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94-603: Aisin was founded in 1965 and supplies engine , drivetrain , body and chassis , aftermarket , and other automotive parts for the Toyota Motor Corporation and other various major OEMs . In addition to automotive products, Aisin also offers life and amenity products (such as sewing machines and, from 1966 to 2020, mattresses ), cogeneration and heat exchange systems, and welfare products, among others. The company traces its origins to 1943, when Tokai Aviation Industries ( 東海航空工業 , Tōkai Kōkū Kōgyō )

188-451: A fuel cell without side production of NO x , but this is an electrochemical engine not a heat engine. The word engine derives from Old French engin , from the Latin ingenium –the root of the word ingenious . Pre-industrial weapons of war, such as catapults , trebuchets and battering rams , were called siege engines , and knowledge of how to construct them

282-787: A 45-mile (72 km) radius of the city including those on the Shawnee Hills Wine Trail and the Southern Illinois Wine Trail , Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge adjacent to the city, Lake of Egypt immediately to the south and the Shawnee National Forest and various state parks that stretch along the Shawnee Hills from river to river. Marion's city government is led by Mayor Mike Absher who assumed office on April 22, 2019, after defeating Incumbent Anthony Rinella who

376-500: A Veteran population of 1,544 persons. The Cost of Living Index estimates the relative price levels for consumer goods and services. When applied to wages and salaries, the result is a measure of relative purchasing power.  The cost of living is 8.0% lower in Marion city, IL than the U.S. average.   The largest sector in the Marion city, IL is Health Care and Social Assistance, employing 4,015 workers. The next-largest sectors in

470-482: A chemical reaction, but are not heat engines. Examples include: An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy , usually through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors . The reverse process, producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is accomplished by a generator or dynamo . Traction motors used on vehicles often perform both tasks. Electric motors can be run as generators and vice versa, although this

564-454: A cold cylinder, which are attached to reciprocating pistons 90° out of phase. The gas receives heat at the hot cylinder and expands, driving the piston that turns the crankshaft . After expanding and flowing through the recuperator, the gas rejects heat at the cold cylinder and the ensuing pressure drop leads to its compression by the other (displacement) piston, which forces it back to the hot cylinder. Non-thermal motors usually are powered by

658-627: A factory in the United States in 1986, with production beginning in 1989. This factory in Seymour, Indiana has since been expanded and supplies components for Honda , General Motors , Mitsubishi , Nissan , and Toyota . Another factory was built in Marion, Illinois . On October 5, 2005, Aisin USA opened an 878-acre (3.55 km) testing facility near Fowlerville, Michigan . The facility, which

752-548: A few limited-production battery-powered electric vehicles have appeared, they have not proved competitive owing to costs and operating characteristics. In the 21st century the diesel engine has been increasing in popularity with automobile owners. However, the gasoline engine and the Diesel engine, with their new emission-control devices to improve emission performance, have not yet been significantly challenged. A number of manufacturers have introduced hybrid engines, mainly involving

846-412: A gas as in a Stirling engine , or steam as in a steam engine or an organic liquid such as n-pentane in an Organic Rankine cycle . The fluid can be of any composition; gas is by far the most common, although even single-phase liquid is sometimes used. In the case of the steam engine, the fluid changes phases between liquid and gas. Air-breathing combustion engines are combustion engines that use

940-464: A heat difference to induce high-amplitude sound waves. In general, thermoacoustic engines can be divided into standing wave and travelling wave devices. Stirling engines can be another form of non-combustive heat engine. They use the Stirling thermodynamic cycle to convert heat into work. An example is the alpha type Stirling engine, whereby gas flows, via a recuperator , between a hot cylinder and

1034-425: A heat engine). Chemical heat engines which employ air (ambient atmospheric gas) as a part of the fuel reaction are regarded as airbreathing engines. Chemical heat engines designed to operate outside of Earth's atmosphere (e.g. rockets , deeply submerged submarines ) need to carry an additional fuel component called the oxidizer (although there exist super-oxidizers suitable for use in rockets, such as fluorine ,

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1128-460: A large scale required efficient electrical generators and electrical distribution networks. To reduce the electric energy consumption from motors and their associated carbon footprints , various regulatory authorities in many countries have introduced and implemented legislation to encourage the manufacture and use of higher efficiency electric motors. A well-designed motor can convert over 90% of its input energy into useful power for decades. When

