51-546: Air China Limited ( 中国国际航空公司 ) is a major Chinese airline and is the flag carrier airline of the People's Republic of China . It is headquartered in Shunyi , Beijing . The airline offers both domestic and international flights to different destinations around China and the world. The airline was established in 1988 after the former Chinese flag carrier CAAC was split into six airlines, one of them being Air China. The airline
102-448: A Boeing 777-300ER . As of 29 September 2015, Air China also introduced a three times weekly flight to Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport in a codeshare with Air Canada. The Montreal flight was extended to Havana from 27 December 2015. Air China started its direct flights to Johannesburg, South Africa from 29 October 2015. Air China codeshares with the following airlines: Air China has Interline agreements with
153-452: A local area network (LAN) within a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, campus, or office building. This gives users the ability to move around within the area and remain connected to the network. Through a gateway , a WLAN can also provide a connection to the wider Internet . Wireless LANs based on the IEEE 802.11 standards are the most widely used computer networks in
204-644: A public company or a state-owned enterprise , while others have been completely privatized . The aviation industry has also been gradually deregulated and liberalized, permitting greater freedoms of the air particularly in the United States and in the European Union with the signing of the Open Skies agreement. One of the features of such agreements is the right of a country to designate multiple airlines to serve international routes with
255-547: A wireless access point (WAP) that also serves as a bridge to other networks such as a local area network or the Internet. Since wireless communication uses a more open medium for communication in comparison to wired LANs, the 802.11 designers also included encryption mechanisms: Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), no longer considered secure, Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA, WPA2, WPA3), to secure wireless computer networks. Many access points will also offer Wi-Fi Protected Setup ,
306-586: A WDS over some other solutions is that it preserves the MAC addresses of client packets across links between access points. An access point can be either a main, relay, or remote base station. A main base station is typically connected to the wired Ethernet. A relay base station relays data between remote base stations, wireless clients or other relay stations to either a main or another relay base station. A remote base station accepts connections from wireless clients and passes them to relay or main stations. Because data
357-505: A group owner in the Wi-Fi Direct group. In one approach, the user sets up a P2P group owner manually. This method is also known as autonomous group owner ( autonomous GO ). In the second method, called negotiation-based group creation , two devices compete based on the group owner intent value. The device with higher intent value becomes a group owner and the second device becomes a client. Group owner intent value can depend on whether
408-553: A quick, but no longer considered secure, method of joining a new device to an encrypted network. Most Wi-Fi networks are deployed in infrastructure mode . In infrastructure mode, wireless clients, such as laptops and smartphones, connect to the WAP to join the network. The WAP usually has a wired network connection and may have permanent wireless connections to other WAPs. WAPs are usually fixed and provide service to their client nodes within range. Some networks will have multiple WAPs using
459-573: A result of the Chinese government's decision in late 1987 to split the operating divisions of Civil Aviation Administration of China ( CAAC Airlines ) into six separate airlines: Air China, China Eastern , China Southern , China Northern , China Southwest , and China Northwest . Air China was given chief responsibility for intercontinental flights and took over the CAAC's long haul aircraft ( Boeing 707s , 747s and 767s ) and routes. In January 2001,
510-865: Is a member of the Star Alliance . Air China is primarily based in its hub of Beijing Capital International Airport (IATA: PEK), where it operates numerous long-range aircraft on routes to North America, Europe, South America, Africa and Australia. Its fleet is made up of an assortment of Boeing and Airbus aircraft, including: Boeing 737s , 747s , 777s , 787s along with Airbus A319s , A320s , A321s and A330s . Air China also operates hubs in Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport , where it primarily flies domestic routes, as well as Shanghai Pudong International Airport , from which many international routes are served. Air China's route network extends throughout Asia to
561-599: Is a set of all stations that can communicate with each other at PHY layer. Every BSS has an identification (ID) called the BSSID, which is the MAC address of the access point servicing the BSS. There are two types of BSS: Independent BSS (also referred to as IBSS), and infrastructure BSS. An independent BSS (IBSS) is an ad hoc network that contains no access points, which means they cannot connect to any other basic service set. In an IBSS
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#1732773307153612-439: Is forwarded wirelessly, consuming wireless bandwidth, throughput in this method is halved for wireless clients not connected to a main base station. Connections between base stations are done at layer-2 and do not involve or require layer-3 IP addresses. WDS capability may also be referred to as repeater mode because it appears to bridge and accept wireless clients at the same time (unlike traditional bridging). All base stations in
663-486: Is generally a safe place to travel, however precautions are needed when entering areas mainly populated by Indians, Pakistanis, and black people." in their September 2016 issue. On 8 September 2016, Air China issued an apology. Air China Media, which publishes the Wings of China magazine, said it wished to apologise to "readers and passengers who are feeling uncomfortable". It added: "This invariably inappropriate description...
