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40-732: The AirPort Time Capsule (originally named Time Capsule ) is a wireless router which was sold by Apple Inc. , featuring network-attached storage (NAS) and a residential gateway router , and is one of Apple's AirPort products. It is essentially a version of the AirPort Extreme with an internal hard drive . Apple describes it as a "Backup Appliance", designed to work in tandem with the Time Machine backup software utility introduced in Mac ;OS X 10.5 . Introduced on January 15, 2008 and released on February 29, 2008,

80-557: A Seagate Barracuda ES-series drive; or subsequently, other hard drives such as the Western Digital Caviar Green series. The Time Capsules up to the fourth-generation measure 7.7 inches (200 mm) square, and 1.4 inches (36 mm) high. The June 2013 release of the fifth-generation models features a name change to AirPort Time Capsule, and a redesign with measurements 3.85 inches (9.8 cm) square, and 6.6 inches (17 cm) high. The square dimensions echo

120-724: A Time Capsule is the Hitachi Deskstar , which is sold by Hitachi as a consumer-grade product—the Hitachi Ultrastar is the enterprise version. Apple labeled the drive as a server-grade drive in promotional material for Time Capsule, and also used this type of drive in its discontinued Xserve servers. Apple states that the Hitachi Deskstar meets or exceeds the 1 million hours mean time between failures (MTBF) recommendation for server-grade hard drives. The 500 GB, first-generation Time Capsule shipped with

160-538: A better-performing Broadcom BCM4331 chip. In approximately 2016, Apple disbanded the wireless router team that developed the AirPort Time Capsule and AirPort Extreme router. In 2018, Apple formally discontinued both products, exiting the router market. Bloomberg News noted that "Apple rarely discontinues product categories" and that its decision to leave the business was "a boon for other wireless router makers." The fifth-generation Time Capsule includes

200-453: A catastrophic crash. OS X Mountain Lion introduced the ability to use multiple volumes simultaneously for Time Machine operations. When the user specifies more than one volume to use, macOS rotates among the desired volumes each time it does a backup. Time Machine supports two forms of exclusion: one based on a user-configured list of paths (plus a set of system defaults), the other based on

240-574: A few software tools available on the market that can copy files inside Time Machine backups in Windows machines. Time Machine creates a folder on the designated Time Machine volume (local or inside a remote sparse image ) into which it copies the directory tree of all locally attached storage drives, except for files and directories that the user has specified to omit, including the Time Machine volume itself. Every hour thereafter, it creates

280-511: A fully featured, 802.11ac , Wi-Fi access point including simultaneous dual-band operation. The Time Capsule supports the Sleep Proxy Service . The software is specially built by Apple and is not user modifiable. While the firmware has been decrypted, a suitable privilege escalation exploit to run custom firmware is not developed for the latest firmware. However, the device runs a POSIX standard platform. The Time Capsule up to

320-458: A local storage. Time Machine places strict requirements on the backup storage medium. The only officially supported configurations are: On a Time Capsule, the backup data is stored in an HFS+ disk image and accessed via Apple Filing Protocol . Although it is not officially supported, users and manufacturers have also configured FreeBSD and Linux servers and network-attached storage systems to serve Time Machine-enabled Macs. There are also

360-469: A new subordinate folder and copies only files that have changed since the last backup and creates (in the case of HFS+ volumes) hard links to files that already exist on the backup drive. A user can browse the directory hierarchy of these copies as if browsing the primary disk. Some other backup utilities save deltas for file changes, much like version control systems. Such an approach permits more frequent backups of minor changes, but can often complicate

400-585: A recent version of the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol, and Time Machine no longer works with servers using earlier versions of SMB. Some of the legacy support can be re-enabled by using hand-tuned configuration options, accessed through the Terminal . Apple's Time Capsule , which was introduced in 2008 and discontinued in 2018, acted as a network storage device specifically for Time Machine backups, allowing both wired and wireless backups to

440-419: A result, tools like rsync cannot be used to replicate a Time Machine volume; replication can only reliably be done by imaging the entire filesystem. Apple system events record when each directory is modified on the hard drive. This means that instead of examining every file's modification date when it is activated, Time Machine only needs to scan the directories that changed for files to copy. This differs from

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480-489: A three-stream wireless router allows transfers of up to 1.3 Gbit/s on the 5 GHz bands). Some wireless routers have one or two USB ports . These can be used to connect printer or desktop or mobile external hard disk drive to be used as a shared resource on the network. A USB port may also be used for connecting mobile broadband modem , aside from connecting the wireless router to an Ethernet with xDSL or cable modem. A mobile broadband USB adapter can be connected to

520-474: Is Linux . Less frequently, VxWorks is used. The devices are configured over a web user interface served by a light web server software running on the device. It is possible for a computer running a desktop operating system with appropriate software to act as a wireless router. This is commonly referred to as a SoftAP . In 2003, Linksys was forced to open-source the firmware of its WRT54G router series (the best-selling routers of all time) after people on

