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26-464: The museum was founded in 1818 and has one of the largest collections of plaster casts of ancient Greek and Roman sculptures in the world. At this time collections of plaster casts were mainly used in the instruction of students at art academies. They were first used in the instruction of university students in 1763 by Christian Gottlob Heyne at University of Göttingen . The Akademisches Kunstmuseum in Bonn

52-492: A hundred academic dissertations, of which the most valuable are those relating to the colonies of Greece and the antiquities of Etruscan art and history. His Antiquarische Aufsätze (1778–1779) is a valuable collection of essays connected with the history of ancient art. His contributions to the Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen are said to have been between 7,000 and 8,000 in number. For further details on Heyne's life, see

78-651: A valuable codex of the Dresden Library. In the summer of 1761, still without any fixed income, he married, and became land-steward to the Baron von Löben in Lusatia. At the end of 1762, however, he was able to return to Dresden, where he was commissioned by P. D. Lippert to prepare the Latin text of the third volume of his Dactyliotheca (art account of a collection of gems). On the death of Johann Matthias Gesner at

104-536: Is already married (and pregnant by Chaereas). As a result, Dionysius believes Callirhoe's son to be his own. Despite the liberties Chariton took with historical fact, he clearly aimed to place his story in a period well before his own lifetime. Tomas Hägg has argued that this choice of setting makes the work an important forerunner of the modern historical novel . The discovery of five separate fragments of Chariton's novel at Oxyrhynchus and Karanis in Egypt attest to

130-494: Is frequently compared to Aphrodite and Ariadne and Chaereas to numerous heroes, both implicitly and explicitly. As the fiction takes place in the past, and historical figures interact with the plot, Callirhoe may be understood as the first historical novel ; it was later imitated by Xenophon of Ephesus and Heliodorus of Emesa , among others. Nothing is securely known of Chariton beyond what he states in his novel, which introduces him as "Chariton of Aphrodisias, secretary of

156-474: Is unfaithful, he kicks her so hard that she falls over as if dead. There is a funeral, and she is shut up in a tomb, but then it turns out she was only in a coma, and wakes up in time to scare the pirates who have opened the tomb to rob it; they recover quickly and take her to sell as a slave in Miletus , where her new master, Dionysius, falls in love with her and marries her, she being afraid to mention that she

182-535: The rhetor Athenagoras". The name "Chariton", which means "man of graces", has been considered a pseudonym chosen to suit the romantic content of his writing, but both "Chariton" and "Athenagoras" occur as names on inscriptions from Aphrodisias . The latest possible date at which Chariton could have written is attested in papyri that contain fragments of his work, which can be dated paleographically to about AD 200. A variety of dating suggestions have been generated by analyzing Chariton's words. A date as late as

208-660: The Seven Years' War broke out and the library was destroyed, and Heyne was once more in a state of destitution. In 1757 he was offered a tutorship in the household of Frau von Schönberg , where he met his future wife. In January 1758 Heyne accompanied his pupil to the University of Wittenberg , but the Prussian invasion drove him out in 1760. The bombardment of Dresden, on 18 July 1760, destroyed all his possessions, including an almost finished edition of Lucian , based on

234-462: The University of Göttingen in 1761, the vacant chair was refused first by Ernesti and then by Ruhnken , who persuaded Münchhausen, the Hanoverian minister and principal curator of the university to bestow it on Heyne (1763). His emoluments were gradually augmented, and his growing celebrity brought him most advantageous offers from other German governments, which he persistently refused. Heyne

260-478: The University of Leipzig , where he was often short of the necessaries of life. He was helped by the classicist Johann Friedrich Christ  [ de ] , who encouraged him and loaned him Greek and Latin texts. He obtained a position as tutor in the family of a French merchant in Leipzig , which enabled him to continue his studies. In 1752 law professor Johann August Bach awarded Heyne a master's degree, but he

286-845: The Royal Society in April 1789. He died in Göttingen . In 1761, Heyne married his first wife Therese, the daughter of lutenist Silvius Leopold Weiss . They had four surviving children, including Benjamin Heyne , botanist, naturalist, and surgeon who worked in British India as a Botanist to Samalkot in the Madras Presidency under the British East India Company, and Therese Huber , who became one of

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312-488: The biography by Heeren (1813) which forms the basis of the essay by Thomas Carlyle ( Misc. Essays , ii.); Hermann Sauppe , Göttinger Professoren (1872); Conrad Bursian in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie xii.; JE Sandys , Hist. Class. Schol iii. 36–44; and Friedrich Klingner , Christian Gottlob Heyne (Leipzig: Poeschel & Trepte, 1937, 25 pages). Heyne was elected a Fellow of

338-410: The earliest extant European novel. Chariton's novel exists in only one (somewhat unreliable) manuscript, from the 13th century. It was not published until the 18th century, and remained dismissed until the twentieth. It nevertheless gives insight into the development of ancient prose fiction. The story is set against a historical background of c. 400 BC. In Syracuse , Chaereas falls madly in love with

