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95-741: KazNU is Kazakhstan 's oldest classical university. It was established on November 13, 1933 by a resolution from the Soviet Communist Party 's Kazakh Regional Committee. In 2023, KazNU was ranked 150th in the world by the QS World University Rankings . In 2001, KazNU was classified as a "national" university by the government of Kazakhstan. More than 20,000 students study at KazNU, and there are more than 2,500 faculty members working there, including professors , associate professors , 400 Doctors of Science , and more than 800 Candidates of Science . In 2021, KazNU

190-626: A Chagatayid prince of Kashmir , which locates Kazakh in the eastern part of Desht-i Qipchaq . According to Vasily Bartold , the Kazakhs likely began using that name during the 15th century. Though Kazakh traditionally referred only to ethnic Kazakhs , including those living in China, Russia, Turkey, Uzbekistan and other neighbouring countries, the term is increasingly being used to refer to any inhabitant of Kazakhstan, including residents of other ethnicities. Kazakhstan has been inhabited since

285-642: A small portion of Kazakhstan is also located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe. Kazakhstan's terrain extends west to east from the Caspian Sea to the Altay Mountains and north to south from the plains of Western Siberia to the oases and deserts of Central Asia. The Kazakh Steppe (plain), with an area of around 804,500 square kilometres (310,600 sq mi), occupies one-third of

380-498: A small portion of its territory in Eastern Europe . It borders Russia to the north and west , China to the east , Kyrgyzstan to the southeast , Uzbekistan to the south , and Turkmenistan to the southwest , with a coastline along the Caspian Sea . Its capital is Astana , while the largest city and leading cultural and commercial hub is Almaty . Kazakhstan is the world's ninth-largest country by land area and

475-509: A 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 8.23/10, ranking it 26th globally out of 172 countries. Common mammals include the wolf , red fox , corsac fox , moose , argali (the largest species of sheep), Eurasian lynx , Pallas's cat , and snow leopards , several of which are protected. Kazakhstan's Red Book of Protected Species lists 125 vertebrates including many birds and mammals, and 404 plants including fungi, algae and lichens. Przewalski's horse has been reintroduced to

570-524: A Bio clinic and Aerobiological Station. An important subdivision of the faculty is the Biological Museum, which contains more than five thousand endemic and rare specimens , which are unique objects of research. The Faculty of Physics and Technology is a continuation of the traditions of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, one of the first departments of the university. Today, the faculty

665-686: A livestock-based economy continued to dominate the steppe . In the 15th century, a distinct Kazakh identity began to emerge among the Turkic tribes. This was followed by the Kazakh War of Independence , where the Khanate gained its sovereignty from the Shaybanids . The process was consolidated by the mid-16th century with the appearance of the Kazakh language , culture, and economy. Nevertheless,

760-569: A member of the Kazakh people, derives from Russian : казах . The native name is Kazakh : қазақ , romanized :  qazaq . It might originate from the Turkic word verb qaz- , 'to wander', reflecting the Kazakhs' nomadic culture. The term Cossack is of the same origin. In Turko-Persian sources, the term Özbek-Qazaq first appeared during the mid-16th century, in the Tarikh-i-Rashidi by Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat ,

855-597: A republic within the Soviet Union. Following the August 1991 aborted coup attempt in Moscow, Kazakhstan declared independence on 16 December 1991, thus becoming the last Soviet republic to declare independence. Ten days later, the Soviet Union itself ceased to exist . Kazakhstan's communist-era leader, Nursultan Nazarbayev , became the country's first President. Nazarbayev ruled in an authoritarian manner. An emphasis

950-701: A series of clashes and in brutal massacres committed by both sides. Both sides resisted the communist government until late 1919. Following the collapse of central government in Petrograd in November 1917, the Kazakhs (then in Russia officially referred to as "Kirghiz") experienced a brief period of autonomy (the Alash Autonomy ) before eventually succumbing to the Bolsheviks ' rule. On 26 August 1920,

1045-579: A single Faculty of Philosophy and Economics. The Faculty of Economics underwent significant changes due to the establishment of the Almaty Institute of National Economy in 1963. In 1955, the Faculty of Law was established when KazNU merged with the Almaty Institute of Law. During its 63-year history, it has trained about 35,000 legal professionals, including judges, prosecutors, law enforcement and public security officers, notaries, lawyers, and jurists. Every year, about 15 scientists and professors of