714-559: Is government-owned. Flag carriers may also be known as such due to laws requiring aircraft or ships to display the state flag of the country of their registry . For example, under the law of the United States, a U.S. flag air carrier is any airline that holds a certificate under Section 401 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (i.e., any U.S.-based airline operating internationally), and any ship registered in
765-462: Is in contrast to Ethernet which uses carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD). The 802.11 specification includes provisions designed to minimize collisions because mobile units have to contend with the hidden node problem where two mobile units may both be in range of a common access point, but out of range of each other. A bridge can be used to connect networks, typically of different types. A wireless Ethernet bridge allows
816-513: Is nearly identical to the PHY of HiperLAN/2. In 2009, 802.11n was added to 802.11. It operates in both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands at a maximum data transfer rate of 600 Mbit/s. Most newer routers are dual-band and able to utilize both wireless bands. This allows data communications to avoid the crowded 2.4 GHz band , which is also shared with Bluetooth devices and microwave ovens . The 5 GHz band also has more channels than
867-459: Is now the third German destination on the Air China network. The airline launched a new Beijing- Milan-Malpensa service on 15 June 2011, complementing the airline's existing service to Milan from Shanghai. Deliveries of the carrier's 19 new Boeing 777-300ERs commenced in mid-2011, with the aircraft forming the new "backbone of its future longhaul operations." The new Boeing 777-300ERs replaced
918-680: Is on the ninth floor of the Blue Sky Mansion ( 蓝天大厦 ; 藍天大廈 ; Lántiān Dàshà ), also in Zone A of the Tianzhu Airport Industrial Zone. The enterprise logo of Air China consists of an artistic Fenghuang pattern, the name of the airline written in calligraphy by former national leader Deng Xiaoping , and "AIR CHINA" in English. The phoenix logo is also the artistic transfiguration of the word "VIP". Air China
969-517: Is one of the largest airlines in China. It is 53.46% owned by the state-owned China National Aviation Holding . Air China's hub airports are based in Beijing and Chengdu . In 2017, the airline carried 102 million domestic and international passengers with an average load factor of 81%. The airline joined Star Alliance in 2007. Air China was established and commenced operations on 1 July 1988 as
1020-460: Is the airline's longest direct flight. The service was initiated with a Boeing 767-300ER , but due to increased demand, the service has been upgraded to an Airbus A330-200 , and later a Boeing 787-9 . Regular flights between mainland China and Taiwan started in July 2009. Due to the political status of Taiwan , all Air China airframes that operate flights to and from Taiwan are required to cover
1071-571: The Boeing 747-400s on routes to U.S. destinations such as Los Angeles , New York , and San Francisco , but was expected to first enter service on flights to Paris from March 2012. The Boeing 777-300ER began to replace most 747 service once sufficient numbers entered the fleet. Air China expanded its operations in India with a Beijing-Mumbai route begun in September 2011, while the existing Delhi route
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#17327733071531122-525: The Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). A Wi-Fi Direct network is a different type of wireless network where stations communicate peer-to-peer. In a peer-to-peer network wireless devices within range of each other can discover and communicate directly without involving central access points. In a Wi-Fi P2P group, the group owner operates as an access point and all other devices are clients. There are two main methods to establish
1173-654: The Middle East , Western Europe , and North America from its hubs at Beijing Capital International Airport and Chengdu Tianfu International Airport . It also currently reaches a significant number of Asian, Australian and European destinations from Shanghai . Some international routes operate from Chengdu , Chongqing , Dalian , Hangzhou , Kunming and Shenzhen . It is one of the few world airlines that fly to all six habitable continents. On 10 December 2006, Air China began serving its first South American destination, São Paulo-Guarulhos (via Madrid-Barajas ). This