560-435: Is Apple's Time Machine , which, by default, makes hourly images of the files that are being changed, and condenses backup images as they become older, to save space. Even when using an 802.11n wireless or Gigabit Ethernet connection, the initial backup of any Mac to the drive requires significant time; Apple suggests that the initial backup will require "several hours or overnight to complete". The hard drive typically found in

600-435: Is exactly the same in dimensions and I/O ports, just without the internal harddrive of the AirPort Time Capsule. 2013 models feature faster download speed, beamforming improvements and wireless or desktop network control with iCloud integration. Airport is compatible with devices using the 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n and 802.11ac specifications. Also improved, Airport Utility has added one click Time Capsule format from

640-543: Is the backup mechanism of macOS , the desktop operating system developed by Apple . The software is designed to work with both local storage devices and network-attached disks, and is commonly used with external disk drives connected using either USB or Thunderbolt . It was first introduced in Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard , which was released in October 2007 and incrementally refined in subsequent releases of macOS. Time Machine

680-720: The Linux kernel mailing list discovered that it used GPL Linux code. In 2008, Cisco was sued in Free Software Foundation, Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc. due to similar issues with Linksys routers. Since then, various open-source projects have built on this foundation, including OpenWrt , DD-WRT , and Tomato . In 2016, various manufacturers changed their firmware to block custom installations after an FCC ruling. However, some companies plan to continue to officially support open-source firmware, including Linksys and Asus. Time Machine (macOS) Time Machine

720-414: The extended file attribute com.apple.metadata:com_apple_backup_excludeItem dependencies . Since the attribute is applied to the file or directory directly, moving or copying will not affect the exclusion. The attribute should contain the string com.apple.backup in any property list format. Writing com.apple.MobileBackup instead sets the exclusion for iOS backups. Google Chrome is known to use

760-556: The Time Capsule's internal hard drive. Time Machine may also be used with other external or internal volumes. Time Machine saves hourly backups for the past 24 hours, daily backups for the past month, and weekly backups for everything older than a month until the volume runs out of space. At that point, Time Machine deletes the oldest weekly backup. Time Machine was overhauled in macOS 11 Big Sur to utilize APFS , Apple's modern file system first introduced in 2016. Specifically,

800-416: The application. For backups to a network drive, Time Machine allows the user to back up Mac computers over the network, and supports backing up to certain network attached storage devices or servers, depending on the version of Time Machine. Earlier versions worked with a wide variety of NAS servers, but later versions require the server to support a recent version of Apple's Apple Filing Protocol (AFP) or

840-470: The approach taken by similar backup utilities rsync and FlyBack , which examine modification dates of all files during backup. Time Machine is also available in the macOS installation process. One of the features in the Migration Assistant interface is to restore the contents of a Time Machine backup. In other words, a hard drive can be restored from a Time Machine backup in the event of

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880-520: The device has been upgraded several times, matching upgrades in the Extreme series routers. The earliest versions supported 802.11n wireless and came with a 500 GB hard drive in the base model, while the latest model, introduced in 2013, features 802.11ac and a 3 TB hard drive. All models include four Gigabit Ethernet ports (3 LAN ports, 1 WAN port) and a single USB port. The USB port can be used for external peripheral devices to be shared over

920-448: The fourth-generation runs on the ARM port of operating system NetBSD 4.0, while the fifth-generation model runs NetBSD 6. One of the key features of Time Capsule is the ability to back up a system and files wirelessly and automatically, eliminating the need to attach an external backup drive. This feature requires OS X 10.5.2 Leopard or greater on the client computers. The backup software

960-461: The interaction with the backup volume. By contrast, it is possible to manually browse a Time Machine backup volume without using the Time Machine interface; Time Machine presents each backup to the user as a complete disk copy. Time Machine on HFS+ volumes creates multiple hard links to unmodified directories. Multiple linking of directories is a peculiar feature for HFS+, and is not supported on modern Unix file systems including Apple's own APFS. As

1000-451: The main system on a chip (SoC) around which the router is built. An Ethernet switch as described in IEEE 802.1Q may interconnect multiple ports. Some routers implement link aggregation through which two or more ports may be used together improving throughput and redundancy. All wireless routers feature one or more wireless network interface controllers . These are also integrated into

1040-617: The main SoC or may be separate chips on the printed circuit board . It also can be a distinct card connected over a MiniPCI or MiniPCIe interface. Some dual-band wireless routers operate the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands simultaneously. Wireless controllers support a part of the IEEE 802.11 -standard family and many dual-band wireless routers have data transfer rates exceeding 300 Mbit/s (For 2.4 GHz band) and 450 Mbit/s (For 5 GHz band). Some wireless routers provide multiple streams allowing multiples of data transfer rates (e.g.

