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45-541: The parish of Ajuda, situated between the beach area of Belém and the foothills of the Monsanto was a place that was not conditioned for agriculture. A legend tells of a shepherd experienced an apparition of the Virgin Mary while passing the area. News of the event spread rapidly, and the area was visited by the faithful, many of whom settled there around a chapel built at the site of the vision. The small sanctuary

90-414: A number of manors in the surrounding countryside were established by the nobility. As the population continued to slowly grow, the demographics of the suburb changed sufficiently that Friar Nicolau de Oliveira indicated in 1620 that it was within the city limits. New convents appeared in the area, and between 1551 and 1591 (as noted by Vieira da Silva) the civil parish of Ajuda ( Nossa Senhora da Ajuda )

135-529: A part of the municipality of Lisbon and dropped pretenses of a suburban locality. The parish was an agglomeration of houses, manors, quarries, earthen stoves and windmills. In 1768, the Marquis of Pombal , as part of his reconstruction initiatives, built the Botanical Gardens in the area of Horta da Quinta de Cima. It was also around that time, between 1766 and 1787, that Pina Manique had constructed

180-611: A renowned sports club from Lisbon is based in Belém, commonly known as the "fourth big team", because up until 1982 was one of the four Portuguese teams (the others are Benfica , Sporting and Porto ) that never were never relegated to the second league. In its history Belenenses won the Portuguese Championship once and the Portuguese Cup for three times. Kingdom of Portugal The Kingdom of Portugal

225-650: Is recognized for its concentration of national monuments and public spaces, including a mixture of historical buildings and modern symbols of Portuguese culture. This juxtaposition of famous icons developed from Belém's important military position along the mouth of the Tagus; its role in the exploration in India and the Far East (the Caminho das Índias ); and 17th–18th century construction of royal residences and noble estates in

270-633: The 1383–85 Crisis , after which the monarchy passed to the House of Aviz . During the 15th and 16th century, Portuguese exploration established a vast colonial empire . From 1580 to 1640, the Kingdom of Portugal was in personal union with Habsburg Spain . After the Portuguese Restoration War of 1640–1668, the kingdom passed to the House of Braganza and thereafter to the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha . From this time,

315-639: The 1755 Lisbon earthquake , Ajuda did not escape the destruction, losing many of the buildings constructed over the centuries. This included the Convento de Nossa Senhora da Boa Hora ( English: Convent of Our Lady of the Good Hour ), which was later reconstructed by the Augustine monks in 1756. The royal family too had to abandon the Palácio da Ribeira ( English: Ribeira Palace ), and began living, along

360-817: The 5 October 1910 revolution , sending Manuel into exile in the United Kingdom and giving way to the Portuguese First Republic . On 19 January 1919, the Monarchy of the North was proclaimed in Oporto . The monarchy would be deposed a month later and no other monarchist counterrevolution in Portugal has happened since. After the republican revolution in October 1910, the remaining colonies of

405-530: The Infanta Joana (1636–1653), King Afonso VI (1643–1683) and Catherine of Braganza (1638–1705). On 29 September 1855, the body of King Afonso VI was transported to the royal pantheon of the House of Braganza in the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora , along with his three brothers and sister. During the reign of Peter II , in 1682, the bodies of King Sebastian and Cardinal Henrique were buried in

450-648: The Jardim Vasco da Gama (English: Vasco da Gama Garden ), Afonso de Albuquerque Square and Jardim Agricola Tropical (English: Tropical Garden Museum ). These gardens cover a large portion of the waterfront area, encircling the buildings of the Rua de Belém , and backs onto the gardens of the Palace of Belém . Also located in Belém is the extreme southwest section of the Monsanto Forest Park . Belém

495-526: The Marquess of Pombal , attracted commerce and made Belém-Ajuda the centre of the state bureaucracy during the third quarter of the 18th century. A military presence was also deemed important by the government: two regimental infantry barracks under the Count of Lippe, and a cavalry regiment under Mecklenburg were installed. These events consolidated the integration of Belém-Ajuda into the city of Lisbon. During

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540-470: The Necessidades and Bemposta Palaces . Belém gradually evolved into an industrial zone, particularly around Pedrouços and Bom Sucesso, attracting factories of various kinds such as tanneries , metal stampers, glassmakers, earthenware manufacturers, textile makers, woollenware producers and a rope-making factory for shipping. On 28 December 1833, the civil parish of Santa Maria de Belém, including

