Al-Abnāʾ ( Arabic : الأبناء , lit. ' the sons ' ) is a term that was used in South Arabia to refer to people whose lineage was paternally Iranian and maternally Arab . They represented a distinct community that had come into existence following the end of the Aksumite–Persian wars in the 6th century, when Iranian soldiers began intermarrying with Arab women in Sanaa and throughout Yemen . These couples' offspring and their descendants held an ethnic and cultural identity that was influenced by their mixed heritage from the Sasanian Empire and the Himyarite Kingdom , though they eventually assimilated into the society of the latter. Following the rise of Muhammad in the 7th century, most of the al-Abnāʾ community adopted Islam and took part in the early Muslim conquests , including the Muslim conquest of Iran .
69-526: According to a commentary by the 10th-century Arab historian Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani in the Kitab al-Aghani , these people were, up until this time, referred to as Banū al-Aḥrār ( بنو الأحرار , lit. ' sons of the free people ' ) in Sanaa and as al-Abnāʾ in the rest of Yemen . The names were defined as such due to a narration that told of a strong storm that hit ancient Yemen and revealed
138-481: A considerable number of the inhabitants of or visitors to that city, including: Jaḥẓa (d. 936), al-Khaffāf, Ali b. Sulaymān al-Akhfash (d. 927/8), and Muhammad b. Jarir al-Ṭabari (d. 922). Like other scholars of his time, al-Isfahani travelled in pursuit of knowledge. Although the details are insufficient to establish the dates of his journeys, based on the chains of transmission ( asānīd , sing. isnād ) al-Isfahani cites consistently and meticulously in every report, it
207-429: A critical eye, while striving to present a more balanced view on his biographies, by focusing on their merits instead of elaborating on their flaws. That said, al-Isfahani's personal preferences and sectarian partisanship are not absent from his works. In terms of music and songs, al-Isfahani favours Ishaq b. Ibrahim al-Mawsili (772–850). In al-Isfahani's view, Ishaq b. Ibrahim was a multi-talented man, who excelled in
276-460: A friend, al-Isfahani was unconventional in the sense that he did not seem to have been bothered to observe the social decorum of his time, as noted by a late biographical source: with his uncleanliness and gluttony, he presented a counterexample to elegance ( ẓarf ), as defined by one of his teachers, Abu al-Ṭayyib al-Washshāʾ (d. 937). His unconformity to the social norms did not hinder him from being part of al-Muhallabī's entourage or participation in
345-584: A genealogical work. The first printed edition, published in 1868, contained 20 volumes. In 1888 Rudolf Ernst Brünnow published a 21st volume being a collection of biographies not contained in the Bulāq edition, edited from manuscripts in the Royal Library of Munich . [REDACTED] This article was adapted from the following source under a CC BY 4.0 license ( 2020 ) ( reviewer reports ): I-Wen Su (2020). "Abū al-Faraj ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-Iṣfahānī,
414-432: A number of subjects, but, most importantly, music. Ishaq b. Ibrahim, as a collector of the reports about poets and singers, is an important source in his Aghānī . Besides being a mine of information, Ishaq b. Ibrahim's terminology for the description of the melodic modes is preferred over that of his opponent, Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi (779–839), and adopted by al-Isfahani in his Aghani . Furthermore, al-Isfahani embarked on
483-419: A poem by the caliph, al-Maʾmūn (r. 813–833), which was arranged as a song by Mutayyam. The first two have been reconstructed and published by al-ʿAtiyya, who collected and collateed the passages from later works that quote from al-Isfahani. The former, al-Qiyān , is a collection of the biographies of the enslaved singing girls. In it, al-Isfahani provided the basic information about the biographical subjects,
552-632: A stone inscription that stated: "Who rules Dhamar ? Himyar the Good. Who rules Dhamar? The evil Abyssinians . Who rules Dhamar? The free Persians ." A similar stone inscription of pre-Islamic Arabia was said to have been found underneath the Kaaba in Mecca . The known history of the al-Abnāʾ people covers their time between the Aksumite–Persian wars in the 6th century and the founding of Islam in