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1140-1028: Is Azerbaijan ). With an area of 2,700,000 square kilometres (1,000,000 sq mi) – equivalent in size to Western Europe – Kazakhstan is the ninth-largest country and largest landlocked country in the world. While it was part of the Russian Empire , Kazakhstan lost some of its territory to China's Xinjiang province, and some to Uzbekistan's Karakalpakstan autonomous republic during Soviet years. It shares borders of 6,846 kilometres (4,254 mi) with Russia, 2,203 kilometres (1,369 mi) with Uzbekistan , 1,533 kilometres (953 mi) with China, 1,051 kilometres (653 mi) with Kyrgyzstan , and 379 kilometres (235 mi) with Turkmenistan . Major cities include Astana , Almaty , Qarağandy , Şymkent , Atyrau , and Öskemen . It lies between latitudes 40° and 56° N , and longitudes 46° and 88° E . While located primarily in Asia,

1235-533: Is 80 kilometres (50 mi) long, cutting through a red sandstone plateau and stretching along the Charyn River gorge in northern Tian Shan ("Heavenly Mountains", 200 km (124 mi) east of Almaty) at 43°21′1.16″N 79°4′49.28″E  /  43.3503222°N 79.0803556°E  / 43.3503222; 79.0803556 . The steep canyon slopes, columns and arches rise to heights of between 150 and 300 metres (490 and 980 feet). The inaccessibility of

1330-576: Is also home to the Mynzhylky mountain plateau . Kazakhstan has an abundant supply of accessible mineral and fossil fuel resources. Development of petroleum, natural gas, and mineral extractions has attracted most of the over $ 40 billion in foreign investment in Kazakhstan since 1993 and accounts for some 57 percent of the nation's industrial output (or approximately 13 percent of gross domestic product). According to some estimates, Kazakhstan has

1425-515: Is paid to academic mobility . In the 2016–2017 academic year, the following foreign professors worked at the faculty: Snodgras N. (USA), Seth Agbo (Canada), Margaret Dorline (Holland), Hancock M. (USA), Anatoly Kim (Russia), Rafael Velez-Nunez (Spain), Nussier M. (France), Najie Yildiz (Turkey), and Edgar Hofmann (Austria). 26 American students were trained under the Flagship program. The faculty has been training journalistic personnel since 1934. In

1520-771: Is rich in traditions. The faculty has six departments, five of which—the Departments of Kazakh Linguistics, Kazakh Literature and Theory of Literature, Russian Philology and World Literature General Linguistics and European Languages, and Foreign Philology and Translation Studies—are graduating departments, which train future specialists. The Chair of Foreign Languages provides qualified training in world languages. The department has close ties with major creative unions and research institutes, where students successfully complete their research internships. These departments, institutes, and laboratories employ teachers and scientists who are well known in Kazakhstan and abroad. Special attention

1615-420: Is the includes three research institutes. Under the guidance of highly qualified teaching staff, students receive fundamental education in three languages, Kazakh, Russian, and English, and from early courses are actively involved in research on topical issues of modern physics and technology within the framework of established scientific schools. The faculty has developed entirely new curricula that correspond to

1710-662: Is the oldest faculty in the university, having existed since the school's founding. In accordance with its conducted scientific research and modern educational programs of training specialists, it has been renamed the Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology. Today, it is a major innovative scientific and educational center, where both students and teachers are involved in conducting fundamental and applied research in 2 research institutes (Biology and Biotechnology Problems and Environmental Problems). The faculty has 4 departments: Biodiversity and Bioresources, Biotechnology, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Biophysics and Biomedicine, in addition to

1805-642: The Golden Horde in the 15th century, the Kazakh Khanate was established over an area roughly corresponding with modern Kazakhstan. By the 18th century, the Kazakh Khanate had fragmented into three jüz (tribal divisions), which were gradually absorbed and conquered by the Russian Empire ; by the mid-19th century, all of Kazakhstan was nominally under Russian rule. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution and subsequent Russian Civil War ,

1900-850: The Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) was established. The Kirghiz ASSR included the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, but its administrative centre was the mainly Russian-populated town of Orenburg . In June 1925, the Kirghiz ASSR was renamed the Kazak ASSR and its administrative centre was transferred to the town of Kyzylorda , and in April 1927 to Alma-Ata . Soviet repression of

1995-631: The Oirats , a federation of western Mongol tribes, including the Dzungar . The beginning of the 18th century marked the zenith of the Kazakh Khanate. During this period the Little Horde participated in the 1723–1730 war against the Dzungar Khanate , following their "Great Disaster" invasion of Kazakh territory. Under the leadership of Abul Khair Khan , the Kazakhs won major victories over

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2090-614: The Paleolithic era. The Botai culture (3700–3100 BC) is credited with the first domestication of horses. The Botai population derived most of their ancestry from a deeply European-related population known as Ancient North Eurasians , while also displaying some Ancient East Asian admixture. Pastoralism developed during the Neolithic . The population was Caucasoid during the Bronze and Iron Age period. The Kazakh territory