1224-570: The flag of the People's Republic of China on the fuselage. Air China introduced its new Airbus A330-300 to long-haul operations beginning with services to Düsseldorf , Germany in summer 2011. These aircraft provided the same two-class cabin standard as the Airbus A330-200 except that the economy cabin had no seat-back entertainment system installed (with the exception of the first two economy rows which also had increased legroom). Düsseldorf
1275-531: The "main national airline" and often a sign of their country's presence abroad. The heavily regulated aviation industry also meant aviation rights are often negotiated between governments, denying airlines access to an open market. These Bilateral Air Transport Agreements similar to the Bermuda I and Bermuda II agreements specify rights awardable only to locally registered airlines, forcing some governments to jump-start airlines to avoid being disadvantaged in
1326-599: The 2.4 GHz band, permitting a greater number of devices to share the space. Not all WLAN channels are available in all regions. A HomeRF group formed in 1997 to promote a technology aimed at residential use, but it disbanded in January 2003. All components that can connect into a wireless medium in a network are referred to as stations. All stations are equipped with wireless network interface controllers . Wireless stations fall into two categories: wireless access points (WAPs) and clients. WAPs are base stations for
1377-893: The STAs are configured in ad hoc (peer-to-peer) mode. An extended service set (ESS) is a set of connected BSSs. Access points in an ESS are connected by a distribution system. Each ESS has an ID called the SSID which is a 32-byte (maximum) character string. A distribution system (DS) connects access points in an extended service set. The concept of a DS can be used to increase network coverage through roaming between cells. DS can be wired or wireless. Current wireless distribution systems are mostly based on WDS or Mesh protocols , though other systems are in use. The IEEE 802.11 has two basic modes of operation: infrastructure and ad hoc mode. In ad hoc mode, mobile units communicate directly peer-to-peer. In infrastructure mode, mobile units communicate through
1428-803: The US routes, Air China increased frequency on the Beijing-New York route, changing the flights from 7 to 11 flights a week by adding two new flights to the route (CA989/990). On 21 January 2014, the airline launched its service to Hawaii with flights from Beijing to Honolulu, the first nonstop flights between the two cities. The airline also increased the frequency of service on the Beijing-Houston Intercontinental route from four times weekly to daily service from 30 March 2014. Beginning 10 June 2014, Air China introduced new nonstop service from Beijing to Washington-Dulles , operated by
1479-510: The United States is known as a U.S. flag vessel . The term "flag carrier" is a legacy of the early days of commercial aviation when governments often took the lead by establishing state-owned airlines because of the high capital costs of running them. However, not all such airlines were government-owned; Pan Am , TWA , Cathay Pacific , Union de Transports Aériens , Canadian Pacific Air Lines and Olympic Airlines were all privately owned, but were considered to be flag carriers as they were
1530-688: The airline corporate entity was Air China International, which was founded 2002 Air China International incorporated China Southwest Airlines and the air transportation services of the China National Aviation Corporation , becoming a new entity. The Air China HQ Building ( 国航总部大楼 ; 國航總部大樓 ; Guó Háng Zǒngbù Dàlóu ), the corporate headquarters, is located in Zone A of the Tianzhu Airport Industrial Zone ( 天竺空港工业区 ; 天竺空港工業區 ; Tiānzhú Kōng Gǎng Gōngyèqū ) in Shunyi District , Beijing . The company registered office
1581-560: The award, which is given to organisations and individuals contributing to the Spanish tourism industry. On 23 December 2010, Air China became the first Chinese airline to offer combined tickets that include domestic flights and shuttle bus services to nearby cities. The first combined flight-shuttle bus ticket connected Tianjin via shuttle bus with domestic flights passing through Beijing. Air China began offering free Wi-Fi internet service on board its aircraft on 15 November 2011, making it