621-474: A strong connection with the city of Isfahan. Rather, the family was mainly based in Sāmarrāʾ, from the generation of Ahmad b. al-Ḥaytham, and then Baghdad. In the seats of the caliphate, a few members of the al-Isfahani family worked as scribes, while maintaining friendship or alliance with other scribes, viziers and notables. Like many of the court elite, al-Isfahani's family maintained an amicable relationship with
690-564: A truly scholarly character. Usually, in his treatment of a subject or an event, al-Isfahani lets his sources speak, but, occasionally, he voices his evaluation of poems and songs, as well as their creators. When dealing with conflicting reports, al-Isfahani either leaves his readers to decide or issues his judgement as to the most credible account. Yet, he frankly condemns sources whom he holds to be unreliable, for instance, Ibn Khurdādhbih on musicological information and Ibn al-Kalbī on genealogy. Indeed, al-Isfahani assesses his source material with
759-578: A writer is well illustrated by Abu Deeb, who depicts al-Isfahani as "one of the finest writers of Arabic prose in his time, with a remarkable ability to relate widely different types of aḵbār in a rich, lucid, rhythmic, and precise style, only occasionally exploiting such formal effects as saǰʿ (rhyming prose). He was also a fine poet with an opulent imagination. His poetry displays preoccupations similar to those of other urban poets of his time". His pinpoint documentation of asānīd and meticulous verification of information, provided in all his works, embody
SECTION 10
#1732772385465828-948: Is a term for the Khorasani Arabs who had participated in the Abbasid Revolution of 749–750 and their descendants, who settled in Baghdad and Iraq . They became the ruling elite of the Abbasid Caliphate and formed the mainstay of the caliphal army. However, the term appears rarely in the sources until the time of the Fourth Fitna civil war in the 810s, when it is applied to the Khurasanis of Baghdad, who overwhelmingly supported Caliph al-Amin against his brother al-Ma'mun . The terms ahl Khurāsān ("people of Khurasan") and abnāʾ ahl Khurāsān ("sons of
897-585: Is an immense compilation, including songs provided with musical indications (melodic modes and meters of songs), the biographies of poets and musicians of different periods in addition to historical material. As noted above, al-Isfahani embarks on compiling the Aghani first under the command of a patron, whom he calls ra'is (chief), to reconstruct the list of one hundred fine songs, selected by Ishaq b. Ibrahim. Due to an obscure report in Yaqut's Mu'jam , this raʾīs
966-477: Is best illustrated by Abu Ali al-Muhassin al-Tanukhi's (941–994) comment: "With his encyclopaedic knowledge of music, musicians, poetry, poets, genealogy, history, and other subjects, al-Iṣfahānī established himself as a learned scholar and teacher." He was also a scribe and this is not surprising, given his families’ scribal connections, but the details of his kātib activities are rather opaque. Although both al-Tanūkhī and al-Baghdādī refer to al-Isfahani with
1035-968: Is certain that he transmitted from ʿAbd al-Malik b. Maslama and ʿĀṣim b. Muhammad in Antakya; ʿAbdallāh b. Muhammad b. Ishaq in Ahwaz ; and Yahya b. Aḥmad b. al-Jawn in Raqqa . If we accept the attribution of the Kitab Adab al-ghuraba to al-Isfahani, he once visited Baṣra as well as Ḥiṣn Mahdī, Mattūth, and Bājistrā. Yet, none of these cities seems to have left as much of an impact on al-Isfahani as Kūfa and Baghdad did. While al-Isfahani's Baghdadi informants were wide-ranging in their expertise as well as sectarian and theological tendencies, his Kūfan sources can be characterised as either Shi'i or keen on preserving and disseminating memories that favoured Ali and his family. For example, Ibn ʿUqda (d. 944), mentioned in both
1104-415: Is hard to know with certainty how and where al-Isfahani was engaged in his capacity as a kātib . Nevertheless, al-Isfahani's association with the vizier, Abū Muḥammad al-Muhallabī (903–963), is well-documented. The friendship between the two began before al-Muhallabī's became vizier in 950. The firm relationship between them is supported by al-Isfahani's poetry collected by al-Thaʿālibī (961–1038): half of