2185-604: The Paleolithic era . In antiquity, various nomadic Iranian peoples such as the Saka , Massagetae , and Scythians dominated the territory, with the Achaemenid Persian Empire expanding towards the southern region. Turkic nomads entered the region from as early as the sixth century. In the 13th century, the area was subjugated by the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan . Following the disintegration of

2280-691: The Saka and Massagetae . Other groups included the nomadic Scythians and the Persian Achaemenid Empire in the southern territory of the modern country. The Andronovo and Srubnaya cultures , precursors to the peoples of the Scythian cultures , were found to harbor mixed ancestry from the Yamnaya Steppe herders and peoples of the Central European Middle Neolithic. In 329 BC, Alexander

2375-634: The Silk Road connecting Asia and Europe, true political consolidation began only with the Mongol rule of the early 13th century. Under the Mongol Empire , the first strictly structured administrative districts (Ulus) were established. After the division of the Mongol Empire in 1259, the land that would become modern-day Kazakhstan was ruled by the Golden Horde , also known as the Ulus of Jochi. During

2470-631: The Taiwan Provincial College of Law and Business in 1949; it merged with and became the local Junior College of Administration and the specifically established Administrative Junior College. In 1961, it combined with the newly established College of Science and Engineering to become Taiwan Provincial Chung Hsing University . In 1964, the Evening School was set up on the Taipei Campus. In 1968 another Evening School and

2565-577: The Virgin Lands Campaign designed to turn the traditional pasturelands of Kazakhstan into a major grain-producing region for the Soviet Union. The Virgin Lands policy brought mixed results. However, along with later modernisations under Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev (in power 1964–1982), it accelerated the development of the agricultural sector, which remains the source of livelihood for a large percentage of Kazakhstan's population. Because of

2660-545: The Western Turkic Khaganate were independent. The Western Khaganate reached its peak in the early 7th century. The Cumans entered the steppes of modern-day Kazakhstan around the early 11th century, where they later joined with the Kipchak and established the vast Cuman-Kipchak confederation. While ancient cities Taraz (Aulie-Ata) and Hazrat-e Turkestan had long served as important way-stations along

2755-686: The 1930s and 1940s, such as approximately 400,000 Volga Germans deported from the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in September–October 1941, and then later the Greeks and Crimean Tatars . Deportees and prisoners were interned in some of the biggest Soviet labour camps (the Gulag), including ALZhIR camp outside Astana, which was reserved for the wives of men considered "enemies of

2850-449: The 2022 report. On 19 March 2019, Nazarbayev announced his resignation from the presidency. Kazakhstan's senate speaker Kassym-Jomart Tokayev won the 2019 presidential election that was held on 9 June. His first official act was to rename the capital after his predecessor. In January 2022, the country plunged into political unrest following a spike in fuel prices. In consequence, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev took over as head of

2945-810: The College of Liberal Arts were added to the Taichung Campus. The university continued to grow in size, and in 1971 it became National Chung Hsing University . In February 2000, the Taipei Campus including the College of Law and Business and Taipei Evening School became National Taipei University . So far, NTPU has signed MOUs and/or agreements with more than 110 universities worldwide to form partnerships. These partnerships are manifested through all kinds of programs for students and academic faculties, including international joint research, exchange scholars, visiting scholars, dual degrees, exchange programs, and internships. NTPU and Fu Jen Catholic University are

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3040-481: The Department of Arabic language into the Faculty of Oriental Studies, which is currently the country's largest centre that prepares highly qualified specialists with the knowledge of Oriental languages. Specialists-orientalists were in demand at the time, as independent Kazakhstan was just being formed, leading to a need for official diplomatic contacts with foreign countries. The Faculty of International Relations

3135-720: The Dzungar at the Bulanty River in 1726 and at the Battle of Añyraqai in 1729. Ablai Khan participated in the most significant battles against the Dzungar from the 1720s to the 1750s, for which he was declared a " batyr " ("hero") by the people. The Kazakhs suffered from the frequent raids against them by the Volga Kalmyks . The Kokand Khanate used the weakness of Kazakh jüzs after Dzungar and Kalmyk raids and conquered present Southeastern Kazakhstan, including Almaty ,

3230-609: The Faculty of Chemistry. In 1937, the first Faculty of Humanities, the Faculty of Foreign Languages, was established; a year later, the Faculty was merged into the Faculty of Philology. In May 1941, the Faculty of Journalism was established after KazNU merged with the University of the Kazakh Communist Institute of Journalism. After the Second World War , new faculties were opened. In August 1947,