1222-489: A majority of the models. Several three-cylinder, two-stroke-cycle models were built while most engines had straight or in-line cylinders. There were several V-type models and horizontally opposed two- and four-cylinder makes too. Overhead camshafts were frequently employed. The smaller engines were commonly air-cooled and located at the rear of the vehicle; compression ratios were relatively low. The 1970s and 1980s saw an increased interest in improved fuel economy , which caused

1316-438: A more powerful oxidant than oxygen itself); or the application needs to obtain heat by non-chemical means, such as by means of nuclear reactions . All chemically fueled heat engines emit exhaust gases. The cleanest engines emit water only. Strict zero-emissions generally means zero emissions other than water and water vapour. Only heat engines which combust pure hydrogen (fuel) and pure oxygen (oxidizer) achieve zero-emission by

1410-569: A newspaper, is based in Marion. Marion is served by local radio stations WGGH-FM and WGGH-AM along with a local Christian Contemporary Station. Marion Community Unit School District 2 operates public schools, including Marion High School . Veterans Airport of Southern Illinois , formerly Williamson County Regional Airport, serves the area and is located at the extreme western edge of the city. Contour Airlines provides daily passenger flights to O'Hare International Airport in Chicago . Both

1504-560: A nuclear power plant uses the heat from the nuclear reaction to produce steam and drive a steam engine, or a gas turbine in a rocket engine may be driven by decomposing hydrogen peroxide . Apart from the different energy source, the engine is often engineered much the same as an internal or external combustion engine. Another group of noncombustive engines includes thermoacoustic heat engines (sometimes called "TA engines") which are thermoacoustic devices that use high-amplitude sound waves to pump heat from one place to another, or conversely use

1598-422: A point on top of a slight hill of 448 feet (137 m) above sea level. The site sat in a small open grassland known as Poor Prairie. For a name, they chose Marion to honor American Revolutionary War hero Gen. Francis "Swamp Fox" Marion . William and Bethany Benson had entered the quarter-quarter section of land that contained the future site of Marion just the previous year on September 8, 1838. He had lived in

1692-563: A pressure just above atmospheric to drive the piston helped by a partial vacuum. Improving on the design of the 1712 Newcomen steam engine , the Watt steam engine, developed sporadically from 1763 to 1775, was a great step in the development of the steam engine. Offering a dramatic increase in fuel efficiency , James Watt 's design became synonymous with steam engines, due in no small part to his business partner, Matthew Boulton . It enabled rapid development of efficient semi-automated factories on

1786-564: A previously unimaginable scale in places where waterpower was not available. Later development led to steam locomotives and great expansion of railway transportation . As for internal combustion piston engines , these were tested in France in 1807 by de Rivaz and independently, by the Niépce brothers . They were theoretically advanced by Carnot in 1824. In 1853–57 Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci invented and patented an engine using

1880-608: A railroad electric locomotive , rather than an electric motor. Some motors are powered by potential or kinetic energy, for example some funiculars , gravity plane and ropeway conveyors have used the energy from moving water or rocks, and some clocks have a weight that falls under gravity. Other forms of potential energy include compressed gases (such as pneumatic motors ), springs ( clockwork motors ) and elastic bands . Historic military siege engines included large catapults , trebuchets , and (to some extent) battering rams were powered by potential energy. A pneumatic motor

1974-569: A return to smaller V-6 and four-cylinder layouts, with as many as five valves per cylinder to improve efficiency. The Bugatti Veyron 16.4 operates with a W16 engine , meaning that two V8 cylinder layouts are positioned next to each other to create the W ;shape sharing the same crankshaft. The largest internal combustion engine ever built is the Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C , a 14-cylinder, 2-stroke turbocharged diesel engine that

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2068-724: A small gasoline engine coupled with an electric motor and with a large battery bank, these are starting to become a popular option because of their environment awareness. Exhaust gas from a spark ignition engine consists of the following: nitrogen 70 to 75% (by volume), water vapor 10 to 12%, carbon dioxide 10 to 13.5%, hydrogen 0.5 to 2%, oxygen 0.2 to 2%, carbon monoxide : 0.1 to 6%, unburnt hydrocarbons and partial oxidation products (e.g. aldehydes ) 0.5 to 1%, nitrogen monoxide 0.01 to 0.4%, nitrous oxide <100 ppm, sulfur dioxide 15 to 60 ppm, traces of other compounds such as fuel additives and lubricants, also halogen and metallic compounds, and other particles. Carbon monoxide

2162-453: A source of water power to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. In the medieval Islamic world , such advances made it possible to mechanize many industrial tasks previously carried out by manual labour . In 1206, al-Jazari employed a crank - conrod system for two of his water-raising machines. A rudimentary steam turbine device was described by Taqi al-Din in 1551 and by Giovanni Branca in 1629. In