1173-484: Is mostly the song which introduces the articles on biographies or events. The Kitab al-Aghani is not the first book or collection of songs in Arabic, but it can be asserted that it is the most important one, for it "is a unique mine of information not only on hundreds of song texts with their modes and meters, but also on the lives of their poets and composers, and on the social context of music making in early Islam and at
1242-417: Is neither keen to identify the imams in the past, nor discuss the qualities of an imam. As a matter of fact, he hardly uses the word, not even applying it to Zayd b. Ali. Furthermore, he does not unconditionally approve any Alid revolt and seems lukewarm towards the group he refers to as Zaydis. Taken together, al-Isfahani's Shi'i conviction is better characterised as moderate love for Ali without impugning
1311-571: Is often assumed to be Sayf al-Dawla al-Ḥamdānī (r. 945–967), but recent studies suggest that a more plausible candidate for the dedication of the Aghani is the vizier al-Muhallabī. The Aghani is divided into three parts: first, The Hundred Songs ( al-mi'a al-ṣawt al-mukhtara ) and other song collections; second, the songs of the caliphs and of their children and grandchildren ( aghani al-khulafa wa-awladihim wa-awlad awladihim ); and third, al-Isfahanis selection of songs. The articles in each part are arranged based on different patterns, but it
1380-415: Is structured in chronological order, beginning with the first Ṭālibī martyr, Jaʿfar b. Abī Ṭālib, and ends in the year of its compilation, August 925 ( Jumādā I 313). For each biographical entry, al-Isfahani gives the full name, the lineage (sometimes adding the maternal side). Less often, he additionally gives the virtues and personal traits of the subject and other material he thinks noteworthy, for example
1449-528: Is to be treated with caution. No source places his death earlier than 967, but several place it later. These dates are at odds with a reference in the Kitab Adab al-ghuraba ("The Book of the Etiquettes of Strangers"), attributed to al-Isfahani, to his being in the prime of youth ( fi ayyam al-shabiba wa-l-siba ) in 967. Calculation of the approximate dates of his birth and death through the life spans of his students and his direct informants suggests that he
SECTION 20
#17327723854651518-578: Is understandable. Al-Tusi (995–1067) is the only early source specifying the exact sect to which al-Isfahani belonged in the fluid Shi'i world: he was a Zaydī . Although al-Ṭūsī's view is widely accepted, its veracity is not beyond doubt. Al-Isfahani does not seem to have been informed of the latest Zaydī movements in Yemen and Ṭabaristān during his life, while his association with the Kūfan Zaydī community, which to some degree became less distinguishable from
1587-593: The al-Abnāʾ people were later active in the Fertile Crescent and Yemen under Umar ibn al-Khattab of the Rashidun Caliphate . Al-Abnāʾ retained their distinct identity during the Islamic period; their nisba was al-Abnāwī ( الأبناوي ). These people were gradually absorbed into the local population and thus disappeared from legal records. Descendants of al-Abnāʾ live in
1656-456: The Adab al-ghurabaʾ is disputed. The author, whoever he may have been, mentions in the preface his sufferings from the hardship of time and vicissitude of fate, and the solace which he seeks through the stories of bygone people. Hence, he collects in the Adab al-ghuraba the reports about the experiences of strangers; those away from their homes or their beloved ones. Some of the stories centre on
1725-527: The Aghani , al-Isfahani refers to Yahya b. Muhammad b. Thawaba (from the Al Thawaba) as his grandfather on his mother's side. It is often suggested that the family of Thawaba, being Shi'i , bequeathed their sectarian inclination to al-Isfahani. However, the identification of the Thawaba family as Shi'is is only found in a late source, Yaqut's (1178–1225) work. While many elite families working under