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1632-439: The connection of devices on a wired Ethernet network to a wireless network. The bridge acts as the connection point to the wireless LAN. A wireless distribution system (WDS) enables the wireless interconnection of access points in an IEEE 802.11 network. It allows a wireless network to be expanded using multiple access points without the need for a wired backbone to link them, as is traditionally required. The notable advantage of
1683-421: The face of foreign competition. Some countries also establish flag carriers such as Israel 's El Al or Lebanon 's Middle East Airlines for nationalist reasons or to aid the country's economy, particularly in the area of tourism. In many cases, governments would directly assist in the growth of their flag carriers typically through subsidies and other fiscal incentives. The establishment of competitors in
1734-403: The first Chinese carrier to offer this service. However the service is not allowed on smartphones, only tablets and laptops. In 2012, after pressure from PETA , Air China stated that it would no longer transport monkeys to laboratories. PETA welcomed the airline's announcement. On 3 July 2013, in time for the company's 25th anniversary, Air China successfully tested Wireless LAN in flight. It
1785-450: The following airlines: As of October 2024, Air China operates the following aircraft: Air China Cargo, is a subsidiary of Air China, that focuses on freight delivery and does not transport passengers. It operates routes across Asia, Europe and North America with its fleet of Boeing 747-400Fs , Boeing 757-200PCF and Boeing 777F . Air China's inflight magazine Wings of China faced accusations of racism when they stated "London
1836-406: The form of other locally registered airlines may be prohibited or heavily regulated to avoid direct competition. Even where privately run airlines may be allowed to be established, the flag carriers may still be accorded priority, especially in the apportionment of aviation rights to local or international markets. Near the end of the 20th century, many of these airlines have been corporatized as
1887-553: The former CAAC's six airlines agreed on a merger plan, according to which Air China was to acquire China Southwest Airlines . Before this acquisition, Air China was the country's fourth largest domestic airline. The merger created a group with assets of 56 billion Yuan (US$ 8.63 billion), and a fleet of 118 aircraft. In October 2002, Air China consolidated with the China National Aviation Holding and China Southwest Airlines . On 15 December 2004, Air China
1938-488: The increase of shareholdings in Shenzhen Airlines and became the controlling shareholder of Shenzhen Airlines, allowing Air China to further enhance its position in Beijing , Chengdu , and Shanghai as well as achieve a more balanced domestic network. On 2 December 2010, Air China received Spain's highest tourism industry award, the "Plaque for Tourist Merit." Air China was the first foreign airline to receive
1989-536: The internet with portable wireless devices. Norman Abramson , a professor at the University of Hawaii , developed the world's first wireless computer communication network, ALOHAnet . The system became operational in 1971 and included seven computers deployed over four islands to communicate with the central computer on the Oahu island without using phone lines. Wireless LAN hardware initially cost so much that it
2040-517: The result that there is no single "flag carrier". The chart below lists airlines considered to be a "flag carrier", based on current or former state ownership or other verifiable designation as a national airline. Minority (20.05%) in the Lufthansa Group acquired in 2020 was sold in 2022. Wireless LAN A wireless LAN ( WLAN ) is a wireless computer network that links two or more devices using wireless communication to form
2091-417: The same SSID and security arrangement. In that case, connecting to any WAP on that network joins the client to the network, and the client software will try to choose the WAP that gives the best service, such as the WAP with the strongest signal. An ad hoc network is a network where stations communicate only peer-to-peer (P2P). There is no base and no one gives permission to talk. This is accomplished using