2256-429: A strict definition (in practice, one type of rocket engine). If hydrogen is burnt in combination with air (all airbreathing engines), a side reaction occurs between atmospheric oxygen and atmospheric nitrogen resulting in small emissions of NO x . If a hydrocarbon (such as alcohol or gasoline) is burnt as fuel, CO 2 , a greenhouse gas , is emitted. Hydrogen and oxygen from air can be reacted into water by

2350-431: A torque include the familiar automobile gasoline and diesel engines, as well as turboshafts . Examples of engines which produce thrust include turbofans and rockets . When the internal combustion engine was invented, the term motor was initially used to distinguish it from the steam engine—which was in wide use at the time, powering locomotives and other vehicles such as steam rollers . The term motor derives from

2444-507: A typical city commission form of government. The Marion Park District is independent of city government. It operates the parks system under a separately elected five-member board. The library board though is appointed by the mayor and city council. The Swinford Media Group, based in Marion, publishes a weekly newspaper, The Marion Star, along with news coverage on social media via WFCN News. The company also owns publications in nearby Carterville and Herrin, Illinois. The Daily Republican ,

2538-561: A water-powered mill was built in Kaberia of the kingdom of Mithridates during the 1st century BC. Use of water wheels in mills spread throughout the Roman Empire over the next few centuries. Some were quite complex, with aqueducts , dams , and sluices to maintain and channel the water, along with systems of gears , or toothed-wheels made of wood and metal to regulate the speed of rotation. More sophisticated small devices, such as

2632-411: Is 17 miles (27 km) to the west, and Harrisburg is 22 miles (35 km) to the east. According to the 2010 census, Marion has a total area of 16.217 square miles (42.00 km ), of which 15.99 square miles (41.41 km ) (or 98.6%) is land and 0.227 square miles (0.59 km ) (or 1.4%) is water. As of the census of July 1, 2022, there were 16,729 people, and 8,028 households residing in

2726-889: Is Aisin's first in North America and third worldwide, is officially named FT Techno of America (FTTA), but is also known as the Fowlerville Proving Ground. FTTA is Aisin's fifth group company in Michigan. In 2009, the North American division and its companies were placed under a newly created entity named Aisin World Corporation of America, which was structured so that Toyota, Mitsui , and the American branch of Hino have majority ownership of Aisin's North American operations. BluE Nexus

2820-635: Is a joint venture company established by Aisin and Denso in April 2019 to build powertrain systems for electric vehicles . Both Aisin and Denso are members of the Toyota Group and the Toyota Motor Corporation has a 10% stake in the company. The main product from BluE Nexus is the e-Axle, which integrates an electric motor, gears and inverter. BluE Nexus will also market the hybrid drive systems produced by Aisin AW. IMRA (Institut Minoru de Recherche Avancée)

2914-604: Is a research organization founded in 1986 in Sophia Antipolis , France . It has three entities based in Europe, US, and Japan, which have become the key power of Aisin group to conduct R&D and offer technological consulting. The American division, IMRA America, was founded in 1990 in Ann Arbor , Michigan . IMRA mainly conducts research on biomedical, battery and produces femtosecond lasers . The company sponsors

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3008-416: Is a machine that converts potential energy in the form of compressed air into mechanical work . Pneumatic motors generally convert the compressed air to mechanical work through either linear or rotary motion. Linear motion can come from either a diaphragm or piston actuator, while rotary motion is supplied by either a vane type air motor or piston air motor. Pneumatic motors have found widespread success in

3102-757: Is expected in Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations (361 jobs) and Office and Administrative Support Occupations (244). As of March 30, 2009, the largest employers located inside the city limits were as follows: Other major nearby employers include: Downtown Marion is home to the Little Egypt Arts Gallery operated by the Little Egypt Arts Association as well as the Williamson County Historical Society museum and

3196-534: Is highly toxic, and can cause carbon monoxide poisoning , so it is important to avoid any build-up of the gas in a confined space. Catalytic converters can reduce toxic emissions, but not eliminate them. Also, resulting greenhouse gas emissions, chiefly carbon dioxide , from the widespread use of engines in the modern industrialized world is contributing to the global greenhouse effect – a primary concern regarding global warming . Some engines convert heat from noncombustive processes into mechanical work, for example

3290-710: Is not always practical. Electric motors are ubiquitous, being found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools , and disk drives . They may be powered by direct current (for example a battery powered portable device or motor vehicle), or by alternating current from a central electrical distribution grid. The smallest motors may be found in electric wristwatches. Medium-size motors of highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial uses. The very largest electric motors are used for propulsion of large ships, and for such purposes as pipeline compressors, with ratings in

