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49-549: Baitursynuly reformed the Kazakh alphabet . In 1912, he excluded all the purely Arabic letters not used in the Kazakh language and added letters specific to the Kazakh language. Baitursynuly's orthographic reform resulted in a script that functions like a true phonetic alphabet, with one letter for every sound in the Kazakh language, compared to the basic Arabic abjad . The new alphabet, named Tote jazu (meaning straight writing ),

98-609: A Cyrillic alphabet for transcribing Kazakh. Russian missionary activity, as well as Russian-sponsored schools, further encouraged the use of Cyrillic between the 19th and early 20th centuries. The alphabet was reworked by Sarsen Amanzholov and was accepted in its current form in 1940. It contains 42 letters: 33 from the Russian alphabet with 9 additional letters for sounds not found in Russian: ⟨ә, ғ, қ, ң, ө, ұ , ү, һ, і⟩. Initially, Kazakh letters came after Cyrillic letters shared by

147-646: A Latin alphabet, the Yañalif , was introduced by the Soviets and used from 1929 to 1940 when it was replaced with Cyrillic. Moreover, a Latin alphabet based on Pinyin was used for Kazakhs in China during from 1964 to 1984. Later, the use of the Kazakh Arabic alphabet was restored in China. As part of a modernization program, the presidential decree No. 569 signed by President Nursultan Nazarbayev ordered

196-706: A distinct alphabet . The Arabic script is used in Iran , Afghanistan , and China , while the Cyrillic script is used in Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Russia , and Mongolia . In October 2017, a Presidential Decree in Kazakhstan ordered a transition from the Cyrillic to Latin script to be completed by 2031. During the Soviet era, Kazakh switched from a Latin alphabet to a Cyrillic one was likely in an attempt to distance

245-559: A new Turkic identity between nations. However, this plan didn't work out. Kazakh politician Mustafa Shokay commented the first congresses of Alash: "Congress became a symbolic scene to show our unity, by common goal to unite great Turkic peoples". The party was founded by the former Constitutional Democratic Party members, thus making the party one of the successors of the Constitutional Democrats. After February Revolution , Russia has weakened, and Kazakh elite used

294-461: A number of cities in Kazakhstan, including Aktobe , Kostanay and Karkaralinsk. When Ahmet was 13 years old, the police officers led by Colonel Yakovlev came to the village and staged a pogrom. Ahmet's father, Baitursyn Shoshak-uly, and three of Ahmet's brothers beat up Colonel Yakovlev. As a punishment, they were sent by Russian authorities to Siberia for 15 years. Ahmet obtained literacy in Kazakh , Persian , Ottoman Turkish , and Arabic from

343-688: A regional newspaper. Ahmet taught at the village schools in the Aktyubinsk, Kostanay and Karkaraly regions. While working as a teacher in a Russian-Kazakh school in the Kostanay region, Ahmet lived in a house near a Russian forester, whose daughter, Alexandra Ivanovna, fell in love and married him. Their marriage was committed in a Muslim mosque in the village of Auliyekol. Ivanovna converted to Islam, and changed her name to Badrisafa Muhammetsadikova Baitursynova. They lived in Kostanay , where he worked as

392-670: A teacher in a Russian-Kazakh school. The following year, Ahmet and his wife moved to Omsk, then to Karkaralinsk, where they stayed until 1909. In 1905, he collaborated with other Kazakhs to form the Kazakh wing of the Constitutional Democrat Party. Baitursynuly was one of the authors of the Karkaraly Petition, which advocated to stop the expropriation of land from the Kazakhs, suspend the flow of immigrants, and to establish popular zemstvos. In 1907, he

441-618: A true alphabet, as each sound has its own letter and every sound in each word is spelt out in the written form of the language. The reform of the Arabic script from an abjad to an alphabet was carried out by the early 20th-century linguist Akhmet Baitursynov . Kazakhs living in China , Pakistan , Afghanistan , Iran and other countries of the Middle East mainly use the Arabic script . In

490-445: Is "The letter of five" written on 4 July 1932, by Gabit Musirepov , Mansur Gataulin, Embergen Altynbekov, Mutash Dauletkaliev and Kadir Kuanyshev. Second is "The letter to J. V. Stalin", a letter written by Turar Ryskulov to Joseph Stalin . In the 1930s, most of elite was caught and sent to Gulags for alleged support of nationalistic ideas. Intolerable prison conditions and constant stress in prison made detained age faster, which