1794-840: The Aghānī and the Maqātil, was invariably cited for the reports about the Alids and their merits. The journey in search for knowledge taken by al-Isfahani may not be particularly outstanding by the standard of his time, but the diversity of his sources' occupations and expertise is impressive. His informants can be assigned into one or more of the following categories: philologists and grammarians; singers and musicians; booksellers and copyists ( sahhafun or warraqun , sing. sahhaf or Warraq ); friends; tutors ( muʾaddibūn , sing. muʾaddib ); scribes ( kuttāb , sing. kātib ); imams or preachers ( khuṭabāʾ , sing. khaṭīb ); religious scholars (of
1863-541: The Kitab al-Aghani (hereafter, the Aghani ), Ahmad b. al-Haytham seems to have led a privileged life in Sāmarrāʾ, while his sons were well-connected with the elite of the Abbasid capital at that time. His son, Abd al-Aziz b. Ahmad, was "one of the high ranking scribes in the days of al-Mutawakkil (r. 847–861) ( min kibār al-kuttāb fī ayyām al-Mutawakkil )". Another son, Muhammad b. Ahmad ( viz . al-Isfahani's grandfather),
1932-1817: The Mamluk Sultanate Geography Arminiya Bahrayn Barqa Egypt Hejaz Ifriqiya Iraq Sawad Jazira Jibal Khurasan Sindh Syria Awasim Jund al-Urdunn Jund Dimashq Jund Filastin Jund Hims Jund Qinnasrin Tabaristan Yemen Government and military Palace and central government Amir al-umara Barid Hajib Harem Mazalim Officials Robe of honour and tiraz Shurta Vizier Financial administration Diwan Iqta' Kharaj Military Abna al-dawla Ghilman Battles Commanders Wars Religion and law Islam Mu'tazilism and Mihna Fiqh Hanafism Hanbalism Shafi'ism Sunni Revival Shi'a Islam Twelve Imams Isma'ilism Qarmatians Shi'a Century Other Dhimmi Christianity Jews and Judaism Khurramites Culture and society Architecture Literature Musicians Science and learning Graeco-Arabic translation movement House of Wisdom Islamic philosophy Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abna_al-dawla&oldid=1254457549 " Categories : Government of
2001-399: The Maqātil al-Ṭālibīyīn . Al-Isfahani does not explain the motivation behind this compilation nor mention to whom they were dedicated, but according to the preface of this work, he sets out as a condition to recount the reports about the Ṭālibids who were “praiseworthy in their conduct and rightly guided in their belief ( maḥmūd al-ṭarīqa wa-sadīd al-madhhab )”. Like the al-Imāʾ , the work
2070-505: The Sunnīs , is yet to be studied in depth. It is clear, based on examination of how al-Isfahani amended the reports at his disposal, that he honoured Ali, who played a far more prominent role in his works than the first three caliphs, and some of his descendants, including Zaydi Shi'ism's eponym, Zayd ibn Ali (694–740), by presenting them positively, while, in some cases, leaving their enemies’ rectitude in question. In spite of that, al-Isfahani
2139-510: The ḥadīth , the Qurʾānic recitations and exegeses, or jurisprudence) and judges; poets; and akhbārīs (transmitters of reports of all sorts, including genealogical, historical, and anecdotal reports). The variety of the narrators and their narrations enriched al-Iṣfahānī's literary output, which covers a wide range of topics from amusing tales to the accounts of the Alids' martyrdom. His erudition
Al-Abna' - Misplaced Pages Continue
2208-412: The 7th century. It is unknown whether the community's religious beliefs consisted of their forefathers' Zoroastrianism or their foremothers' South Arabian paganism , or whether they adopted local Christianity . The 9th/10th-century Iranian scholar al-Tabari stated that Khurrah Khosrow, the fourth governor of Sasanian Yemen , was replaced by the governor Badhan during the reign of Khosrow II due to
2277-518: The Abbasid caliphate were Shi'i-inclined, indeed allied with Alids or their partisans, there is no evidence that members of the Thawaba family embraced an extreme form of Shi'ism. In summary, al-Isfahani came from a family well-entrenched in the networks of the Abbasid elite, which included the officials and the Alids . Despite the epithet, al-Isfahani, it does not seem that the Isfahani family had
2346-559: The Arabs"), which mentions 1700 days of the pre-Islamic tribal battles and was in circulation only in Andalusia. The reports about music, musicians and singers: the aforementioned Manajib al-khisyan ("The Noble Eunuchs"), Akhbzr Jahza al-Barmaki ("The Reports concerning Jahza al-Barmaki"), al-Mamalik al-shu'ara ("The Slave Poets"), Adab al-samz ("The Etiquettes of Listening to Music"), and Risala fi 'ilal al-nagham ("The Treatise on