3384-428: Is reached with a coolant temperature of around 110 °C (230 °F). Earlier automobile engine development produced a much larger range of engines than is in common use today. Engines have ranged from 1- to 16-cylinder designs with corresponding differences in overall size, weight, engine displacement , and cylinder bores . Four cylinders and power ratings from 19 to 120 hp (14 to 90 kW) were followed in

3478-468: Is the county seat of Williamson County , Illinois , United States . The population in Marion, IL was 16,855 according to the 2020 census. It is part of a dispersed urban area that developed out of early 20th-century coal fields. Today Marion serves as the largest retail trade center in Southern Illinois with its central location along Interstate 57 and Illinois Route 13. It was dubbed

3572-534: Is then cooled, compressed and reused (closed cycle), or (less commonly) dumped, and cool fluid pulled in (open cycle air engine). " Combustion " refers to burning fuel with an oxidizer , to supply the heat. Engines of similar (or even identical) configuration and operation may use a supply of heat from other sources such as nuclear, solar, geothermal or exothermic reactions not involving combustion; but are not then strictly classed as external combustion engines, but as external thermal engines. The working fluid can be

3666-707: The Antikythera Mechanism used complex trains of gears and dials to act as calendars or predict astronomical events. In a poem by Ausonius in the 4th century AD, he mentions a stone-cutting saw powered by water. Hero of Alexandria is credited with many such wind and steam powered machines in the 1st century AD, including the Aeolipile and the vending machine , often these machines were associated with worship, such as animated altars and automated temple doors. Medieval Muslim engineers employed gears in mills and water-raising machines, and used dams as

3760-688: The SeaHorses Mikawa , the 5-time champions of the JBL Super League , and has sponsored Toyota Gazoo Racing Europe since 2012. Aisin AW currently sponsors Austin Hill in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series and Xfinity Series . Hill drives the #61 Toyota Supra and #16 Toyota Tundra for Hattori Racing Enterprises . HRE's first win came at Atlanta Motor Speedway with Brett Moffitt , whose truck

3854-622: The Toyota Prius transmission and the world's first speaking navigation system. Additionally, its two-axis electric continuously variable transmission has been adapted to Prius models (except the Prius C ) from 2016 onward, the 1st-generation (2005–2007) and 2nd-generation (2008–2012) Ford Escape Hybrid, and the Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid from 2017 onward. The two-axis design eliminates the second planetary gearset used in

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3948-591: The Union Pacific and Burlington Northern railroads have lines running through the city. Local service from those lines is provided by the Crab Orchard and Egyptian Railroad headquartered in Marion. Amtrak passenger rail service is available at Carbondale , 16 miles (26 km) west of Marion. Rides Mass Transit District operates fixed-route and demand-response transit services in Marion and Southern Illinois . The Bill Jung Transfer Center serves as

4042-662: The Volkswagen Beetle , the Citroën 2CV , some Porsche and Subaru cars, many BMW and Honda motorcycles . Opposed four- and six-cylinder engines continue to be used as a power source in small, propeller-driven aircraft . The continued use of internal combustion engines in automobiles is partly due to the improvement of engine control systems, such as on-board computers providing engine management processes, and electronically controlled fuel injection. Forced air induction by turbocharging and supercharging have increased

4136-407: The club and oar (examples of the lever ), are prehistoric . More complex engines using human power , animal power , water power , wind power and even steam power date back to antiquity. Human power was focused by the use of simple engines, such as the capstan , windlass or treadmill , and with ropes , pulleys , and block and tackle arrangements; this power was transmitted usually with

4230-733: The combustion of a fuel causes rapid pressurisation of the gaseous combustion products in the combustion chamber, causing them to expand and drive a piston , which turns a crankshaft . Unlike internal combustion engines, a reaction engine (such as a jet engine ) produces thrust by expelling reaction mass , in accordance with Newton's third law of motion . Apart from heat engines, electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical motion, pneumatic motors use compressed air , and clockwork motors in wind-up toys use elastic energy . In biological systems, molecular motors , like myosins in muscles , use chemical energy to create forces and ultimately motion (a chemical engine, but not

4324-399: The oxygen in atmospheric air to oxidise ('burn') the fuel, rather than carrying an oxidiser , as in a rocket . Theoretically, this should result in a better specific impulse than for rocket engines. A continuous stream of air flows through the air-breathing engine. This air is compressed, mixed with fuel, ignited and expelled as the exhaust gas . In reaction engines , the majority of