539-637: Is a modification of the standard Russian keyboard, with characters found in Kazakh but not in Russian located on the number keys. Prior to official Latin-alphabet developments in Kazakhstan, the Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet was romanized for accessibility to readers familiar with the Latin alphabet using the following systems: Since the introduction of the official Kazakh Latin alphabet, romanized place names have been gradually shifting to being rendered in

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588-423: Is also part of the curriculum for high school education system of Kazakhstan. Another of Baitursynuly's significant accomplishments was his adaptation of Arabic script for the Kazakh alphabet . In 2021, UNESCO included Akhmet Baitursynuly on the list of UNESCO anniversaries for 2022–2023 in honor of the 150th anniversary of his birth. In November 2022, a monument to Akhmet Baitursynuly was unveiled. The ceremony

637-459: Is also used in Iran and Afghanistan, based on the alphabet used for Kazakh before 1929. The Kazakh Arabic alphabet contains 29 letters and one digit, the 'upper hamza' used at the beginnings of words to create front vowels throughout the word. The direction the alphabet is written in is right to left. Unlike the original Arabic script, which is an abjad , the Kazakh Arabic script functions more like

686-482: Is often pronounced / h /, a non-native phoneme. In rapid conversation, ⟨қ⟩ can be pronounced like ⟨х⟩ intervocalically or when preceding stop consonants. The letter ⟨щ⟩ represents a long ⟨ш⟩ in three native words: ащы [ɑʃːə́] 'bitter', тұщы [tʰʊ̆ʃːʊ́] 'saltless', and кеще [cʰĕɕːé] 'stupid'), as well as in Russian loanwords. The letter ⟨и⟩ represents the diphthongs /əj/ ⟨ый⟩ in back-vowel words and /ɘj/ ⟨ій⟩ in front-vowel words. Similarly, ⟨у⟩ represents

735-608: Is still used by Kazakhs living in China, Afghanistan, and in Iran. Baitursynuly also developed the basics of Kazakh and the scientific terminology for the definition of Kazakh grammar. In 1937, he was executed by a firing squad during the Great Purge . Ahmet Baitursynuly was born to a Muslim Kazakh family in what is today Kostanay Region , Kazakhstan and was educated at the Orenburg Teachers' School. After graduating in 1895, Baitursynuly held teaching positions in

784-551: Is the correspondence chart of the official writing scripts: Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Alash (party) Alash ( Kazakh : Алаш партиясы , Alaş partiası ; Kyrgyz : Алаш партиясы , romanized :  Alash partiyasy ) was a political party and liberation movement in the Russian Republic and Soviet Russia , and the ruling party of Alash Autonomy on

833-866: Is used in Kazakhstan, the Altai Republic in Russia, and the Bayan-Ölgiy Province in Mongolia. It is also used by Kazakh populations in Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, as well as diasporas in other countries of the former USSR. It was introduced during the Russian Empire period in the 1800s, and then adapted by the Soviet Union in 1940. In the 19th century, Kazakh educator Ibrahim Altynsarin first introduced

882-531: Is viewed as somewhat tragic figure, signifying the extent of the numbers of authors, poets and thinkers who have perished due to the Soviet repressions . The Baitursynov Home Museum in honor of Baitursynuly was established in one of his former residences in Alma-Ata, and a number of streets were renamed in his memory across Kazakhstan. A statue of him is also to be found in the town of Kostanay. Baitursynuly's work

931-885: The Bolsheviks defeated White Army that was occupying territory of the Alash Autonomy, and formed the Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic . The word "Alash" means tribesman or relative in Turkic languages , but according to some sources, Alash may be used as a synonym to "Kazakh". Qadyrgali Jalaiyr - Kazakh chronicler and politician, often used Alash as the word to replace Kazakh. The party had plans to unite all Turkic peoples of Central Asia and create an independent state. For that they didn't want Kazakhs to be titular nation, so they decided to choose word Alash, creating