2415-613: The Author of the Kitāb al-Aghānī" (PDF) . WikiJournal of Humanities . 3 (1): 1. doi : 10.15347/WJH/2020.001 . ISSN 2639-5347 . Wikidata Q99527624 . Abna al-dawla For the Persian colony in Yemen, see Al-Abna' . The abnāʾ al-dawla ( Arabic : أبناء الدولة , meaning "sons of the regime/dynasty "), often simply " the Abnāʾ ",
2484-753: The Banu Abd Shams"), Jamharat al-nasab ("The Compendium of Genealogies"), Nasab Bani Shayban ("The Genealogy of the Banu Shayban"), and Nasab al-Mahaliba ("The Genealogy of the Muhallabids"), this last probably dedicated to his patron, the vizier al-Muhallabi. The reports about specified or unspecified topics, such as Kitab al-Khammarin wa-l-khammarat ("The Book of Tavern-Keepers, Male and Female"), Akhbar al-tufayliyin ("Reports about Party Crashers"), al-Akhbar wa-l-nawadir ("The Reports and Rare Tales"), and Ayyam al-arab ("The Battle-Days of
2553-640: The Prophetic ḥadīth ), and genealogy by heart like Abū al-Faraj al-Isfahani. Very proficient in these matters, he is also knowledgeable in the military campaigns and the biography of the Prophet ( al-maghāzī and al-sīra ), lexicography, grammar, legendary tales ( al-khurāfāt ), and the accomplishments required of courtiers ( ālat al-munādama ), like falconry ( al-jawāriḥ ), veterinary science ( al-bayṭara ), some notions of medicine ( nutafan min al-ṭibb ), astrology, drinks ( al-ashriba ), and other things. Thus, it
2622-2228: The Pure Soul Round city of Baghdad Abbasid–Carolingian alliance Apogee al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Fragmentation of the Abbasid empire (833–946) Samarra period al-Mu'tasim Sack of Amorium al-Wathiq al-Mutawakkil Anarchy at Samarra al-Muntasir al-Musta'in al-Mu'tazz al-Muhtadi Zanj Rebellion Kharijite Rebellion Tahirids Saffarids Tulunids Abbasid revival al-Mu'tamid al-Muwaffaq al-Mu'tadid al-Muktafi Collapse al-Muqtadir al-Qahir al-Radi al-Muttaqi al-Mustakfi Mu'nis al-Muzaffar Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah Qarmatian invasion Sack of Mecca Bajkam Abu Abdallah al-Baridi Nasir al-Dawla Buyid period (946–1055) Caliphs al-Muti al-Ta'i al-Qadir Baghdad Manifesto al-Qa'im Buyid emirs Mu'izz al-Dawla Izz al-Dawla 'Adud al-Dawla Samsam al-Dawla Sharaf al-Dawla Baha al-Dawla Sultan al-Dawla Musharrif al-Dawla Jalal al-Dawla Abu Kalijar al-Malik al-Rahim Seljuk period (1055–1157) Caliphs al-Qa'im al-Muqtadi al-Mustazhir al-Mustarshid al-Rashid al-Muqtafi Seljuk sultans Tughril Alp Arslan Malik-Shah I Mahmud I Berkyaruq Malik-Shah II Muhammad I Ahmad Sanjar Final period (1157–1258) Caliphs al-Muqtafi al-Mustanjid al-Mustadi al-Nasir al-Zahir al-Mustansir Mustansiriya Madrasah al-Musta'sim Sack of Baghdad Aftermath Abbasid caliphs of Cairo under
2691-1305: The Royal Asiatic Society . 8 (1): 1–19. doi : 10.1017/S1356186300016400 . ISSN 1356-1863 . JSTOR 25183463 . Turner, John P. (2004). "The abnāʾ al-dawla: The Definition and Legitimation of Identity in Response to the Fourth Fitna". Journal of the American Oriental Society . 124 (1): 1–22. doi : 10.2307/4132150 . ISSN 0003-0279 . JSTOR 4132150 . Turner, John P. (2016). "Abnāʾ" . In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun ; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830 . v t e Abbasid Caliphate topics (750–1258) History Background Umayyad Caliphate Third Fitna Hashimiyya Early period (750–833) Establishment Abbasid Revolution Abu Muslim al-Saffah Battle of Talas al-Mansur Conquest of Ifriqiya Revolt of Muhammad
2760-761: The Rules of Tones"). There are two works, only mentioned by al-Tusi: Kitab ma nazala min al-Qur'an fi amir al-mu'minīn wa-ahl baytih 'alayhim al-salam ("The Book about the Qur'anic Verses Revealed regarding the Commander of the Faithful and the People of His Family, Peace upon Them") and Kitab fihi kalam Fatima alayha al-salam fi Fadak ("The Book concerning the Statements of Fāṭima, Peace upon Her, regarding Fadak"). Should
2829-552: The Umayyad to the Abbasid periods. Al-Isfahani confesses that he could not find any noteworthy poetess in the Umayyad period, because the people at that time were not impressed with verses featuring tenderness and softness. Thus, he only records the Abbasid poetesses, with mention of the relevant fine verses or the pleasant tales, and arranges them in chronological order. There are 31 sections, addressing 32 poetesses, most of which are short and usually begin with al-Isfahani's summary of