364-633: The exception of Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl held a professorship of archaeology at the university. 50°43′54.00″N 7°06′22″E  /  50.7316667°N 7.10611°E  / 50.7316667; 7.10611 This article about a museum in Germany is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a North Rhine-Westphalian building or structure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Christian Gottlob Heyne Christian Gottlob Heyne ( German: [ˈhaɪnə] ; 25 September 1729 – 14 July 1812)

390-584: The famous organic chemist Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz , was the director. In 1872 the museum moved to a new building that was formerly used by the department of anatomy. The building was constructed from 1823 to 1830 and designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel and Hermann Friedrich Waesemann . Other directors of the museum were Georg Loeschcke (from 1889 to 1912), Franz Winter (from 1912 to 1929), Richard Delbrueck (from 1929 to 1940), Ernst Langlotz (from 1944 to 1966), Nikolaus Himmelmann (from 1969 to 1994) and Harald Mielsch (since 1994). All directors, with

416-471: The first well-known journalists in Germany as editor of the Morgenblatt für gebildete Stände . After the 1775 death of his first wife, Heyne married Georgine Brandes in 1777. The couple had six children. Chariton Chariton of Aphrodisias ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Χαρίτων ὁ Ἀφροδισιεύς ) was the author of an ancient Greek novel probably titled Callirhoe (based on the subscription in

442-525: The sixth century AD was suggested in the 19th century, before the discovery of the papyri, based on stylistic considerations, while A. D. Papanikolaou argued for the second half of the first century BC in 1979. One study of Chariton's vocabulary favours a date in the late 1st century or early 2nd century AD. Edmund Cueva has argued that Chariton also depended on Plutarch 's vita of Theseus for thematic material, or perhaps directly on one of Plutarch's sources, an obscure mythographer, Paion of Amathus . If

468-537: The sole surviving manuscript). However, it is regularly referred to as Chaereas and Callirhoe (which more closely aligns with the title given at the head of the manuscript). Evidence of fragments of the text on papyri suggests that the novel may have been written in the mid-1st century AD, making it the oldest surviving complete ancient prose romance and the only one to make use of apparent historiographical features for background verisimilitude and structure, in conjunction with elements of Greek mythology , as Callirhoe

494-538: The source is Plutarch, then a date after the first quarter of the 2nd century is indicated. There is a dismissive reference, however, to a work called Callirhoe in the Satires of Persius , who died in AD 62; if this is Chariton's novel, then a relatively early date would be indicated. Regardless, Chariton probably wrote before the other Greek novelists whose works survive, making either his work or Petronius ' Satyricon

520-618: The study of grammar and language only as the means to an end, not as the chief object of philology. But, although not a critical scholar, he was the first to attempt a scientific treatment of Greek mythology , and he gave an undoubted impulse to philological studies. Of Heyne's numerous writings, the following may be mentioned: editions, with copious commentaries , of Tibullus (ed. SC Wunderlich, 1817), Virgil (ed. GP Wagner, 1830–1841), Pindar (3rd ed. by GH Schafer, 1817), Apollodorus, Bibliotheca Graeca (1803), Homer, Iliad (1802); and Opuscula academica (1785–1812), containing more than

546-513: The supernaturally beautiful Callirhoe. She is the daughter of Hermocrates, a hero of the Peloponnesian War and the most important political figure of Syracuse, thus setting the narrative in time and social milieu. Her beauty ( kallos ) overawes crowds, like an earthly counterpart of Aphrodite's, as noted by Douglas Edwards. They are married, but when her many disappointed suitors successfully conspire to trick Chaereas into thinking she

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572-465: Was Heyne able to obtain the post of under-clerk in the count's library, with a salary of less than twenty pounds sterling. Heyne increased this pittance by translation: in addition to some French novels, he rendered into German The Loves of Chaereas and Callirrhoe of Chariton , the Greek romance writer. He published his first edition of Tibullus in 1755, and in 1756 his Epictetus . In the latter year

598-524: Was a German classical scholar and archaeologist as well as long-time director of the Göttingen State and University Library . He was a member of the Göttingen school of history . Heyne was born in Chemnitz , Saxony . His father was a poor weaver who had left Silesia and moved to Saxony to maintain his Protestant faith; Christian's education was paid for by his godfather. In 1748 he entered

624-536: Was for many years in very straitened circumstances. An elegy written by Heyne in Latin on the death of a friend attracted the attention of Count von Brühl , the prime minister, who expressed a desire to see the author. Accordingly, in April 1752, Heyne journeyed to Dresden , believing that his fortune was made. He was well received and promised a secretaryship and a good salary, but nothing came of it. Another period of poverty followed, and only by persistent solicitation

650-442: Was simultaneously given the post of director of the university library, a position he held until his death in 1812. Under his directorship, the library, today known as the Göttingen State and University Library , grew in size and reputation to be one of the leading academic libraries of the world, due to Heyne's innovative cataloguing methods and aggressive international acquisitions policy. Unlike Gottfried Hermann , Heyne regarded

676-432: Was the first of its kind, as at this time collections at other universities were scattered around universities libraries. The first director was Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker , who also held a professorship of archaeology. His tenure was from 1819 until his retirement in 1854. He was succeeded by Otto Jahn and Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl , who shared the directorship. From 1870 to 1889 Reinhard Kekulé von Stradonitz , nephew of

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