4418-429: The pistons or turbine blades or a nozzle , and by moving it over a distance, generates mechanical work . An external combustion engine (EC engine) is a heat engine where an internal working fluid is heated by combustion of an external source, through the engine wall or a heat exchanger . The fluid then, by expanding and acting on the mechanism of the engine produces motion and usable work . The fluid

4512-399: The poverty line . The region has a civilian labor force of 7,866 with a participation rate of 57.8%. Of individuals 25 to 64 in the Marion city, IL, 30.1% have a bachelor’s degree or higher. As of 2023Q4, total employment for the Marion city, IL was 18,253 (based on a four-quarter moving average). Over the year ending 2023Q4, employment increased 2.1% in the region. As of 2022, Marion has

4606-689: The "Hub of the Universe" by former mayor Robert L. Butler . Today, the motto under current Mayor, Mike Absher, is the "Oasis of Opportunity." The city is part of the Marion-Herrin Micropolitan Area and is a part of the Carbondale -Marion- Herrin , Illinois Combined Statistical Area with 123,272 residents, the sixth most populous Combined statistical area in Illinois. Following the creation of Williamson County out of

4700-471: The 13th century, the solid rocket motor was invented in China. Driven by gunpowder, this simplest form of internal combustion engine was unable to deliver sustained power, but was useful for propelling weaponry at high speeds towards enemies in battle and for fireworks . After invention, this innovation spread throughout Europe. The Watt steam engine was the first type of steam engine to make use of steam at

4794-580: The 2010–2015 Prius and Prius c, which reduces the width and weight of the eCVT and improves its overall efficiency. Aisin AW was based in Anjō , with another major division located in Okazaki . Two European divisions, AW Europe & AW Technical Center Europe, were located in Braine-l'Alleud (for research and development ) and Baudour (for the remanufacturing of automatic transmissions and transaxles , and

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4888-521: The Latin verb moto which means 'to set in motion', or 'maintain motion'. Thus a motor is a device that imparts motion. Motor and engine are interchangeable in standard English. In some engineering jargons, the two words have different meanings, in which engine is a device that burns or otherwise consumes fuel, changing its chemical composition, and a motor is a device driven by electricity , air , or hydraulic pressure, which does not change

4982-765: The Marion Carnegie Library. The major arts and culture institution though is the Marion Cultural and Civic Center. In 2004, the Marion Civic Center was awarded the Frank Lloyd Wright Award - Special Recognition from the American Institute of Architects, Illinois Chapter, at the organization's annual ceremony. The 35,000-square-foot (3,300 m ) facility, designed by White and Borgognoni Architects,

5076-430: The Marion city, IL is expected to be Healthcare Support Occupations with a +0.9% year-over-year rate of growth. The strongest forecast by number of jobs over this period is expected for Healthcare Support Occupations (+11 jobs) and Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations (+5). Over the same period, the highest separation demand (occupation demand due to retirements and workers moving from one occupation to another)

5170-420: The Marion city, IL with the highest average wages per worker are Management Occupations ($ 104,900), Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations ($ 101,500), and Legal Occupations ($ 92,100). The unemployment rate in the region varied among the major groups from 1.2% among Legal Occupations to 6.9% among Transportation and Material Moving Occupations. Over the next 1 year, the fastest growing occupation group in

5264-442: The Marion city, IL with the highest average wages per worker are Utilities ($ 125,515), Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction ($ 73,866), and Health Care and Social Assistance ($ 65,918). Regional sectors with the best job growth (or most moderate job losses) over the last 5 years are Health Care and Social Assistance (+491 jobs), Accommodation and Food Services (+307), and Finance and Insurance (+194). The fastest growing sector in

5358-459: The blaze was put out. The facade of the Orpheum was salvaged, but the remainder of the theater was razed, and in 2000, it was decided that a new Cultural and Civic Center would be built on the site of the old Orpheum and a couple of other demolished neighboring structures. Marion became a sister city to Kanie , Japan, on March 26, 2010. Tourism promotion and marketing in Marion is conducted at

5452-436: The chemical composition of its energy source. However, rocketry uses the term rocket motor , even though they consume fuel. A heat engine may also serve as a prime mover —a component that transforms the flow or changes in pressure of a fluid into mechanical energy . An automobile powered by an internal combustion engine may make use of various motors and pumps, but ultimately all such devices derive their power from