980-624: The Bolsheviks defeated White Army that was occupying territory of the Alash Autonomy, and formed the Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic . However, Kazakh elite decided to continue working to improve Kazakhstan. Some of former Alash members joined Communist Party of the Soviet Union . Former Alash members started translating textbooks for schools. During Asharshylyk , Kazakh elite showed big protest towards Soviet political system, criticizing propaganda and totally ignoration of famine. They wrote two letters to Soviet government. First

1029-588: The Russian Revolution of 1917 occurred, Baitursynuly returned to the steppes and began to work with the members of Alash Orda . With them, he sought for the Kazakhs to have an independent state. At the two Pan-Kyrgyz congresses in Orenburg, he participated in the creation of the Alash party and was one of the organizers and leaders of Alash Autonomy . At the end of that year, Baitursynuly was elected to

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1078-489: The "Kazakh language and culture have been devastated" during the period of Soviet rule, and that ending the use of Cyrillic is useful in re-asserting national identity. The new Latin alphabet is also a step to weaken the traditional Russian influence on the country, as the Russian language is the country's second official language. The initially proposed Latin alphabet tried to avoid digraphs such as ⟨sh⟩ and diacritics such as ⟨ş⟩. In fact, Nazarbayev had expressly stated that

1127-1010: The Constituent Assembly from the Turgai constituency. On 4 April 1919, he was granted amnesty by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. After that, Baitursynuly sided with the Soviet government and joined the Bolshevik Communist Party. From 1919, he served as a Member of the Committee of Deputies of the Constituent Assembly and as Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of the Kazakh Krai, as well as Commissioner of Enlightenment. In these capacities, he helped to reform education and to establish

1176-468: The First State Duma, Alihan Bökeyhan , and Mirjaqıp Dulatul ı, a poet and a writer, founded a Kazakh newspaper named Qazaq in Orenburg where Baitursynuly served as the chief editor. The newspaper ran until the spring of 1918. During that time, he published "Qyryq Mysal" ("Forty Proverbs"). His other significant publication as well was a Kazakh translation of Ivan Krylov 's fables. During

1225-405: The Kazakh Arabic alphabet, 9 vowels are defined. The hamza has a unique role in Kazakh, a role not seen in other Arabic alphabets. The Kazakh Arabic alphabet makes use of U+0674 ٴ ARABIC LETTER HIGH HAMZA , and it can only ever come at the beginning of words. It never comes in the middle or end of words. The hamza does not represent any sound in Kazakh; instead, it indicates that

1274-579: The Latin alphabet with a focus on preserving the original sounds and pronunciation of the Kazakh language. This revision, presented to the public in November 2019 by academics from the Baitursynov Institute of Linguistics, and specialists belonging to the official working group on script transition, uses umlauts , breves and cedillas instead of digraphs and acute accents, and introduces spelling changes in order to reflect more accurately

1323-479: The Minister of Culture and Sports Arystanbek Muhamediuly announced that a transition plan was underway, with specialists working on the orthography to accommodate the phonological aspects of the language. On 12 April 2017, Nazarbayev published an article in state newspaper Egemen Qazaqstan announcing a switchover to the Latin alphabet by 2025, a decision implemented by decree. Nazarbayev later lamented that

1372-513: The Red Cross Commission, Baitursynuly was released. He reunited with his family who already had three adopted children in Alma-Ata. In October 1937, Baitursynuly was arrested again for the last time for hiding "bourgeois nationalist sentiments". Two months later, on 8 December 1937, he was executed. This resulted in an outcry, which was quickly and bloodily silenced. To this day, Baitursynuly is held in great regard in Kazakhstan, but

1421-483: The Russian alphabet, but now they are placed after Cyrillic letters based on similar sound or shape. The letters ⟨в, ё, ф, ц, ч, ъ, ь, э⟩ are not used in native Kazakh words; of these, ⟨ё, ц, ч, ъ, ь, э⟩ are used solely in Russian loanwords. Due to Russian influence on Kazakh phonology, ⟨е⟩ palatalizes the preceding consonant and is pronounced as /je/ . The letter ⟨һ⟩ is usually found in Perso-Arabic loanwords and

1470-411: The eleventh century and was traditionally used to write Kazakh until the introduction of a Latin alphabet in 1929. In 1924, Kazakh intellectual Akhmet Baitursynov attempted to reform the Arabic script to better suit Kazakh. The letters ۆ ‎, گ ‎, ڭ ‎, پ ‎ and چ ‎ are used to represent sounds not found in the Arabic language. A modified Arabic script

