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33-648: Akamon-ue Kofun ( 赤門上古墳 ) is a keyhole-shaped kofun burial mound located in the Uchino district of Hamana-ku , Hamamatsu , Shizuoka Prefecture Japan . It is protected by the prefectural government as a national historic site. Located on the eastern edge of the Mikatahara plains and near the Tenryū River , the Akamonue Kofun is only one of several kofun in the same district. It takes its name from

66-681: A circular-type kofun  [ ja ] . Famous examples include Hokenoyama Kofun in the Makimuku ruins , dated to around 250 AD, and Nyotaizan Kofun . Octagonal Kofun  [ ja ] ( 八角墳 , hakkaku-fun ) are a very rare kind of kofun characteristic of Emperors. Many Japanese Emperors were buried in them including Empress Kōgyoku in Kengoshizuka Kofun , Emperor Tenji in his Mausoleum , and Emperor Jomei in Dannozuka Kofun From

99-419: A circular one. They tend to be smaller than Zenpokoenfun . Yanaida Nunōyama Kofun is one of the largest of the type . There is a specific style exemplified by Yadani Kofun and Jinyama Tumulus Cluster and Rokuji Kozuka Kofun and Tomisaki Kofungun of Ōzuka-Senbōyama Sites as yosumi-tosshutsugata ( 四隅突出形 ) , which is square or rectangular, with protrusions on each of its four corners; however, it

132-610: A kind of kofun dug as artificial caves in Ancient Japan . This list includes the "Mozu-Furuichi Kofun Group: Mounded Tombs of Ancient Japan," which was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 6 July 2019. Emperor Nintoku While his existence is generally accepted as fact, no firm dates can be assigned to Nintoku's life or reign. He is traditionally considered to have reigned from 313 to 399, although these dates are doubted by scholars. The Japanese have traditionally accepted Nintoku's historical existence, and

165-417: A mausoleum ( misasagi ) for Nintoku is currently maintained. The following information available is taken from the pseudo-historical Kojiki and Nihon Shoki , which are collectively known as Kiki ( 記紀 ) or Japanese chronicles . These chronicles include legends and myths, as well as potential historical facts that have since been exaggerated and/or distorted over time. The Kiki states that Nintoku

198-561: A mound 35 meters high, is twice as long as the base of the famous Great Pyramid of Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops) in Giza. The Imperial tomb of Nintoku's consort, Iwa-no hime no Mikoto , is said to be located in Saki-cho, Nara City . Both kofun -type Imperial tombs are characterized by a keyhole-shaped island located within a wide, water-filled moat . Imperial tombs and mausolea are cultural properties ; but they are guarded and administered by

231-426: A round mound and lacks the square segment. {{Ill| Square kofun (方墳, hōfun) are a kind of kofun that possesses only a square mound and lacks the round segment. They are typically relatively smaller than the other shapes of mounded tombs. Scallop Kofun  [ ja ] is a kind of kofun defined by a circular body with a small part extending. This can make it an interrmediate between a Keyhole-shaped kofun and

264-544: Is Daisen Kofun in Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture . The funeral chamber was located beneath the round part and comprised a group of megaliths. In 1972, the unlooted Takamatsuzuka Tomb was found in Asuka , and some details of the discovery were revealed. Inside the tightly assembled rocks, white lime plasters were pasted, and colored pictures depict the 'Asuka Beauties' of the court as well as constellations. A stone coffin

297-472: Is considered to be his final resting place. The actual site of Nintoku's grave is not known. The Nintoku-ryo tumulus is one of almost 50 tumuli collectively known as "Mozu Kofungun" clustered around the city, and covers the largest area of any tomb in the world. Built in the middle of the 5th century by an estimated 2,000 men working daily for almost 16 years, the Nintoku tumulus, at 486 meters long and with

330-592: Is generally assumed to be evidence of the Yamato court's expansion in this age. However, some argue that it simply shows the spread of culture based on progress in distribution, and has little to do with a political breakthrough. A few tombs from the mid-Baekje era were excavated around the Yeongsan River basin in South Korea. The design of these tombs are notably different. The tombs that were discovered on

363-659: Is most prevalent in western Japan in areas influenced by the Izumo culture . Joenkahofun  [ ja ] ( 上円下方墳 ) is a rare kind of kofun with a round dome top and a square bottom. They are associated with the Asuka Period . Musashi Fuchū Kumano Jinja Kofun in Fuchū in Tokyo and Miyazuka Kofun are two notable examples. Corridor-type kofun  [ ja ] ( 横穴式石室 , yokoana-shiki sekishitsu ) are

