office competition specifications were for a building which had to be clearly visible, and identifiable from ships approaching the entrance of the harbour. The result included definitive architectural features such as an eclectic Beaux-Arts and five-story pagoda styled high tower with a Japonesque Emperor's Crown styled roof. The use of scratched tiles were adopted from Frank Lloyd Wright's Imperial Hotel, and

867-458: The 1990s, the government announced plans to demolish the building, but it was conserved after lobbying by academics and the general public. It was restored and opened as a museum in 1998. The design of the old Kaohsiung Railway Station building, now Kaohsiung Vision Museum also incorporates the Han character "高". The station was built by Shimizu Corporation , and completed in 1941. In the 1990s, it

918-793: The Aichi Prefectural Government Office. A number of Imperial Crown Style buildings can be found in Taiwan. They were designed by Japanese architects, and constructed when Taiwan was part of the Japanese empire , in the period from 1895 to 1945. Examples of the style include the Judicial Yuan Building in Taipei, the old Kaohsiung Railway Station, Hualien District Court building, and the Kaohsiung Museum of History. The Judicial Yuan Building

969-894: The Great Northern Hotel and Marshall Field department store. In May 1895, at the Illinois Cook County Court, Shimoda became a naturalized citizen of the United States, thereafter he left founded the offices of G.K. Shimoda located in the Monadnock Building on West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago. It was during the Autumn of 1896 that Shimoda married an American citizen named Rose , who was employed as Frank Lloyd Wright's secretary. During his time in Chicago, he had briefly worked under Frank Lloyd Wright . In September 1897, Shimoda became

1020-532: The Imperial Diet Building (present National Diet Building ) in 1920, and reached its peak in the 1930s until the end of World War II. The style ran contrary to modernism and placed an emphasis on including traditional Japanese architectural elements, in a distinct expression of Japanese Western Eclectic Architecture . During the 1920s and 1930s the last buildings with architectural designs drawing from artistic historicism were constructed. This

1071-753: The Imperial Diet building competition which was not successful. However his petitions to the National Diet were successful in having the final design changed, and to draw attention to what became known as Imperial Crown Amalgamate Style to the government, public, and his professional peers. It was not until the early 1930s that Military Hall , was built conforming to Shimoda's specifications for Imperial Crown Amalgamate style. The Kanegawa Prefectural Office, had been built before Military Hall, but had already departed from Shimoda's original style. As more examples by different architects became more popular in

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1122-674: The Imperial Household, Shimoda would receive a grace-and-favor payment of 500 yen in gold. In 1898, he returned with his wife to Yokohama , where he involved himself in various controversies regarding prestigious buildings being planned in Japan. At first he opened an architectural office in Tokyo, and worked to popularize low cost steel frame construction methods, but met with opposition from Kingo Tatsuno, and in 1901 he moved to Yokohama to establish Shimoda & Co. Construction Company ( 下田築造合資会社 , Shimoda Chikuzō Gōshi Kaisha ) , which specialized in architectural and building services exclusive to

1173-637: The Japanese Empire known as Toyohara . Some Japanese buildings remain, including the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Museum, which is in the Imperial Crown Style. [REDACTED] Media related to Imperial Crown architecture at Wikimedia Commons Shimoda Kikutaro Shimoda Kikutarō ( Japanese : 下田 菊太郎 , 2 May 1866 – 26 December 1931 ) was an architect who created the prototype of the Imperial Crown Style for

1224-521: The Japanese architectural industry, became personal opponents of fascism. There had not been an instance where modernism in Japanese architecture, had opposed Japanese fascism, however they opposed fascism by condemning the easily made association of Japan's postwar recovery and the Japonesque architecture of pre-war fascist Japan. Because the architects who had promoted Japonesque architecture had lost their political influence, they were unable to counter

1275-855: The Kanagawa Prefectural office was located in Yokohama there was a known association with Western foreigners, and Nagoya Prefectural office was in close proximity to Nagoya Castle , so a Japanese styling was included in the designs. Following this, the competition entry guidelines for the Japan Life Building ( 日本生命館 , Nihon seimei kan ) , Dairei Memorial Kyōto Museum of Art ( 大礼記念京都美術館 , Dairei kinen bijutsukan ) , and Military Hall ( 軍人会館 , Gunjin Kaikan ) , had provisions for Japonesque architectural designs. The proportion of winning designs from entries with Japanese style roofs increased; three entries out of eight had Japanese style roofs in

1326-640: The Nagoya Prefectural office competition, and all ten entries in the Military Hall competition From 1930 to 1932 an architectural design competition for the Tokyō Imperial Chamber Museum (Tōkyo National Museum) ( 東京帝室博物館 , Tōkyo teishitsu hakubutsukan ) with entry guidelines stipulating Japonesque styling for submissions, however objections were raised by a younger generation of architects preferring modernist architectural styles. The Japan International Architecture Association opposed