1519-634: The first university in KazakSSR. In June 1929, he was reminded of political activity and arrested by the NKVD, and sent to prison in Kyzyl-Orda, as in tsarist times again with Mirjaqip Dulatuli , and then was sent to the Arkhangelsk region. His wife, Baitursynova and her adopted daughter Sholpan were sent to Tomsk. In 1934, at the request of Yekaterina Peshkova (wife of Maxim Gorky ), who worked on

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1568-564: The glide /w/ next to vowels to form diphthongs, and the tense vowel /u/ between consonants. However, unlike ⟨и⟩, ⟨у⟩ as the infinitive marker in Kazakh verbs can be pronounced /ʊw/ ⟨ұу⟩, /ʉw/ ⟨үу⟩, /əw/ ⟨ыу⟩, and /ɘw/ ⟨іу⟩, depending on the preceding vowels in the verb stem. Additionally, the pronunciation of ⟨и⟩ and ⟨у⟩ are retained in Russian loanwords, representing /ˈi/ and /ˈu/ in stressed positions and /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ in unstressed positions, respectively. The standard Windows keyboard layout used for Cyrillic Kazakh in Kazakhstan

1617-405: The hamza is not written. For example, the word түйіс [tʰʉjʉ́s] ' knot ' is written with the hamza, as ٴتۇيىس ; however, in its plural form түйістер [tʰʉjʉstɵ́r] ' knots ' , it is written as تۇيىستەر without the hamza. Another exception is when words that contain the uvular consonants /q/ ( ق ) and /ʁ/ ( ع ), the vowels are pronounced as back and are thus not written with

1666-685: The hamza. In contrast, their velar counterparts /g/ ( گ ) and /k/ ( ک ) can only be accompanied by front vowels, and they act as indicators that vowels are front; thus eliminating a need for the hamza. For example, the word түйір [tʰʉjʉ́r] ' granule ' is written as ٴتۇيىر , whereas a derivative such as түйіршік [tʰʉjʉrʃʉ́k] ' granular ' is written as تۇيىرشىك . Pursuant to these rules, suffixes are formed in pairs as well. For example, words with back vowels take suffixes -лық ( ‑لىق ) / -дық ( ‑دىق ) / -тық ( ‑تىق ), and words with front vowels , take suffixes -лік ( ‫‑لىك‬ ) / -дік ( ‫‑دىك‬ ) / -тік ( ‫‑تىك‬ ). Here

1715-512: The major dividing issues among the party intelligentsia and the Kazakh elites, through the Russian Civil War . Chairman of the party and president of the Alash Autonomy was Alikhan Bokeikhanov . Prior to the formation of Alash party, he and other notable members of the party were members of the liberal Constitutional Democratic Party , which they maintained some relations with. Alash party ceased to exist on 26 August 1920, after

1764-638: The moment to found a party. At all-Kazakh congress in Orenburg from 21 to 28 July 1917, party was organized and main questions were answered such as form of government of Russia, which they decided that Russia should become federal parliamentary republic . Alash Party was founded in December 1917, the information of founding of party was published on Qazaq journal. Alash won elections in most of regions of Kazakhstan, de facto founding an Alash Autonomy . Alash party ceased to exist on 26 August 1920, after

1813-522: The new alphabet should contain "no hooks or superfluous dots". Instead, this new alphabet would have used apostrophes to denote such letters where there was no direct Latin equivalent. It would have been similar to the Karakalpak and Uzbek alphabets . A revised version of the 2017 Latin alphabet was announced in February 2018. Presidential Decree 637 of 19 February 2018 amends the 2017 decree and

1862-574: The official Latin alphabet from being rendered in international romanization schemes. This practice can be seen in services like Google Maps . A number of Latin alphabets are in use to write the Kazakh language. A variant based on the Turkish alphabet is unofficially used by the Kazakh diaspora in Turkey and in Western countries, as well as in Kazakhstan. As with other Central Asian Turkic languages ,

1911-495: The phonology of Kazakh. This revision deviated only slightly from the Common Turkic Alphabet (CTA), introducing the letter ⟨ ŋ ⟩ in lieu of ⟨ ñ ⟩. As this version was awaiting approval, linguists had been in discussion as to which Latin letters were to be used in place of their corresponding Cyrillic letters ⟨ə, ғ, и, й, ң, ɵ, у, ұ, ү, ы, ч, ш, i⟩; a suggested alternative to the introduction of accented characters