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396-602: Is not specified. For example, in the Mozu kofun group, in Sakai, several of the circular parts are facing north, while other face east. However, there is no such formation in the Yanagimoto kofun group. Haniwa , terracotta figures, were arrayed above and in the surroundings to delimit and protect the sacred areas. Kofun range from several metres to over 400 m long. The largest, which has been attributed to Emperor Nintoku ,

429-696: Is one of a number in Asuka-Fujiwara residing on the Tentative List . The kofun tumuli have assumed various shapes throughout history. The most common type of kofun is known as a zenpō-kōen-fun ( 前方後円墳 ) , which is shaped like a keyhole, having one square end and one circular end, when viewed from above. There are also circular-type ( empun  [ ja ] ( 円墳 ) ), "two conjoined rectangles" typed ( zenpō-kōhō-fun  [ ja ] ( 前方後方墳 ) ), and square-type ( hōfun  [ ja ] ( 方墳 ) ) kofun. Orientation of kofun

462-406: Is unique in that it is not a true rectangle, but has a narrow waist, similar to a "two conjoined rectangles" type ( zenpō-kōhō-fun  [ ja ] ( 前方後方墳 ) ). The slope of the mound is covered with fukiishi -like stones, with a row of larger stones marking its edge, and is surrounded by a two-meter wide moat. The yosumi-tosshutsugata style is unique to the late middle Yayoi period and

495-702: The Imperial Household Agency ( IHA ), which is the government department responsible for all matters relating to the Emperor and his family. According to the IHA, the tombs are more than a mere repository for historical artifacts ; they are sacred religious sites. IHA construes each of the Imperial grave sites as sanctuaries for the spirits of the ancestors of the Imperial House. Nintoku

528-463: The Kiki , the reign of Emperor Kinmei ( c.  509  – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography has been able to assign verifiable dates. The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu between 737 and 806 AD. Hidehiro Okada identifies him with Dei of Wa , a king who preceded

561-517: The kofun had been plundered at some unknown time in the past, and that a portion had been used as an air raid shelter in World War II . The total length of the kofun is 56.3 meters. The round portion has a circumference of 36.2 meters and a height of 4.9 meters. The rectangular portion had a length of 14.7 meters and height of 1.15 meters. Within the burial chamber, a 5.58 meter long hinoki sarcophagus containing numerous funerary objects

594-473: The Korean peninsula were built between the 5th and 6th centuries CE. There remain questions about who were buried in these tombs such as nobility, aristocracy, warriors or mercenaries. Keyhole-shaped kofun disappeared in the late 6th century AD, probably due to the drastic reformation in the Yamato court. Nihon Shoki records the introduction of Buddhism during this era, which led to cremation becoming

627-579: The Nara Basin. Hashihaka Kofun , which was built in the middle of the 3rd century AD, is 280 metres long and 30 metres high. Its scale is obviously different from previous Yayoi tombs. During the next three decades, about 10 kofun were built in the area. They are now known as the Makimuku Kofun Group . A wooden coffin was placed on the bottom of a shaft, and the surrounding walls were built up by flat stones. Finally, megalithic stones formed

660-1058: The better known Five kings of Wa . According to the Nihon Shoki , he was the fourth son of Emperor Ōjin and his mother was Nakatsuhime no Mikoto (仲姫命), a great-granddaughter of Emperor Keikō . He was also the father of Emperors Richū , Hanzei , and Ingyō . His name was Ohosazaki no Mikoto ( 大鷦鷯尊 ) . Empress ( Kōgō ): Princess Iwa ( 磐之媛命 ) , poet and daughter of Katsuragi no Sotsuhiko ( 葛城襲津彦 ) (first) Empress ( Kōgō ): Princess Yata ( 八田皇女 ) , Emperor Ōjin 's daughter (second) Consort ( Hi ) : Himuka no Kaminaga-hime ( 日向髪長媛 ) , Morokata no Kimi Ushimoroi's daughter Consort: Uji no Wakiiratsume ( 宇遅之若郎女 ) , daughter of Emperor Ōjin Consort: Kuro-hime ( 黒日売 ) , daughter of Kibi no Amabe no Atai ( 吉備海部直 ) Daisen Kofun (the largest tomb in Japan) in Sakai, Osaka ,

693-410: The end of the 6th century to the beginning of the 7th, the tumuli of the monarchs changed from square hōfun tumuli  [ ja ] to octagonal hakkaku-fun  [ ja ] tumuli. zenpō-kōhō-fun  [ ja ] ( 前方後方墳 , two conjoined rectangles kofun) is a kind of kofun shaped somewhat like the more keyhole shaped Zenpokoenfun , but they have a square body rather than