1377-466: The Rokuyō fittings ( 六葉の金具 , Rokuyō no kanagu ) , and pagoda Sōrin and Shintō finials. According to the post war architecture critiques the accepted position was that Imperial Crown Style was synonymous with Statism in Shōwa Japan ( 天皇制ファシズム ) which was a type of fascism. The position these critiques took was despite differences between the Japanese wartime building regulations, which only limited

1428-828: The Shiroko styled roof ( 錣屋根 , Shiroko yane ) used in Military Hall ( 軍人会館 , Gunjin kaikan ) , the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk museum, and Aichi Prefectural Government Office , often with gently sloped roof ridges Japanese mune ( 棟 , mune ) . Different Japanese styled roofs are also used such as a four or six polygonal tented roof 宝形造 ( Hōgyō tsukuri ) such as seen in the Nagoya City Hall , Kanagawa Prefectural Building, Seoul Metropolitan Library, Judicial Yuan Building, and Manchukuo Council Building. When tented roofs are used they are often capped with

1479-692: The United Kingdom, Shimoda also took lectures from Hanroku Yamaguchi, who had been conducting lectures on French School architecture, which was not a mainstream architectural movement, at the Department of Education. During this time, Shimoda translated, European and American General Architecture , and taught English at Seisoku English Language School ( 正則英語学校 , Seisoku eigo gakkō ) (present day, Seisoku Gakuen High School. In 1889 his father died suddenly, and Shimoda took out an Army scholarship-loan. Shimoda gradually developed an inclination toward

1530-526: The architectural designs of Kinjyō School ( Kinjō Gakkō ) and private villas, he left for the United States. Upon his arrival in America, he took up employment at the New York offices of A. Page Brown . In 1892 Shimoda submitted a personal entry in the architectural design competition for the California Pavilion at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition , he lost to Brown, but moved to Chicago to take up

1581-588: The argument that Japonesque architecture represented fascism. In 1911 architect "George" Kikutarō Shimoda who had designed the Tor Hotel in Kobe , received a formal request from Aisaku Hayashi ( 林愛作 ) General Manager of the Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, for a complete preliminary study to be conducted for the rebuilding of the Imperial Hotel. Prior to his engagement in this project, Shimoda had been employed as

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1632-475: The building's site incorporates a symmetric "日" shaped Han character, which symbolises the Japanese Empire's southernmost political centre. Lin says that the "日" refers both to its literal meaning, which is the sun (symbolically the origin and legitimacy of the authority), and to its ideological imagery as the Japanese Empire's initial "日"本帝國, comprising descendants of Amaterasu , a sun goddess in Shintoism . In

1683-502: The considerable demands for compensation that Shimoda had made, during a six-year copyright dispute over the architectural designs for the hotel. A review of Shimoda's work conducted by the Akita Prefectural Museum found that Wright had retained most of Shimoda's design, but replaced the Japanese roof with a Prairie School styled roof. Having left the Imperial Hotel project, Shimoda submitted preliminary studies for

1734-564: The construction materials that could be used for a project, compared how the Third Reich to implemented and promoted Nazi architecture . The directives for design regulations had specifications about aerial camouflage, but nothing requiring the inclusion of a tiled roof. Buildings in this style were characterised by having a Japanese-style roof such as the Tōkyō Imperial Museum (1937) by Hitoshi Watanabe ; and Nagoya City Hall and

1785-747: The entrance exams for the Imperial College of Engineering ( 工部大学校 , Kōbu Daigakkō ) (now part of the University of Tokyo). Out of the 1000 entrance exam participants, Shimoda passed the exams placed 47th out of the top fifty passing entrants. In 1885 having passed the entrance exams, Shimoda enrolled in the School of Architecture at the Imperial College of Engineering, along with Tamisuke Yokogawa. Not satisfied with Tatsuno Kingo 's lectures, who had recently returned from studying in

1836-405: The entry guidelines and solicited architects to boycott the competition. On one side Kunio Maekawa and Chikatada Kurata, despite knowing that they would be defeated, submitted modernist-style plans. They had not ignored the competition guidelines, but as in Japanese traditional building construction involved crafting timbers in a particular way – crafting reinforced concrete as if it was timber for

1887-569: The first Japanese national to pass the American Institute of Architects exam. Shimoda became well known among the Japanese expatriate community in Chicago, and received visits from Japanese nationals visiting the area. When he received a visit from Katayama Tōkuma , the chief engineer to the Imperial House of Japan for the construction of Akasaka Palace , Shimoda introduced him to Daniel Burnham. In 1909, for this service to

1938-681: The flowering motifs used throughout the building are based on the features of Byodō-in temple. The building's tower is referred to as "King's Tower", and complements the domed temple-bell-shaped tower roof of the Yokohama Customs Building called "Queen's Tower". Although not built in any of the Imperial Crown Styles, Yokohama Harbor Memorial Pavilion is referred to as "Jack's" tower. Military Hall and Tokyo National Museum are considered to be exemplary representations of Imperial Crown Style architecture, based on