Al-Abna' - Misplaced Pages Continue
2898-409: The attribute, kātib , they mention nothing of where he worked or for whom. The details of his occupation as a scribe only came later, with Yaqut, many of whose reports about al-Isfahani prove problematic. For instance, a report from Yaqut claims that al-Isfahani was the scribe of Rukn al-Dawla (d. 976) and mentions his resentment towards Abū al-Faḍl b. al-ʿAmīd (d. 970). However, the very same report
2967-460: The attribution of these two works to al-Isfahani be correct, together with the Maqatil al-Talibiyin , they reveal al-Isfahani's Shi'i partisanship. Al-Isfahani is best known as the author of Kitab al-Aghani ("The Book of Songs"), an encyclopaedia of over 20 volumes and editions. However, he additionally wrote poetry , an anthology of verses on the monasteries of Mesopotamia and Egypt , and
3036-589: The attributive, al-Isfahani. According to Ibn Hazm (994–1064), some descendants of the last Umayyad caliph , Marwan b. Muhammad (691–750), al-Isfahani's ancestor, settled in Isfahan. However, it has to be borne in mind that the earliest information available regarding al-Isfahani's family history only dates to the generation of his great-grandfather, Ahmad b. al-Ḥaytham, who settled in Samarra sometime between 835–6 and 847. Based on al-Isfahani's references in
3105-446: The compilation of the Aghānī because he was commissioned by his patron to reconstruct the list of the exquisite songs selected by Ishaq. In other words, the raison d’etre of the Aghānī is partly related to al-Isfahani's idol, Ishaq b. Ibrahim, and its information about singers, songs and performance owes a tremendous amount to him. Al-Isfahani's admiration for scholars or men of letters can be detected from time to time, usually in
3174-531: The courts of the caliphs in Damascus and Baghdad". Because of al-Isfahani's pedantic documentation of his sources, the Kitab al-Aghani can also be used to reconstruct earlier books of songs or biographical dictionaries on musicians that are otherwise lost. As for the works that did not survive, based on their contents, as implied by their titles, they can be divided into the following categories: The genealogical works: Nasab Bani Abd Shams ("The Genealogy of
3243-590: The dignity of the caliphs before him. Al-Isfahani authored a number of works, but only a few survive. Three of them are preserved through quotations: al-Qiyan ("The Singing Girls Enslaved by Men"), al-Diyarat ("The Monasteries"), and Mujarrad al-aghani (“The Abridgement of the Book of Songs”). A fragment of the Mujarrad al-aghani is found in Ibn Abi Uṣaybi'a's ʿ Uyun al-anba' fi tabaqat al-atibba ʾ, which quotes
3312-684: The direct informants whom al-Isfahani cites in his works, are members of his own family, who were further connected to other notable families, the Al Thawaba, the Banū Munajjim, the Yazīdīs, the Ṣūlīs, the Banū Ḥamdūn, the Ṭāhirids, the Banū al-Marzubān and the Ṭālibids. Given that al-Isfahani and his family very likely settled in Baghdad around the beginning of the tenth century, he interacted with
3381-745: The former's excessive assimilation into Arab society. Badhan would later join the early Muslims as one of Muhammad's companions . The authority of Yemen's Sasanian governors was reduced during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 ; a conflict which coincided with the emergence of Muhammad as a religious prophet in the Arabian Peninsula . The Sasanian leaders in Yemen, including Badhan, Fayruz al-Daylami , and Wahb ibn Munabbih , responded favourably to Muhammad's diplomatic missions and had formally converted to Islam by 631. Following Badhan's death, his son Shahr replaced him as governor, but
3450-405: The fourteen poems are panegyrics dedicated to al-Muhallabī. In addition, al-Isfahani's own work, al-Imāʾ al-shawāʿir (“Enslaved Women Who Composed Poetry”), is dedicated to the vizier, presumably, al-Muhallabī. His no longer surviving Manājīb al-khiṣyān (“The Noble Eunuchs”), which addresses two castrated male singers owned by al-Muhallabī, was composed for him. His magnum opus , the Aghānī ,