1080-472: The network, such as external hard drives or printers. The NAS functionality utilizes a built-in "server grade" hard drive. In 2016, Apple disbanded its wireless router development team, and in 2018 the entire AirPort line of products was discontinued without replacement. In early 2009, Apple released the second-generation Time Capsule. It offered simultaneous 802.11n dual-band operation, which allows older devices to use slower wireless speeds, without affecting

1120-413: The network. When using remote storage, Time Machine uses sparse bundles . This acts as an isolation layer, which makes the storage neutral to the actual file system used by the network server, and also permits the replication of the backup from one storage medium to another. Sparse bundles are mounted by macOS like any other device, presenting their content as a HFS+ formatted volume, functionally similar to

1160-547: The new version of Time Machine makes use of APFS's snapshot technology. According to Apple, this enables "faster, more compact, and more reliable backups" than were possible previously with HFS+ -formatted drives. An independent evaluation of this claim found that macOS 11's Time Machine implementation in conjunction with APFS was 2.75-fold faster upon initial local backup and 4-fold faster upon subsequent backups relative to macOS 10.15's Time Machine implementation using HFS+. A more modest yet nevertheless significant advantage

1200-400: The new, APFS-based implementation of Time Machine need to start with a fresh volume. At least in some circumstances, encryption appears to be required (instead of merely optional) in the new version of Time Machine. Time Machine's user interface when retrieving a file uses Apple's Core Animation API . Upon its launch, Time Machine "floats" the active Finder or application window from

1240-430: The overall performance of devices that can use higher 802.11n speeds. The second-generation model also included the addition of Guest Networking, a feature which allows creation of a separate wireless network for guests. The guest network uses different authentication credentials, ensuring the security of the primary network. The hard disk storage space of each model was doubled: capacities were 1 TB and 2 TB, while

AirPort Time Capsule - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-490: The past", a previous version of the data (or currently deleted data) may be retrieved. Time Machine works with locally connected storage disks, which must be formatted in the APFS or HFS+ volume formats. Support for backing up to APFS volumes was added with macOS 11 Big Sur and since then APFS is the default volume format. Time Machine also works with remote storage media shared from other systems, including Time Capsule, via

1320-524: The prices remained unchanged. In October 2009, several news sites reported that many first-generation Time Capsules were failing after 18 months, with some users alleging that this was due to a design failure in the power supplies. Apple confirmed that certain Time Capsules sold between February 2008 and June 2008 do not power on, or may unexpectedly turn off. Apple offered free repair or replacement to affected units. The third-generation Time Capsule

1360-528: The router to share the mobile broadband Internet connection through the wireless network. Some wireless routers come with either xDSL modem, DOCSIS modem, LTE modem, or fiber optic modem integrated. The Wi-Fi clone button simplifies Wi-Fi configuration and builds a seamless unified home network, enabling Super Range Extension, which means it can automatically copy the SSID and Password of your router. The most common operating system on such embedded devices

1400-412: The size of both the latest AirPort Express and Apple TVs (second generation onwards), just with the height being significantly higher. The 2013 models feature the same I/O ports on the back as previous generations, and come in the same capacities as the fourth-generation of 2 TB & 3 TB, but have introduced the newest Wi-Fi standard 802.11ac. The AirPort Extreme released at the same time

1440-442: The user's desktop to a backdrop depicting the user's blurred desktop wallpaper. Behind the current active window are stacked windows, with each window representing a snapshot of how that folder or application looked on the given date and time in the past. When toggling through the previous snapshots, the stacked windows extend backwards, giving the impression of flying through a "time tunnel." While paging through these "windows from

1480-542: The utility's Airport Time Capsule, Edit, Disks menu, allowing easy and rapid Erase Disk and Archive Disk to start over or configure Network. Disk Erase includes up to 35 passes and device includes encrypted storage plus optional WAN sharing, making Airport extremely secure and flexible for home, class and office environments. Airport Utility is a free download. Wireless router Wireless routers typically feature one or more network interface controllers supporting Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet ports integrated into

1520-400: Was noted as well for backups to network-attached disks. New local (i.e. USB- or Thunderbolt-connected) and network-connected Time Machine backup destinations are formatted as APFS by default, though Time Machine can continue backing up to existing HFS+ backup volumes." There is no option to convert existing, HFS+-based backups to APFS; instead, users who want to benefit from the advantages of

1560-459: Was released in October 2009. The only change was a reconfiguration of the internal wireless antenna, resulting in an Apple-reported 50% increase in wireless performance and 25% increase in wireless range when compared to previous models. The fourth-generation Time Capsule, released in June 2011, increased the range of Wi-Fi signals. The internal Wi-Fi card was changed from a Marvell Wi-Fi chip to

1600-504: Was revamped in macOS 11 Big Sur to support APFS , thereby enabling "faster, more compact, and more reliable backups" than were possible previously. Time Machine creates incremental backups of files that can be restored at a later date. It allows the user to restore the whole system or specific files. It also works within a number of applications such as Mail and iWork , making it possible to restore individual objects (e.g. emails, contacts, text documents, presentations) without leaving

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