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726-540: The middle of the 3rd century to the early 7th century AD. The term is the origin of the name of the Kofun period , which indicates the middle 3rd century to early–middle 6th century. Many kofun have distinctive keyhole-shaped mounds ( zempō-kōen fun ( 前方後円墳 ) ). The Mozu - Furuichi kofungun or tumulus clusters were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2019, while Ishibutai Kofun

759-570: The most of all prefectures (16,577 sites), and Chiba Prefecture has the second most (13,112 sites). Most of the tombs of chiefs in the Yayoi period were square-shaped mounds surrounded by ditches. The most notable example in the late Yayoi period is Tatetsuki Mound Tomb in Kurashiki, Okayama . The mound is about 45 metres wide and 5 metres high and has a shaft chamber. Broken pieces of Tokushu-kidai , cylindrical earthenware, were excavated around

792-561: The mound. Another prevalent type of Yayoi period tomb is the Yosumi tosshutsugata funkyūbo , a square mound with protruding corners. These tombs were built in the San'in region , a coastal area off the Sea of Japan. Unearthed articles indicate the existence of alliances between native tribes in the region. One of the first keyhole-shaped kofun was built in the Makimuku area, the southeastern part of

825-413: The primary funerary means of the nobility. Keyhole Kofun, or Zenpokoenfun , are a notable type of Japanese ancient tomb consisting of a square front part ( 前方部 ) and a circular back part ( 後円部 ). The part connecting the two is called the middle part ( くびれ部 ), which looks like a keyhole when viewed from above. Round Kofun  [ ja ] (円墳, enpun ) are a kind of kofun that possesses only

858-621: The red gate of a nearby Buddhist temple, which was built at a much later date. The name or rank of the person buried in the tomb, which dates from the latter half of the 4th century is unknown. The kofun was excavated in the summer of 1961 by a team of students from the Shizuoka Prefectural Hamana High School under the direction of the Hamamatsu City Cultural Affairs Department. The team soon found evidence that

891-561: The roof. Bronze mirrors , iron swords, magatama , clay vessels and other artifacts were found in good condition in undisturbed tombs. Some scholars assume that the person buried in the Hashihaka kofun was the shadowy ancient Queen Himiko of Yamataikoku , mentioned in Chinese historical texts. According to these texts, Japan was called Wa , and was a confederation of numerous small tribes or countries. The construction of gigantic kofun

924-547: The time in which legends about the origins of the imperial dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as the Kojiki . Although the Nihon Shoki states that Nintoku ruled from 313 to 399, research suggests those dates are likely inaccurate. William George Aston notes that if they were factual, Nintoku would be 312 years old in his 78th year of reign assuming that the traditional accounts are correct. Outside of

957-476: Was born to Nakatsuhime no Mikoto (仲姫命) sometime in 290 AD, and was given the name Ohosazaki no Mikoto ( 大鷦鷯尊 ) . According to the Nihon Shoki , he was the fourth son of Emperor Ōjin . Nintoku is regarded by historians as a ruler during the early 5th century whose existence is generally accepted as fact without attributing all of the things he allegedly accomplished. Nintoku's contemporary title would not have been tennō , as most historians believe this title

990-547: Was discovered. Artifacts included bits of armor and weapons, and most notably, an ancient bronze mirror. 34°47′17″N 137°45′10″E  /  34.78806°N 137.75278°E  / 34.78806; 137.75278 Kofun Kofun ( 古墳 , from Sino-Japanese "ancient burial mound") are megalithic tombs or tumuli in Northeast Asia . Kofun were mainly constructed in the Japanese archipelago between

1023-428: Was not introduced until the reigns of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jitō . Rather, it was presumably Sumeramikoto or Amenoshita Shiroshimesu Ōkimi ( 治天下大王 ) , meaning "the great king who rules all under heaven". Alternatively, Nintoku might have been referred to as ヤマト大王/大君 or the "Great King of Yamato". The name "Nintoku" also might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to him, possibly during

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1056-494: Was placed in the chamber, and accessories, swords, and bronze mirrors were laid both inside and outside the coffin. The wall paintings have been designated national treasures and the grave goods as important cultural property , while the tumulus is a special historic site . Kofun burial mounds and their remains have been found all over Japan, including remote islands such as Nishinoshima . A total of 161,560 kofun tomb sites have been found as of 2001. Hyōgo Prefecture has

1089-609: Was the result of the relatively centralized governmental structure in the Nara Basin, possibly the origin of the Yamato polity and the Imperial lineage of Japan. During the 5th century AD, the construction of keyhole kofun began in Yamato Province ; continued in Kawachi, where gigantic kofun, such as Daisen Kofun of the Emperor Nintoku , were built; and then throughout the country. The proliferation of keyhole kofun

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