3519-413: The hardship which strangers, anonymous or not, encountered in their journey or exile, usually shown in the epigrams written on monuments, rocks, or walls. Others relate excursions to the monasteries for drinking. The al-Imāʾ al-shawāʿir was composed at the order of the vizier al-Muhallabī, al-Isfahani's patron, who demanded the collection of the reports about the enslaved women who composed poetry from
SECTION 50
#17327723854653588-405: The history of Arabic music, al-Isfahani is characterised by George Sawa as "a true prophet of modern ethnomusicology". The commonly accepted dates of al-Isfahani's birth and death are 897–898 and 967, based on the dates given by al-Khatib al-Baghdadi which itself based its information on the testimony of al-Isfahani's student, Muhammad ibn Abi al-Fawaris. However, the credibility of these dates
3657-481: The literary assemblies, but, inevitably, it resulted in frictions with other scholars and detraction by his enemies. Although al-Isfahani appeared eccentric to his human associates, he was a caring owner of his cat, named Yaqaq (white): he treated Yaqaq's colic ( qulanj ) with an enema ( al-ḥuqna ). In contrast to his personal habits, al-Isfahani's prose style is lucid, “in clear and simple language, with unusual sincerity and frankness”. Al-Isfahani's capacity as
3726-430: The men who enslaved them, and their interaction with poets, notables such as caliphs, and their admirers, with illustration of their poetic and/or musical talents. The latter, al-Diyārāt , provides information related to monasteries, with the indication of their geographical locations and, sometimes, history and topographical characteristics. However, it is questionable to what extent the reconstructed editions can represent
3795-434: The offspring of Ali and allied with families, such as the Thawaba family, sharing their veneration of Ali and Alids. However, it is hard to pinpoint such a reverential attitude towards Alids in terms of sectarian alignment, given the scanty information about al-Isfahani's family and the fluidity of sectarian identities at the time. The Isfahani family's extensive network of contacts is reflected in al-Isfahani's sources. Among
3864-618: The original texts, since the passages, which quote al-Isfahani as a source for the given subject and are thus included by the editor, seldom identify the titles of the works. Four works survive in manuscripts and have been edited and published: Maqātil al-Ṭālibīyīn ("The Ṭālibid Martyrs"), Kitab al-Aghani ("The Book of the Songs"), Adab al-ghuraba ("The Etiquettes of the Strangers"), and al-Ima al-shawair ("The Enslaved Women Who Composed Poetry"). As noted above, al-Isfahani's authorship of
3933-505: The passing comments in the chains of transmission. Yet al-Isfahani outspokenly expresses his admiration, in some cases, such as that of Ibn al-Muʿtazz (862–909). As an Umayyad by ancestry, al-Isfahani's later biographers mention his Shi'i affiliation with surprise. Yet, in the light of the history of the family's connections with the Abbasid elite of Shi'i inclination and the Ṭālibids, and of his learning experience in Kūfa, his Shi'i conviction
4002-524: The people of Khurasan") are more frequently used for the Khurasanis who formed the mainstay of the Abbasid regime in general. Following al-Ma'mun's victory in the civil war, the abnāʾ al-dawla were largely replaced by the latter's Persian followers, and under his successor al-Mu'tasim , the rise of the Turkish slave-soldiers to power began. Sources [ edit ] Crone, Patricia (1998). "The 'Abbāsid Abnā' and Sāsānid Cavalrymen". Journal of
4071-437: The prophetic ḥadīth about, or transmitted by, the subject of the biography in question. Then, al-Isfahani gives the account of the death which, more often than not, constitutes the end of the entry. Sometimes poetry for or by the subject is attached. The Maqātil was used as a reliable source of information by many Shi'i and non-Shi'i compilers of the following centuries. The Kitab al-Aghani , al-Isfahanis best known work,
4140-402: The subject. The Maqātil al-Ṭālibīyīn is a historical-biographical compilation concerning the descendants of Abu Talib, who died by being killed, poisoned to death in a treacherous way, on the run from the rulers’ persecution, or confined until death. The Maqātil literature was rather common, particularly amongst Shi'is, before al-Isfahani and he used many works of this genre as sources for