585-583: The President of Portugal ). The population in 2011 was 16,528. Archaeological evidence discovered along the margins of the Tagus indicates that human occupation in the area of Belém dates to the Paleolithic era. With the establishment of the Kingdom of Portugal by Afonso III , royal surveys, or inquirições gerais (general inquiries), were made at his command to inspect titles of lands claimed by

630-533: The great Lisbon earthquake and the following tsunami on 1 November 1755. Many of the survivors who lost their homes were installed in numerous tents and shacks in the region. King Joseph and his court moved to a complex of tents and barracks located on a part of the royal estates where the Ajuda National Palace would be built. This relocation by the King and his prime minister and Secretary of State,

675-579: The 20th century, Belém had grown considerably, with the establishment of electrical services within the area and significantly with the 1940 Portuguese exhibition . The 1940 Expo resulted in the demolition of the older nucleus of Belém, the Praça do Império. and the beginning of a phase of monumental constructions which, along with pre-existing historic architecture (such as the Jerónimos Monastery , Belém Tower , and Belém Palace ) began to occupy

720-588: The A5 highway. It is bordered by the parishes of Alcântara in the east, Ajuda in the northeast, and Benfica in the north; and to the west by the municipality of Oeiras ( Algés ). In addition to the historical buildings and avenues, Belém is the location of the Jardim do Ultramar (English: Overseas Garden ), several blocks of green-spaces that includes the gardens of the Praça do Império (English: Imperial Garden ),

765-515: The Ajuda Cemetery, where many of the royal servants were buried. The Real Barraca was subsequently replaced by a grande palace, the Ajuda National Palace ; the construction began in 1795, but its construction was interrupted by the French invasion of Portugal and subsequent escape of the royal family to the colony of Brazil , but completed in the middle of the 19th century. It would become

810-473: The Ajuda National Palace. Belém was also the location for the development of many urban projects, such as the construction of a landfill, opening of many docks or the opening of a rail link to Cascais , which initially departed from Pedrouços . Socially, the first recreational and cultural organizations were established, and the area was a place for leisure activities. On transitioning into

855-762: The Portuguese state was the County of Portugal , established in the 9th century as part of the Reconquista , by Vímara Peres , a vassal of the King of Asturias . The county became part of the Kingdom of León in 1097, and the Counts of Portugal established themselves as rulers of an independent kingdom in the 12th century, following the battle of São Mamede . The kingdom was ruled by the Afonsine Dynasty until

900-511: The capital of Portugal . Belém is located in western Lisbon, to the west of Ajuda and Alcântara and directly east of Lisbon's border with Oeiras . Belém is famous as a museum district, as the home of many of the most notable monuments of Lisbon and Portugal alike, such as the Belém Tower , the Jerónimos Monastery , the Padrão dos Descobrimentos , and Belém Palace (official residence of

945-700: The court, in the Quinta de Cima in Ajuda, initially in wooden buildings, locally called the Real Barraca ( English: Royal Lodge ). The level of insecurity after the earthquake and tsunami forced many to install themselves in Ajuda; the population grew from 1059 inhabitants to 4748 residents. The village consisted of five separate agglomerations clustered around the roadways: Calçada da Ajuda (alongside Alcântara); Travessa da Estopa; Calçada de Nossa Senhora da Ajuda; Rua das Mercês and Rua da Paz. In 1762, Ajuda became

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990-591: The fishing port of a small church dedicated to Saint Mary . Henry also ordered the construction of a fountain and water trough in 1460 to provide drinking water for the people and their animals. The foundation of the church and the Jerónimos Monastery by Manuel I around 1459 on the site of the older church resulted in its transfer from the Order of Christ to the Hieronymite monks, and at the same time in its being renamed Santa Maria de Belém. The existing structure

1035-730: The gardens is the Belém Palace (1770), the official residence of the Portuguese President. Five hundred metres to the east of Praça do Império lies Belém's other major square Praça Afonso de Albuquerque . Belém is home to a number of other museums: Museu da Electricidade (Electricity Museum), Museum of Art, Architecture and Technology , Museu do Centro Científico e Cultural de Macau ( Macau Cultural Museum), Museu de Arte Popular (Folk Art Museum), Museu Nacional dos Coches (Coach Museum), and Museu da Presidência da República (Presidential Museum). Belenenses ,