1989-464: The foreign expatriate community. In 1918, he strongly opposed the Westernised design of the planned Diet Building , and instead proposed a design in a style he called Teikan-heigo , or 'Imperial Crown Eclecticism'. This style combined a Western Neoclassical facade, with a roof style derived from those on Japanese temples and shrines. His proposal for the competition was rejected, so he submitted

2040-650: The late 1920s. Construction during this period included: buildings with architecture that was harmonised with an interior theme such as, Kabuki-za (1924) and the East-Oriental Tōkyo Research Institution (1933), architecture that was considerate of the surrounding area aesthetics such as, Shiba Ward Office (1929) and Women's Pavilion (1936), international tourist hotels that appealed to a sense of exoticism related to Western foreigners such as, Biwa-Ko Hotel (1934) and Gamagori Classic Hotel (1934), were built. In 1919 an architectural design competition

2091-462: The technical maintenance department at the Ministry of Education, allowed Shimoda to be employed at the Ministry. Shimoda published his translation of European and American General Architecture , which was an architectural review introducing residential housing. Together with the proceeds from this publication and his father's inheritance, he provided for his family, also raising capital for managing

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2142-403: The theory of Evolution and the field of biology, and began to show disinterest in his college studies. Due to this, when graduation approached, Shimoda did not get along with his academic supervisor Tasuno Kingo, which became an obstacle to negotiating his final graduation design, in turn Shimoda did not complete his university studies. Out of Hanroku Yamaguchi's good will, who was then the head of

2193-721: The time, Emperor's Crown Amalgamate Style was mostly forgotten, so a minor idea such as a Japanese style was not enough to prevent any confusion. In 1937 the Sino-Japanese War began, and the Steel Fabrication Real Rights Building Approval Regulation ( 鉄鋼工作物権造許可規制 , Tekkō kōsaku bukken kyoka shisei ) . was issued, which limited buildings requiring over 50 tons of steel to be limited to munitions related structures only. Circumstances meant that no longer could decorative buildings be constructed, and along with

2244-623: The traditional curved roof component adopted from Japanese Buddhist temple architecture and reinforced concrete construction. However Japanese architectural scholars state that the Tokyo National Museum is not representative of Imperial Crown Style, because the exterior walls are not modelled on any of the Western architectural aesthetics consistent with the style. The following are common features found in Imperial Crown Style architecture that are easily identifiable. These include

2295-540: Was designed by the Japanese architect Ide Kaoru , and completed in 1934. The building is in an eclectic style, with a Chinese-influenced "Koa" roof on an octagonal central tower. The three circular arches and arched windows at the entrance hall reflect elements of Arabic and Islamic architecture. Ide Kaoru was responsible for many significant structures in Taiwan, including the Executive Yuan building and Zhongshan Hall in Taipei. The Kaohsiung Museum of History

2346-487: Was due to a decline in the strict adherence to the design rules that defined classic historicism in architecture, and gave way to an eclectic architectural style which included aspects of Frank Lloyd Wright , Modernism and Expressionist architecture . This was a compromise made to combine multiple styles into the classical or simplified classical architectural design in a single building. In Japan, buildings which incorporated Japanese styled components were popularised in

2397-451: Was held for the design of the Imperial Diet Building (present National Diet Building ), with all the winning entries being renaissance designs. Shimoda Kikutaro raised objections to these designs, by moving two petitions through the Imperial Diet. Shimoda presented a design with a Japanese-styled roof set atop of the body of the building, naming this Emperor's Crown Amalgamate Style , and actively distributed pamphlets about this cause, but

2448-462: Was originally the old Kaohsiung City Hall, designed by Japanese architect Ōno Yonejirō, and completed in 1939. Francis Chia-Hui Lin, a Taiwanese architectural historian, notes that the shape of the Museum's central tower is suggestive of the Han character "高" which forms part of the name, "Kaohsiung City" (高雄). This name, which was given to the city by the Japanese, means "high hero". Lin also notes that

2499-448: Was promoted by Itō Chūta , Sano Toshikata, and Takeda Goichi. Itō, Sano, and Takeda had been appointed as judges for architectural design competitions , held a preferences for Japonesque aesthetics to be incorporated into the design guidelines, and chose designs where a Japanese styled roof was integrated into a Western style reinforced concrete building. The prototype for the style was developed by architect Shimoda Kikutaro for

2550-407: Was rejected by the architectural industry. From 1906 to 1922 both Frank Lloyd Wright and Shimoda Kikutaro, who had been active together in Chicago, submitted separate design proposals for the rebuilding of the Imperial Hotel, Tokyo . Shimoda had submitted a proposal for a Japanese style roof set on a low profile masonry building before Wright had become involved in the project. Wright did not sign

2601-434: Was scheduled for demolition to enable the digging of new railway tunnels. However, after consulting with the public, the government agreed it should be preserved. In 2002, it was moved in one piece, more than 80 metres from its original location. Once tunnelling is complete in the next few years, it will be moved back to its original location and form part of a modern railway hub. For some years after World War II, as part of

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