1960-577: The public was well received. This current Latin script has similarities especially with Turkish , Azerbaijani and Turkmen alphabets . The transition is expected to be completed by 2031. The Arabic script is the official alphabet for Kazakhs in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. It was first introduced to the territory of Kazakhstan in

2009-481: The replacement of the Cyrillic script with a Latin script by 2025. In 2007, Nazarbayev said that the transformation of the Kazakh alphabet from Cyrillic to Latin should not be rushed, as he noted: "For 70 years, the Kazakhstanis read and wrote in Cyrillic. More than 100 nationalities live in our state. Thus we need stability and peace. We should be in no hurry in the issue of alphabet transformation". In 2015,

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2058-474: The territory of present-day Kazakhstan and Russia . They advocated for equal treatment between Kazakhs and Russians and the cessation of Russian settlement on the Kazakh lands. It was notably the first modern organized political Kazakh and Kyrgyz elite group. Alash party attempted to reinforce Kazakh identity rather than embracing Russian identities. Western secularism and ties to the Muslim world were

2107-519: The then-Soviet Kazakhstan from Turkey. This was likely in part due to weakening Turkish–Soviet relations and the Turkish Straits crisis . In effort to consolidate its national identity, Kazakhstan started a phased transition from the Cyrillic alphabet to the Latin alphabet in 2017. The Kazakh government drafted a seven-year process until the full implementation of the new alphabet, sub-divided into various phases. The Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet

2156-613: The use of apostrophes was discontinued and replaced with diacritics and digraphs. This new alphabet was noted for the use of acute accents . A few web applications and sites were launched to facilitate the switch to the Latin-based alphabet. One of them is a new web-based portal, Qazlatyn.kz, that uses the new Latin alphabet to report news and other information about Kazakhstan. In 2020, the President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev called for another revision of

2205-624: The village mullahs . In his teenage years, he was sent to the Turgai Russian-Kazakh School by his relatives to learn more Russian . After graduating from there, Ahmet moved to Orenburg to continue his education by attending a four-year teacher's school, founded by Kazakh intellectual Ibrahim Altynsarin . In Orenburg, Ahmet faced financial difficulties, but still graduated from school in 1895. The same year of his graduation, he published his first article, "Kirgizskie primety i poslovitsy" ("Kazakh Superstitions and Proverbs") in

2254-519: The vowels in the word will be the following front vowels : Dagger alif played a similar but inverse role in Tatar Yaña imlâ alphabet , marking that vowels in a word will be back vowels . There are exceptions in the Kazakh orthography, such as in front-vowel words without hamza. Words that contain the vowel /e/ (indicated as ە ), which itself is classified as a front vowel , automatically indicates that all other vowels are also front; ergo,

2303-520: Was attended by President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev , relatives of the scientist and representatives of the creative intelligentsia. On December 30, 2022, in honor of the 150th anniversary of the great scientist-turkologist, publicist, prominent statesman Akhmet Baitursynuly, a monument and a park were opened in Ankara . Kazakh alphabets#Arabic script The Kazakh language is written in three scripts – Cyrillic , Latin , and Arabic – each having

2352-665: Was first imprisoned for criticizing the Tsarist administration, and then in 1909 again for 8 months without a trial in the Semipalatinsk prison. His involvement in politics probably led to him being exiled from the Steppe regions. After being exiled, Baitursynuly moved to Orenburg . During his exile, he wrote articles for Ay Qap . In 1911, Baytursinuli published his first work of a distinctly political nature — Masa ("Mosquito"). In 1913, Baytursynuly, along with former deputy of

2401-587: Was to make greater use of digraphs, with ⟨ч⟩ being written as ⟨tş⟩, for example. In January 2021, a new revision of the Kazakh Latin alphabet was presented, introducing the letters ⟨ä, ö, ü, ğ, ū, ŋ, ş⟩ bringing it closer to the CTA. A subsequent revision on 22 April further narrowed this gap by replacing ⟨ŋ⟩ with ⟨ñ⟩, which is also used in the Crimean Tatar Latin alphabet . Its presentation to

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