3325-805: The Faculty of Geography was established and, in 1949, the faculties of Philosophy and Economics. The Faculty of Law was established in 1955 after KazNU merged with the Alma-Ata Institute of Law. During the same period, a strong scientific educational and methodological base also emerged at the university. By the mid-1980s, there were 98 departments, 43 scientific research laboratories and 9 scientific research groups at KazNU. The faculty staff consisted of 1,180 people; among them were professors and lecturers, 30 academicians, AS KazSSR correspondent members, more than 100 doctorate degree holders, and more than 600 Candidates of Science. They were trained on 21 specialties and 74 specializations. The Faculty of Biology

3420-447: The Faculty of Information Technology was opened. The mission of the IT faculty is to train world-class, highly qualified specialists for the dynamically developing IT sector of the national economy, and to create a scientific and educational center that makes significant contributions in the global and national educational space in the training of IT specialists, taking into account the needs of

3515-582: The German ASIIN agency. The faculty trains specialists under 2 diploma programs with Belgorod Uni varsity, the Chinese University of Oil, Taipei University , Saitama University , D. I. Mendeleev Russian Chemical Technology University, and Ufa Petroleum Technical University. Graduates can take courses in Lyon-1 (France), Valencia (Spain), Poland, and Romania, among others places. Students of

3610-645: The Golden Horde period, a Turco-Mongol tradition emerged among the ruling elite wherein Turkicised descendants of Genghis Khan followed Islam and continued to reign over the lands. In 1465, the Kazakh Khanate emerged as a result of the dissolution of the Golden Horde . Established by Janibek Khan and Kerei Khan , it continued to be ruled by the Turco-Mongol clan of Tore ( Jochid dynasty). Throughout this period, traditional nomadic life and

3705-658: The Great and his Macedonian army fought in the Battle of Jaxartes against the Scythians along the Jaxartes River, now known as the Syr Darya along the southern border of modern Kazakhstan. The main migration of Turkic peoples occurred between the 5th and 11th centuries when they spread across most of Central Asia. The Turkic peoples slowly replaced and assimilated the previous Iranian -speaking locals, turning

3800-679: The Karatau basin with 650 million tonnes of P 2 O 5 and the Chilisai deposit of the Aqtobe phosphorite basin located in northwestern Kazakhstan, with resources of 500–800   million tonnes of 9 percent ore. On 17 October 2013, the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) accepted Kazakhstan as "EITI Compliant", meaning that the country has a basic and functional process to ensure

3895-673: The Kazakh Diaspora from countries abroad, students from international inter-university exchange programs, trainees of foreign companies, embassies, and international organizations. The faculty cooperates with embassies and consulates of different countries, including the United States, Japan, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, South Korea, Mongolia, Spain, Turkey, the People's Republic of China, and Iran. Since 2001,

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3990-414: The Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences and doctor of historical sciences professor E. B. Bekmakhanov stood at the origins of the faculty. Today, the staff of the faculty consists of 80 people: 27 of them Doctors of Sciences, 40 Candidates of Historical Sciences, and 5 Doctors of Philosophy. To date, the training of specialists is conducted in a three-stage system: Bachelor, Master, and Doctorate. The history of

4085-441: The Philosophy and Economics Departments were merged into the Philosophy and Economics Department, with Candidate of Economic Sciences and Associate Professor F. A. Zherebyatiev being appointed as its head. The Philosophy and Economics Department existed until 1954, when it was closed due to the fact that the prerogative of training philosophical personnel was given only to the Moscow , Leningrad , and Kiev State Universities. From

4180-415: The Philosophy and Political Science faculty dates back to 1947, when the Department of Psychology and Logic was founded, and then in 1949, when the Philosophy and Economics Departments, named after S. M. Kirov, were established at KazNU. The organizer of the Philosophy Department was N. P. Dardikin, a graduate of the Red Professorship Institute of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party. In 1951,

4275-473: The Republic of Kyrgyzstan. In 1991, the faculty was divided into the Department of Philosophy and Political Science and the Department of Economics and Sociology. The Higher School of Economics and Business is one of the oldest divisions of KazNU. The University Faculty of Economics was established in 1949. In 1951, by the decision of the Academic Council of Kazakh State University, the two previously independent Economic and Philosophical Faculties were merged into

4370-410: The Russian language in all schools and governmental organisations. Russia's efforts to impose its system aroused the resentment of the Kazakhs, and, by the 1860s, some Kazakhs resisted its rule. Russia had disrupted the traditional nomadic lifestyle and livestock-based economy, and people were suffering from starvation, with some Kazakh tribes being decimated. The Kazakh national movement, which began in