5546-517: The city. The population density was 1,171.1 per square mile in 2020. There were 7,555 housing units at an average density of 589.0 per square mile (227.4/km ). Ower-occupied housing rate is 62.0%. Median value of owner-occupied housing is $ 143,600, and median gross rent is $ 823 per month. The racial makeup of the city was 86.0% White , 4.9% African American , 0.1% Native American , 2.8% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , and 5.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.9% of

5640-447: The combustion energy (heat) exits the engine as exhaust gas, which provides thrust directly. Typical air-breathing engines include: The operation of engines typically has a negative impact upon air quality and ambient sound levels . There has been a growing emphasis on the pollution producing features of automotive power systems. This has created new interest in alternate power sources and internal-combustion engine refinements. Though

5734-674: The company. Effective April 1, 2021, the combined company was officially renamed Aisin Corporation. Aisin AW was Aisin Seiki's subsidiary building automatic transmissions . It was originally established in 1969 as Aisin-Warner, a joint venture with BorgWarner . In 1981, BorgWarner reduced its equity in Aisin-Warner to 10%, and by 1987 had divested themselves of the remainder. Aisin-Warner was renamed Aisin AW in 1988, and merged with parent company Aisin Seiki in 2021. Aisin AW developed

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5828-558: The county at least since 1817, and was the first settler to enter land in Poor Prairie. At the time the commissioners platted Marion, he had a small crop of corn and wheat growing over what became the public square. The Williamson County Court organized in Marion on October 7, 1839, at the Benson log cabin. Overflow crowds had to use pumpkins for stools. The federal government established a post office at Marion on January 30, 1840, and

5922-734: The county level with a county bed tax of five percent. Forty percent of that amount goes to the Williamson County Tourism Bureau and the remaining 60 percent to the Williamson County Events Commission for debt service on the bonds used to build the Williamson County Pavilion, a multi-use meeting and convention center immediately north of the Illinois Centre Mall in Marion. That building also houses

6016-489: The efficiency of a motor is raised by even a few percentage points, the savings, in kilowatt hours (and therefore in cost), are enormous. The electrical energy efficiency of a typical industrial induction motor can be improved by: 1) reducing the electrical losses in the stator windings (e.g., by increasing the cross-sectional area of the conductor , improving the winding technique, and using materials with higher electrical conductivities , such as copper ), 2) reducing

6110-496: The electrical losses in the rotor coil or casting (e.g., by using materials with higher electrical conductivities, such as copper), 3) reducing magnetic losses by using better quality magnetic steel , 4) improving the aerodynamics of motors to reduce mechanical windage losses, 5) improving bearings to reduce friction losses , and 6) minimizing manufacturing tolerances . For further discussion on this subject, see Premium efficiency ). By convention, electric engine refers to

6204-404: The engine. Another way of looking at it is that a motor receives power from an external source, and then converts it into mechanical energy, while an engine creates power from pressure (derived directly from the explosive force of combustion or other chemical reaction, or secondarily from the action of some such force on other substances such as air, water, or steam). Simple machines , such as

6298-636: The first half of the 20th century, a trend of increasing engine power occurred, particularly in the U.S. models. Design changes incorporated all known methods of increasing engine capacity, including increasing the pressure in the cylinders to improve efficiency, increasing the size of the engine, and increasing the rate at which the engine produces work. The higher forces and pressures created by these changes created engine vibration and size problems that led to stiffer, more compact engines with V and opposed cylinder layouts replacing longer straight-line arrangements. Optimal combustion efficiency in passenger vehicles

6392-691: The forces multiplied and the speed reduced . These were used in cranes and aboard ships in Ancient Greece , as well as in mines , water pumps and siege engines in Ancient Rome . The writers of those times, including Vitruvius , Frontinus and Pliny the Elder , treat these engines as commonplace, so their invention may be more ancient. By the 1st century AD, cattle and horses were used in mills , driving machines similar to those powered by humans in earlier times. According to Strabo ,

6486-403: The form of rising air currents). Mechanical energy is of particular importance in transportation , but also plays a role in many industrial processes such as cutting, grinding, crushing, and mixing. Mechanical heat engines convert heat into work via various thermodynamic processes. The internal combustion engine is perhaps the most common example of a mechanical heat engine in which heat from

6580-528: The free-piston principle that was possibly the first 4-cycle engine. The invention of an internal combustion engine which was later commercially successful was made during 1860 by Etienne Lenoir . In 1877, the Otto cycle was capable of giving a far higher power-to-weight ratio than steam engines and worked much better for many transportation applications such as cars and aircraft. The first commercially successful automobile, created by Karl Benz , added to