4209-489: The time of the Umayyad Caliphate is not related to Yemen's al-Abnāʾ community. Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Iṣfahānī ( Arabic : أبو الفرج الأصفهاني ), also known as Abul-Faraj , (full form: Abū al-Faraj ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥaytham al-Umawī al-Iṣfahānī) (897–967 CE / 284–356 AH ) was a writer, historian, genealogist, poet, musicologist and scribe. He
SECTION 60
#17327723854654278-612: The village of al-Furs in Wadi Rijam ; in Wadi al-Sir of Bani Hushaysh District ; and in Khulan al-Tyal , Bayt Baws , and Bani Bahlul . The title al-Abnāʾ may have been the root of the title Abnāʾ al-Dawla , used to refer to the influential Persians of Baghdad during the time of the Abbasid Caliphate . The "Abna" recorded in some conflicts among the Arabs of Khorasan during
4347-493: Was associated with Abbasid officials, the vizier Ibn al-Zayyāt (d. 847), the scribe Ibrahim b. al-Abbas al-Ṣūlī (792–857), and the vizier Ubaydallah b. Sulayman (d. 901), along with the Ṭālibid notables, including al-Husayn b. al-Husayn b. Zayd, who was the leader of the Banu Hashim . The close ties with the Abbasid court continued with Muhammad's sons, al-Hasan and al-Husayn (al-Isfahani's father). In various places in
4416-635: Was born before 902 and died after 960. Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani was born in Isfahan , Persia (present-day Iran ) but spent his youth and undertook his early studies in Baghdad (present-day Iraq ). He was a direct descendant of the last of the Umayyad caliphs , Marwan II , and was thus connected with the Umayyad rulers in al-Andalus , and seems to have kept up a correspondence with them and to have sent them some of his works. He became famous for his knowledge of early Arabian antiquities. His later life
4485-598: Was killed by the rebellious Arab tribal leader al-Aswad al-Ansi , who had claimed prophethood during the Ridda Wars . Al-Aswad was later killed by Fayruz, who assumed his position as Yemen's governor. After that, another rebellion by Ghayth ibn Abd Yaghuth sought to expel the al-Abnāʾ community from Arabia as a whole. Dādawayh ( دادويه ), a leader of the al-Abnāʾ community, was killed during this rebellion, while Fayruz and Jushnas ( Gushnasp ) managed to flee with their allies and later defeated Ghayth. Fayruz and
4554-447: Was mentioned by Abū Ḥayyān al-Tawḥīdī (active tenth century ) in his Akhlāq al-wazīrayn , where the scribe of Rukn al-Dawla is identified as Abū al-Faraj Ḥamd b. Muhammad, not Abū al-Faraj al-Isfahani. Amongst the Shīʿī narrators whom we have seen, none has memorised poems, melodies, reports, traditions ( al-āthār ), al-aḥādīth al-musnada (narrations with chains of transmission, including
4623-399: Was of Arab - Quraysh origin and mainly based in Baghdad . He is best known as the author of Kitab al-Aghani ("The Book of Songs"), which includes information about the earliest attested periods of Arabic music (from the seventh to the ninth centuries) and the lives of poets and musicians from the pre-Islamic period to al-Isfahani's time. Given his contribution to the documentation of
4692-738: Was spent in various parts of the Islamic world, including in Aleppo with its Hamdanid governor Sayf ad-Dawlah (to whom he dedicated the Book of Songs ), and in Ray with the Buwayhid vizier Ibn 'Abbad. The epithet, al-Isfahani, refers to the city, Isfahan , on the Iranian plateau . Instead of indicating al-Isfahani's birthplace, this epithet seems to be common to al-Isfahani's family. Every reference al-Isfahani makes to his paternal relatives includes
4761-568: Was very likely intended for al-Muhallabī, as well. In return for his literary efforts, according to al-Tanūkhī, al-Isfahani frequently received rewards from the vizier. Furthermore, for the sake of their long-term friendship and out of his respect for al-Isfahani's genius, al-Muhallabī exceptionally tolerated al-Isfahani's uncouth manners and poor personal hygiene. The sources say nothing about al-Isfahani's fate after al-Muhallabī's death. In his last years, according to his student, Muhammad b. Abī al-Fawāris, he suffered from senility ( khallaṭa ). As
#464535