4465-438: The Soviet Union. Elections to the Majilis in September 2004, yielded a lower house dominated by the pro-government Otan Party , headed by President Nazarbayev. Two other parties considered sympathetic to the president, including the agrarian-industrial bloc AIST and the Asar Party , founded by President Nazarbayev's daughter, won most of the remaining seats. The opposition parties which were officially registered and competed in

4560-561: The cabinet. National Taipei University National Taipei University ( NTPU ; Chinese : 國立臺北大學 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Kok-li̍p Tâi-pak Tāi-ha̍k ), founded in 1949, is a national university in Taiwan . Before 2000, the university was named the College of Law and Business, National Chung Hsing University ( Chinese : 國立中興大學法商學院 ). The university's main campus is in Sanxia District , New Taipei ; its two other campuses are in Zhongshan District , Taipei , Taiwan. NTPU has undergone different stages of development. It began as

4655-446: The canyon provided a safe haven for a rare ash tree , Fraxinus sogdiana , which survived the Ice Age there and has now also grown in some other areas. Bigach crater , at 48°30′N 82°00′E  /  48.500°N 82.000°E  / 48.500; 82.000 , is a Pliocene or Miocene asteroid impact crater , 8 km (5 mi) in diameter and estimated to be 5±3 million years old. Kazakhstan's Almaty region

4750-417: The country and is the world's largest dry steppe region. The steppe is characterised by large areas of grasslands and sandy regions. Major seas, lakes and rivers include Lake Balkhash , Lake Zaysan , the Charyn River and gorge , the Ili , Irtysh , Ishim , Ural and Syr Darya rivers, and the Aral Sea until it largely dried up in one of the world's worst environmental disasters. The Charyn Canyon

4845-474: The country since independence. Kazakhstan is a member state of the United Nations , World Trade Organization , Commonwealth of Independent States , Shanghai Cooperation Organisation , Eurasian Economic Union , Collective Security Treaty Organization , Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe , Organization of Islamic Cooperation , Organization of Turkic States , and International Organization of Turkic Culture . The English word Kazakh , meaning

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4940-413: The country, situated in Atyrau , Pavlodar , and Şymkent . These are not capable of processing the total crude output, so much of it is exported to Russia. According to the US Energy Information Administration , Kazakhstan was producing approximately 1,540,000 barrels (245,000 m ) of oil per day in 2009. Kazakhstan also possesses large deposits of phosphorite . Two of the largest deposits include

5035-467: The decades of privation, war and resettlement, by 1959 the Kazakhs had become a minority, making up 30 percent of the population. Ethnic Russians accounted for 43 percent. In 1947, the USSR, as part of its atomic bomb project , founded an atomic bomb test site near the north-eastern town of Semipalatinsk , where the first Soviet nuclear bomb test was conducted in 1949. Hundreds of nuclear tests were conducted until 1989 with adverse consequences for

5130-446: The department has successfully implemented two presidential programs. Starting from 2001, more than 2000 representatives of the foreign Kazakh diaspora were trained to enter the universities of Kazakhstan, and starting from 2010, more than 420 students from the IRA were trained to enter colleges and universities of Kazakhstan. The faculty is also preparing for comprehensive testing and unified national testing (CTA and UNT). In addition to

5225-415: The deposits on the Caspian shore are only a small part of a much larger deposit. It is said that 3.5 billion tonnes (3.4 billion long tons) of oil and 2.5 billion cubic metres (88 billion cubic feet) of gas could be found in that area. Overall the estimate of Kazakhstan's oil deposits is 6.1 billion tonnes (6.0 billion long tons). However, there are only three refineries within

5320-441: The early 1970s, foreign students began to study at the department. The first were 13 students from Cuba, and then there were students from many countries in Asia and Africa. About 400 qualified specialists were trained by the faculty for Cuba, Afghanistan, Laos, Cambodia, Burkina Faso, Mongolia, India, and Pakistan. The faculty was the centre of philosophical education in the Central Asian region, in particular, it trained personnel for

5415-404: The elections won a single seat. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe was monitoring the election, which it said fell short of international standards. In March 2011, Nazarbayev outlined the progress made toward democracy by Kazakhstan. As of 2010 , Kazakhstan was reported on the Democracy Index by The Economist as an authoritarian regime , which was still the case as of

5510-401: The faculties mentioned, the following faculties are also present at KazNU: KazNU also has research institutes, including the: In 2009, KazNU was included in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings ' list of the 600 best higher institutions in the world, out of a total of 16,000 participants. At the time, more than 20,000 students from various countries studied at KazNU. KazNU