6674-443: The hand-held tool industry and continual attempts are being made to expand their use to the transportation industry. However, pneumatic motors must overcome efficiency deficiencies before being seen as a viable option in the transportation industry. A hydraulic motor derives its power from a pressurized liquid . This type of engine is used to move heavy loads and drive machinery. Marion, Illinois The city of Marion

6768-411: The heat of a combustion process. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (generally, fossil fuel ) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber . In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high temperature and high pressure gases, which are produced by the combustion, directly applies force to components of the engine, such as

6862-470: The intent of constructing a parking lot. The mayor and the city council reconsidered their plan when they found that their citizenry was in favor of restoring the old theater for use by the community as a cultural and entertainment center. During the early morning hours, of March 10, 1997, a blaze quickly raced through the Civic Center, and totally gutted the theater, leaving it a smoldering shell after

6956-525: The interest in light and powerful engines. The lightweight gasoline internal combustion engine, operating on a four-stroke Otto cycle, has been the most successful for light automobiles, while the thermally more-efficient Diesel engine is used for trucks and buses. However, in recent years, turbocharged Diesel engines have become increasingly popular in automobiles, especially outside of the United States, even for quite small cars. In 1896, Karl Benz

7050-582: The legislature incorporated the community as a city on February 24, 1841. On May 29, 1982, one of the larger tornadoes in Illinois history, rated F4 , hit the city of Marion and Williamson County. Ten people died and 181 people were injured after this tornado ripped across a 17-mile (27 km) stretch. The Shawnee Village apartment complex was destroyed, and the Marion Ford-Mercury dealership sustained heavy damage. This tornado caused between $ 85 million and $ 100 million in damages. A memorial to

7144-425: The population. There were 8,028 households, out of which 21.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them and 23.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.05. The median household income in the Marion city, IL is $ 54,052 and the median house value is $ 143,600. The per capita income for the city was $ 36,935. About 15.0% of the population were living below

7238-596: The power output of smaller displacement engines that are lighter in weight and more fuel-efficient at normal cruise power.. Similar changes have been applied to smaller Diesel engines, giving them almost the same performance characteristics as gasoline engines. This is especially evident with the popularity of smaller diesel engine-propelled cars in Europe. Diesel engines produce lower hydrocarbon and CO 2 emissions, but greater particulate and NO x pollution, than gasoline engines. Diesel engines are also 40% more fuel efficient than comparable gasoline engines. In

7332-546: The production of electronic components). Aisin AI was an Aisin Seiki subsidiary spun off in July 1991 to produce manual transmissions and transfer cases , moving its headquarters to Nishio . Until 1996, Aisin AI only client was Toyota; then DaimlerChrysler and Isuzu began using its products. The company later began supplying products to other companies worldwide. Aisin AI was consolidated into Aisin AW in 2019. Aisin constructed

7426-410: The region are Accommodation and Food Services (2,364 workers) and Retail Trade (2,134). High location quotients (LQs) indicate sectors in which a region has high concentrations of employment compared to the national average. The sectors with the largest LQs in the region are Finance and Insurance (LQ = 2.33), Health Care and Social Assistance (1.50), and Accommodation and Food Services (1.49). Sectors in

7520-516: The region are Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations (1,932 workers) and Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations (1,822). High location quotients (LQs) indicate occupation groups in which a region has high concentrations of employment compared to the national average. The major groups with the largest LQs in the region are Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations (LQ = 1.70), Healthcare Support Occupations (1.40), and Protective Service Occupations (1.37). Occupation groups in

7614-491: The region is expected to be Transportation and Warehousing with a +0.5% year-over-year rate of growth. The strongest forecast by number of jobs over this period is expected for Health Care and Social Assistance (+16 jobs), Transportation and Warehousing (+3), and Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services (0). The largest major occupation group in the Marion city, IL is Office and Administrative Support Occupations, employing 2,191 workers. The next-largest occupation groups in

7708-550: The south half of Franklin County by the Illinois General Assembly, three commissioners appointed by the lawmakers met at Bainbridge, Illinois, on August 19, 1839, for the purpose of locating a new county seat as close to the center of the county as possible. The next day, August 20, they laid out a town of 20 acres (81,000 m ) with a public square about one-quarter of a mile east of the county's center, but

7802-461: The ten people who perished that day was later erected on the south side of Tower Square Plaza. Marion is in central Williamson County, with a narrow strip of city limits extending south beyond Creal Springs to the valley of Sugar Creek in Johnson County . Marion is 44 miles (71 km) south of Mount Vernon, Illinois , and 57 miles (92 km) north of Paducah, Kentucky . Carbondale