1080-542: The heart of Belém is the Praça do Império , an avenue of open-spaces and gardens, with a central fountain, which was laid-out during World War II . To the west of the gardens lies the Centro Cultural de Belém , built in 1992 during Portugal's term in the revolving role at the helm of the European Union presidency. It is now an arts complex, containing Belém's Museu Colecção Berardo . To the southeast of

1125-564: The influence of Portugal declined, but it remained a major power due to its most valuable colony, Brazil . After the independence of Brazil , Portugal sought to establish itself in Africa , but was ultimately forced to halt its expansion due to the 1890 British Ultimatum , eventually leading to the collapse of the monarchy in the 5 October 1910 revolution and the establishment of the First Portuguese Republic . Portugal

1170-832: The influential press. However a minority with regard to the rest of the country, this height of republicanism would benefit politically from the Lisbon Regicide on 1 February 1908. While returning from the Ducal Palace at Vila Viçosa , King Charles and the Prince Royal Luís Filipe were assassinated in the Terreiro do Paço , in Lisbon . With the death of the King and his heir, Charles I's second son would become monarch as King Manuel II . Manuel's reign, however, would be short-lived, ending by force with

1215-621: The latter part of the 18th century, the monarchy slowly extricated itself from Belém-Ajuda. In 1794, a fire in Ajuda destroyed the Royal Tent ( Tenda Real ), forcing the royal family to abandon the location and take residence in the Queluz National Palace . A lack of funds had delayed completion of the Ajuda National Palace , so with the French invasion in 1807 , the royal family fled to Rio de Janeiro . When they returned to Portugal in 1821, King John VI installed them in

1260-596: The manufacturing industry. Belém subsequently had more autonomy: a separate municipality of Belém actually existed between 11 September 1852 and 18 June 1885, presided over by its first president, the historian Alexandre Herculano . The municipality included the parishes of Nossa Senhora da Ajuda, Santa Maria de Belém, part of São Pedro de Alcântara, Santa Isabel and São Sebastião da Pedreira, as well as Nossa Senhora do Amparo de Benfica, São Lourenço de Carnide and Menino Jesus de Odivelas. The royal family of King Louis of Portugal and Queen Maria Pia of Savoy began to reside in

1305-478: The monastery became a symbol of Portuguese expansionism. The church became a house of prayer for seamen leaving or entering the port. With the restoration of Portuguese independence in 1640, the monastery regained much of its former importance, becoming the burial place for the royal pantheon; within its walls four of the eight children of King John IV were entombed: the Infante Teodósio (1634–1653),

1350-434: The naturals and visitors want to live there, and those who for want of comfort can not live [there] are continually competing for that site. In it there are houses, noble estates, nobility, nobles of the first order in the Kingdom; and if the land permitted more palaces or buildings, the city would continue unto that site". In 1770, during the reign of Joseph I , the ecclesiastical parish of São Pedro de Alcântara , including

1395-675: The new parish of Belém. The southwestern limit of the city of Lisbon, Belém is delimited by the Tagus estuary to the south, the margins of the Algés river and the IC17-CRIL highway, to the west, until the northern limit of the A5 highway). In addition, the Alcântara river and the former eastern limits of the parish of São Francisco Xavier, until the Estrada de Queluz ( Road of Queluz ) reaches

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1440-520: The nobility and clergy, determined that the population around Lisbon was dispersed throughout the lowlands, which were suitable for agriculture. Consequently, Belém was connected to the neighbouring city by a bridge at Alcântara . Belém's proximity to the River Tagus also encouraged the development of commercial activities in the small village of Aldeia do Restelo , which attracted mariners and other seafarers seeking safe anchorage and protection from

1485-451: The official residence of King Carlos I . Between 1852 and 1885 Ajuda became integrated into the municipality of Belém, but was re-inserted by the end of the 19th century. Since the late part of the 20th century, the population has decreased, due to the exodus to the suburbs and periphery of the city. Santa Maria de Bel%C3%A9m Belém ( locally [bɨˈlɐ̃j] ) is a freguesia (civil parish) and district of Lisbon ,