5605-433: The faculty have internships at companies in the chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, and metallurgical industries, such as Karachaganak Petroleum Operating JSC, Atyrau Oil Refinery LLP, CNPS-Aktobemunaigas JSC, KazPhosphat LLP, STC KazTransOil JSC, TsinKaz LLP, DorPlast Invest LLP, and Zerde-Fito LLP. The Faculty of Philology and World Languages, which was founded by M. Auezov, A. Margulan, B. Kenzhebayev, and M. Balakaev,

5700-425: The faculty undergo scientific training in foreign universities and research centres. Over the last 5 years, scientists and teachers of the faculty have published more than 1,000 scientific and educational works. Education in Oriental languages (particularly Arabic) at KazNU began in the 1970s. The May 15, 1989 Decree of the Government of the Kazakh SSR merged the Department of History of Asian and African countries and

5795-485: The formal capital in the first quarter of the 19th century. The Emirate of Bukhara ruled Şymkent before the Russians gained dominance. In the first half of the 18th century, the Russian Empire constructed the Irtysh line  [ ru ] , a series of forty-six forts and ninety-six redoubts, including Omsk (1716), Semipalatinsk (1718), Pavlodar (1720), Orenburg (1743) and Petropavlovsk (1752), to prevent Kazakh and Oirat raids into Russian territory. In

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5890-430: The largest landlocked country. It has a population of 20 million and one of the lowest population densities in the world, at fewer than 6 people per square kilometre (16 people/sq mi). Ethnic Kazakhs constitute a majority, while ethnic Russians form a significant minority. Officially secular, Kazakhstan is a Muslim-majority country with a sizeable Christian community . Kazakhstan has been inhabited since

5985-421: The late 18th century the Kazakhs took advantage of Pugachev's Rebellion , which was centred on the Volga area, to raid Russian and Volga German settlements. In the 19th century, the Russian Empire began to expand its influence into Central Asia. The " Great Game " period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 . The tsars effectively ruled over most of

6080-450: The late 19th century, sought to preserve the native language and identity by resisting the attempts of the Russian Empire to assimilate and stifle Kazakh culture. From the 1890s onward, ever-larger numbers of settlers from the Russian Empire began colonizing the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, in particular, the province of Semirechye . The number of settlers rose still further once the Trans-Aral Railway from Orenburg to Tashkent

6175-433: The modern IT market and the requirements of professional and educational standards. The Faculty of History, Archaeology and Ethnology was founded in 1948. It trains highly qualified specialists in national and foreign history, archaeology, ethnology, museum management, monuments protection, archival science and librarianship. Distinguished historians-academicians A. M. Pankratova, S. M. Pokrovsky, and corresponding member of

6270-433: The more than 84 years of its existence, the faculty has trained 16,000 qualified specialists for various types of media. Graduates of the faculty work in periodicals, on television and radio, in publishing houses and foreign correspondents, in senior positions in the government, and head the editorial boards of many national and regional newspapers and magazines. The faculty of journalism has strengthened its faculty, regarded

6365-419: The nation's environment and population. The Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan became a major political force in the late 1980s. In April 1961, Baikonur became the springboard of Vostok 1 , a spacecraft with Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin being the first human to enter space. In December 1986, mass demonstrations by young ethnic Kazakhs, later called the Jeltoqsan riot, took place in Almaty to protest

6460-466: The people". Many moved due to the policy of population transfer in the Soviet Union and others were forced into involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union . The Soviet-German War (1941–1945) led to an increase in industrialisation and mineral extraction in support of the war effort. At the time of Joseph Stalin 's death in 1953, however, Kazakhstan still had an overwhelmingly agricultural economy. In 1953, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev initiated

6555-415: The population into the Great, Middle and Little (or Small) hordes ( jüz ). Political disunion, tribal rivalries, and the diminishing importance of overland trade routes between east and west weakened the Kazakh Khanate. The Khiva Khanate used this opportunity and annexed the Mangyshlak Peninsula . Uzbek rule there lasted two centuries until the Russian arrival. During the 17th century, the Kazakhs fought

6650-415: The population of Central Asia from largely Iranian , into primarily of East Asian descent. The first Turkic Khaganate was founded by Bumin in 552 on the Mongolian Plateau and quickly spread west toward the Caspian Sea. The Göktürks drove before them various peoples: Xionites , Uar , Oghurs and others. These seem to have merged into the Avars and Bulgars . Within 35 years, the eastern half and