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2142-458: The term was used to refer to airlines owned by the government of their home country and associated with the national identity of that country. Such an airline may also be known as a national airline or a national carrier , although this can have different legal meanings in some countries. Today, it is any international airline with a strong connection to its home country or that represents its home country internationally, regardless of whether it
2193-428: The wireless device performs a cross-connection between an infrastructure WLAN service and a P2P group, available power in the wireless device, whether the wireless device is already a group owner in another group or a received signal strength of the first wireless device. IEEE 802.11 defines the PHY and medium access control (MAC) layers based on carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA). This
2244-406: The wireless network. They transmit and receive radio frequencies for wireless-enabled devices to communicate with. Wireless clients can be mobile devices such as laptops, personal digital assistants , VoIP phones and other smartphones , or non-portable devices such as desktop computers , printers, and workstations that are equipped with a wireless network interface. The basic service set (BSS)
2295-495: The world. These are commonly called Wi-Fi , which is a trademark belonging to the Wi-Fi Alliance . They are used for home and small office networks that link together laptop computers , printers , smartphones , Web TVs and gaming devices with a wireless network router , which links them to the internet. Hotspots provided by routers at restaurants, coffee shops, hotels, libraries, and airports allow consumers to access
2346-460: Was only used as an alternative to cabled LAN in places where cabling was difficult or impossible. Early development included industry-specific solutions and proprietary protocols, but at the end of the 1990s these were replaced by technical standards , primarily the various versions of IEEE 802.11 (in products using the Wi-Fi brand name). Beginning in 1991, a European alternative known as HiperLAN/1
2397-460: Was purely a work mistake by the editors and it's not the magazine's views...We will immediately recall this entire issue of magazines and draw lessons from this incident." Flag carrier A flag carrier is a transport company, such as an airline or shipping company, that, being locally registered in a given sovereign state , enjoys preferential rights or privileges accorded by the government for international operations. Historically,
2448-517: Was pursued by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) with a first version approved in 1996. This was followed by a HiperLAN/2 functional specification with ATM influences accomplished February 2000. Neither European standard achieved the commercial success of 802.11, although much of the work on HiperLAN/2 has survived in the physical specification ( PHY ) for IEEE 802.11a , which
2499-750: Was successfully listed on the Hong Kong and London Stock Exchanges . In 2006, Air China signed an agreement to join the Star Alliance . It became a member of the alliance on 12 December 2007 alongside Shanghai Airlines . In July 2009, Air China acquired $ 19.3 million of shares from its troubled subsidiary Air Macau , lifting its stake in the carrier from 51% to 81%. One month later, Air China spent HK$ 6.3 billion (US$ 813 million) to raise its stake in Cathay Pacific from 17.5% to 30%, expanding its presence in Hong Kong. In April 2010, Air China completed
2550-572: Was the first global satellite Internet flight in Mainland China . In early 2015 it was announced that the airline had selected the Boeing 737 Next Generation and 737 MAX for its fleet renewal programme of 60 aircraft. The deal, with a value of over $ 6 billion at current list prices, has yet to be finalised. The entity Air China Limited was registered in 2003, and its shares began trading in Hong Kong and London on 15 December 2004. Originally
2601-519: Was upgraded to the A330. The airline also launched service to Mumbai from Chengdu on 2 May 2012. The airline began using the Boeing 777-300ER on one of its two daily Beijing-Los Angeles flights on 1 February 2012. In the late-2012's to early 2013's, the airline replaced the Boeing 747-400s servicing the New York and San Francisco routes with the Boeing 777-300ER. With the addition of the Boeing 777-300ERs on
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