1530-446: The parish following the destruction stemming from the 1755 earthquake and tsunami. Belém's main street and historical avenue is Rua de Belém , a strip of 160-year-old buildings that have survived several years of change and modernization. This includes the famous pastry shop Fábrica de Pasteis de Belém known for a specific Portuguese confectionery: pastel de Belém (pl.: pastéis de Belém ), an egg tart made with flaky pastry. In

1575-537: The parish of Ajuda, was institutionalised with its seat in the Jerónimos Monastery. Rapid industrialization began in this period and continued throughout the 19th century; an 1881 inquiry established that 25 factories produced goods in the Alcântara-Belém region, employing 1,215 men, 812 women and 432 minors. The growth attracted many new residents and subsidised housing was constructed to support

1620-486: The territory east of the Alcântra River, was established, thus deannexing it from Ajuda. The barrio of Belém was officially constituted with its own judicial and administrative authority, and included the ecclesiastical parish of Ajuda, part of Alcântra and Santa Isabel, as well as the parishes of Benfica, Belas, Barcarena and Carnaxide. Belém and Ajuda were the areas around Lisbon suffering the least destruction in

1665-404: The transept chapels. The same monarch ordered construction of "a tower of four storeys" (in the words of Damião de Góis ) on a basaltic outcropping of rocks in the Tagus near its north bank, using some of the stones being collected to build the Jerónimos Monastery . This was the foundation of the bastion of the Belém Tower ( Torre de Belém ). After completion of these two construction projects,

1710-506: The waterfront. This included the iconic Padrão dos Descobrimentos and the modern Centro Cultural de Belém which helped to promote tourist and cultural exploration of the north margin of the Tagus. Until 2012, the area of Belém had its own historic parish, named Santa Maria de Belém . In 2012, the Administrative Reform of Lisbon resulted in the merging of the latter and the parish of São Francisco Xavier , thus creating

1755-572: The winds when they entered the river. In the 14th century, Moors settled on and cultivated the surrounding lands, providing the city with produce; other Moors, both free and enslaved, worked in the fishing industry. Meanwhile, settlement in Restelo grew slowly towards Lisbon. It was "to give religious and spiritual support" to the villagers that Henry the Navigator , as governor in the military-religious Order of Christ , initiated construction near

1800-553: Was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic . Existing to various extents between 1139 and 1910, it was also known as the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves after 1415, and as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves between 1815 and 1822. The name is also often applied to the Portuguese Empire , the realm's overseas colonies. The nucleus of

1845-425: Was an absolute monarchy before 1822. It alternated between absolute and semi-constitutional monarchy from 1822 until 1834, when it would remain a semi-constitutional monarchy until its fall. The Kingdom of Portugal finds its origins in the County of Portugal (1096–1139). The Portuguese County was a semi-autonomous county of the Kingdom of León . Independence from León took place in three stages: Once Portugal

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1890-477: Was created, consisting of a vast territory with clerics installed in the Monastery of Belém. The Belém district became increasingly popular after King John V acquired estates and properties in the area to develop defenses for Lisbon. Carvalho da Costa noted in his Corografia Portuguesa that "...immediately in front of Junqueira  [ pt ] is the locality of Belém, so healthy and appreciable that

1935-406: Was eventually replaced by a church, and the number of pilgrims grew to include members of the upper class and high nobility, who attended religious services. Queen Catherine of Austria , the consort of King John III of Portugal , eventually visited and prayed at the church, influencing members of the nobility to build residences in the area. Ajuda became an ecclesiastical parish in 1551. During

1980-531: Was independent, D. Afonso I's descendants, members of the Portuguese House of Burgundy , would rule Portugal until 1383. Even after the change in royal houses, all the monarchs of Portugal were descended from Afonso I, one way or another, through both legitimate and illegitimate links. With the start of the 20th century, Republicanism grew in numbers and support in Lisbon among progressive politicians and

2025-506: Was started on the orders of Manuel I (1469–1521) at the courts of Montemor-o-Velho in 1495, as a final resting-place for members of the House of Aviz , in his belief that an Iberian dynastic kingdom would rule after his death. In 1496, King Manuel petitioned the Holy See for permission to construct a monastery at the entrance of the Tagus. It was after the arrival of Vasco da Gama a year later with samples of gold he had discovered that

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