6745-418: The powerful Security Council, removing his predecessor Nursultan Nazarbayev from the post. In September 2022, the name of the country's capital was changed back to Astana from Nur-Sultan. As it extends across both sides of the Ural River , considered the dividing line separating Europe and Asia, Kazakhstan is one of only two landlocked countries in the world that has territory in two continents (the other

6840-419: The programs of the world's leading universities, created an innovative chain to accompany the development of scientific and technological research from ideas to their implementation, and has increased the number of research programs, creating new courses in the most relevant areas of specialist training, expanding the faculty's material base. The Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, which opened in 1934,

6935-429: The region was the focus of ever-increasing disputes between the native Kazakh emirs and the neighbouring Persian-speaking peoples to the south. At its height, the Khanate would rule parts of Central Asia and control Cumania . The Kazakh Khanate's territories would expand deep into Central Asia. By the early 17th century, the Kazakh Khanate was struggling with the impact of tribal rivalries, which had effectively divided

7030-432: The region's GDP , primarily through its oil and gas industry ; it also has vast mineral resources. Kazakhstan also has the highest Human Development Index ranking in the region. It is a unitary constitutional republic; however, its government is authoritarian . Nevertheless, there have been incremental efforts at democratization and political reform since the resignation of Nursultan Nazarbayev in 2019, who had led

7125-1105: The regular disclosure of natural resource revenues. Kazakhstan has an "extreme" continental and cold steppe climate , and sits solidly inside the Eurasian steppe , featuring the Kazakh steppe , with hot summers and very cold winters. Indeed, Astana is the second coldest capital city in the world after Ulaanbaatar . Precipitation varies between arid and semi-arid conditions, the winter being particularly dry. There are ten nature reserves and ten national parks in Kazakhstan that provide safe haven for many rare and endangered plants and animals. In total there are twenty five areas of conservancy . Common plants are Astragalus , Gagea , Allium , Carex and Oxytropis ; endangered plant species include native wild apple ( Malus sieversii ), wild grape ( Vitis vinifera ) and several wild tulip species (e.g., Tulipa greigii ) and rare onion species Allium karataviense , also Iris willmottiana and Tulipa kaufmanniana . Kazakhstan had

7220-780: The replacement of the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR Dinmukhamed Konayev with Gennady Kolbin from the Russian SFSR . Governmental troops suppressed the unrest, several people were killed, and many demonstrators were jailed. In the waning days of Soviet rule, discontent continued to grow and found expression under Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev 's policy of glasnost ("openness"). On 25 October 1990, Kazakhstan declared its sovereignty on its territory as

7315-426: The representative university of New Taipei City by QS Most Affordable Cities for Students Ranking . In addition, NTPU has exchange and visiting students from America, India, Singapore, Hong Kong, China, France, Poland and other European countries. National Taipei University have Sansia (Main) Campus and Taipei Campus. The president heads the university, while each college is headed by a dean and each department by

7410-637: The second campus; in 2011 they moved to newly constructed buildings on the first campus. Al-Farabi Kazakh National University officially opened on January 15, 1934. It was established by the decree of the Council of Peoples’ Commissars of the USSR and Kazakh Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In January 1934, the first entrance exams in the faculties of Biology, Physics, and Mathematics were held. In September, they were held in

7505-637: The second largest uranium , chromium , lead, and zinc reserves; the third largest manganese reserves; the fifth largest copper reserves; and ranks in the top ten for coal, iron, and gold. It is also an exporter of diamonds. Perhaps most significant for economic development, Kazakhstan also has the 11th largest proven reserves of both petroleum and natural gas. One such location is the Tokarevskoye gas condensate field . In total, there are 160 deposits with over 2.7 billion tonnes (2.7 billion long tons) of petroleum. Oil explorations have shown that

7600-527: The steppes after nearly 200 years. Officially, Kazakhstan is a democratic, secular, constitutional unitary republic ; Nursultan Nazarbayev led the country from 1991 to 2019. He was succeeded by Kassym-Jomart Tokayev . The president may veto legislation that has been passed by the parliament and is also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces . The prime minister chairs the cabinet of ministers and serves as Kazakhstan's head of government. There are three deputy prime ministers and sixteen ministers in

7695-435: The strongest at KazNU, and its unique training base. The faculty has highly qualified teachers, well-known scientists and media practitioners, among them 9 doctorate degree holders and more than 30 Candidates of Science. The faculty's scientific foundation was laid by many founders of Kazakh journalism theory, including H. Bekhozhin, T. Amandosov, T. Kozhakeev, M. Barmankulov, M. Dmitrovsky, and Y. Krikunov. On January 15, 2018,