7896-442: The thousands of kilowatts . Electric motors may be classified by the source of electric power, by their internal construction, and by their application. The physical principle of production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field was known as early as 1821. Electric motors of increasing efficiency were constructed throughout the 19th century, but commercial exploitation of electric motors on

7990-416: The tourism bureau. Camping facilities in the city include the new Marion Campground & RV Park, located off of Exit 53 on the east side of the interstate. Major attractions that draw visitors to Marion include events at Marion Stadium (Mt Dew Park), events at Southern Illinois University-Carbondale , The Southern Illinois Roller Girls bouts at The Pavilion Events, approximately two dozen wineries within

8084-996: Was also sponsored by Aisin, in 2018. HRE and Moffitt also won the CWTS championship that same year. Aisin AW also sponsored the team in the ARCA Menards Series . Engine An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one or more forms of energy into mechanical energy . Available energy sources include potential energy (e.g. energy of the Earth's gravitational field as exploited in hydroelectric power generation ), heat energy (e.g. geothermal ), chemical energy , electric potential and nuclear energy (from nuclear fission or nuclear fusion ). Many of these processes generate heat as an intermediate energy form; thus heat engines have special importance. Some natural processes, such as atmospheric convection cells convert environmental heat into motion (e.g. in

8178-408: Was appointed after longtime mayor Robert L. Butler resigned. The city operates on a city commission system of government with the mayor and four city commissioners, each elected for four-year terms. The council calendar calls for meetings on the 2nd and 4th Mondays of the month at City Hall. The city is also a home rule community, a status that gives the council greater flexibility to act than

8272-675: Was completed in June 2004. After a 1997 fire destroyed the city's former civic center, the new facility was crafted using parts of the old Orpheum Theater building. The grand opening of the Orpheum Theatre was on January 2, 1922. Built in the southwest corner of the downtown square, she was the flagship of a chain of vaudeville and moving picture theaters constructed to tap into the wealth generated by agriculture and mining in Southern Illinois. The Orpheum Theatre sat over 900, and

8366-523: Was designed to power the Emma Mærsk , the largest container ship in the world when launched in 2006. This engine has a mass of 2,300 tonnes, and when running at 102 rpm (1.7 Hz) produces over 80 MW, and can use up to 250 tonnes of fuel per day. An engine can be put into a category according to two criteria: the form of energy it accepts in order to create motion, and the type of motion it outputs. Combustion engines are heat engines driven by

8460-1029: Was founded as a joint venture between the Toyota Motor Corporation and Kawasaki Aircraft Industries to produce aircraft engines for the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service . The company was quickly renamed Tokai Airplane Industries ( 東海飛行機工業 , Tōkai Hikōki Kōgyō ) after it was discovered that there was a pre-existing company with the same name. After the war , Tokai renamed itself Aichi Industries ( 愛 知工業 , Aichi Kōgyō ) , and shifted production from aircraft parts to sewing machines and automobile parts. In 1965, Aichi Kogyo merged with auto parts manufacturer Shinkawa Kogyo 新 川産業 to form Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd. ( アイシン精機株式会社 , Aishin Seiki Kabushiki gaisha ) . In October 2019, Aisin Seiki announced that it would merge with subsidiary Aisin AW, consolidating management and renaming

8554-436: Was granted a patent for his design of the first engine with horizontally opposed pistons. His design created an engine in which the corresponding pistons move in horizontal cylinders and reach top dead center simultaneously, thus automatically balancing each other with respect to their individual momentum. Engines of this design are often referred to as “flat” or “boxer” engines due to their shape and low profile. They were used in

8648-463: Was merely a water pump, with the engine being transported to the fire by horses. In modern usage, the term engine typically describes devices, like steam engines and internal combustion engines, that burn or otherwise consume fuel to perform mechanical work by exerting a torque or linear force (usually in the form of thrust ). Devices converting heat energy into motion are commonly referred to simply as engines . Examples of engines which exert

8742-473: Was often treated as a military secret. The word gin , as in cotton gin , is short for engine . Most mechanical devices invented during the Industrial Revolution were described as engines—the steam engine being a notable example. However, the original steam engines, such as those by Thomas Savery , were not mechanical engines but pumps. In this manner, a fire engine in its original form

8836-400: Was ornately decorated in a mix of Renaissance and Neoclassical styles, complete with gold leaf, elaborate plasterwork, and a multicolored terra-cotta facade. The Orpheum was quite successful until the advent of television. Decreasing profits forced the Orpheum to exclusively be a motion picture theater in the mid-1950s and to close in 1971. The City of Marion purchased the building in 1973 with

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