7790-684: The territory belonging to what is now the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Russian Empire introduced a system of administration and built military garrisons and barracks in its effort to establish a presence in Central Asia in the so-called "Great Game" for dominance in the area against the British Empire , which was extending its influence from the south in India and Southeast Asia. Russia built its first outpost, Orsk , in 1735. Russia introduced

7885-553: The territory was reorganized several times. In 1936, its modern borders were established with the formation of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic within the Soviet Union . Kazakhstan was the last constituent republic of the Soviet Union to declare independence in 1991 during its dissolution . Kazakhstan dominates Central Asia both economically and politically , accounting for 60 percent of

7980-658: The traditional elite, along with forced collectivisation in the late 1920s and 1930s, brought famine and high fatalities, leading to unrest (see also: Famine in Kazakhstan of 1932–33 ). During the 1930s, some members of the Kazakh intelligentsia were executed – as part of the policies of political reprisals pursued by the Soviet government in Moscow. On 5 December 1936, the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (whose territory by then corresponded to that of modern Kazakhstan)

8075-612: The university administration, as well as the history, economics, law, philology, and journalism departments. The campus consists of thirteen educational buildings with a total area of 165,000 m and scientific laboratories with a total area of 18,940 m. The campus also contains seventeen dormitories. In a second, smaller campus located at the intersection of Karasay Batyr and Masanchi streets, there are four more departments: Philosophy and Political Science, Oriental Studies, Preparatory, and International Relations. The Physics, Mechanics-Mathematics and chemistry departments were formerly located on

8170-477: Was a key constituent of the Eurasian trading Steppe Route , the ancestor of the terrestrial Silk Roads . Archaeologists believe that humans first domesticated the horse in the region's vast steppes. During recent prehistoric times, Central Asia was inhabited by groups such as the possibly Indo-European Afanasievo culture , later early Indo-Iranian cultures such as Andronovo , and later Indo-Iranians such as

8265-454: Was completed in 1906. A specially created Migration Department (Переселенческое Управление) in St. Petersburg oversaw and encouraged the migration to expand Russian influence in the area. During the 19th century, about 400,000 Russians immigrated to Kazakhstan, and about one million Slavs, Germans, Jews, and others immigrated to the region during the first third of the 20th century. Vasile Balabanov

8360-520: Was detached from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and made the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic , a full union republic of the USSR, one of eleven such republics at the time, along with the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic . The republic was one of the destinations for exiled and convicted persons, as well as for mass resettlements, or deportations affected by the central USSR authorities during

8455-545: Was established by Decree No. 88 on April 28, 1995 in accordance with the decision of the Academic Council of the university and at the request of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The faculty is working to prepare highly qualified and competitive specialists in international relations, international law, regional studies and global economics. The Faculty of Pre-University Education (FED)

8550-569: Was established in 2011 on the basis of being the preparatory Faculty for Foreign Nationals, which was founded in 1985. The university has long maintained close contacts in the field of education with more than a hundred countries around the world. At present, the university continues to develop and improve its international relations. It is steadily integrating into the European educational space. The faculty has trained more than 7,000 foreigners from more than 100 countries, including representatives of

8645-574: Was named one of the Top 500 Universities in the World. Al-Farabi Kazakh National University has its own campus, known as "Kazgugrad". It is located in one of the most beautiful areas of Almaty, and, with an area of 100 hectares, is the largest campus in Kazakhstan. It lies between Timiryazev Street, Al-Farabi Avenue, and the Vesnovka River . The main building of Kazgugrad is 15 stories tall and hosts

8740-492: Was one KazNU's first departments. The faculty occupies a separate 5-storey academic building and has two research institutes. Training is conducted in 3 languages (Kazakh, Russian, and English) in 70 laboratories and 4 computer labs equipped with modern equipment. Specialists are trained by highly qualified lecturers, including 45 Doctors of Sciences, 85 Candidates of Sciences and 40 Doctors of Philosophy. All of this faculty's Bachelors, Masters and Doctorate programs are accredited by

8835-458: Was placed on converting the country's economy to a market economy while political reforms lagged behind economic advances. By 2006, Kazakhstan was generating 60 percent of the GDP of Central Asia, primarily through its oil industry. In 1997, the government moved the capital to Astana , renamed Nur-Sultan on 23 March 2019, from Almaty , Kazakhstan's largest city, where it had been established under

8930-557: Was ranked 18th among countries of the emerging Europe and central Asia region in the 2020 QS EECA University Rankings and 150th worldwide in the 2023 QS World University Rankings . 43°13′30″N 76°55′16″E  /  43.22500°N 76.92111°E  / 43.22500; 76.92111 Kazakhstan Kazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan , is a landlocked country primarily in Central Asia , with

9025-495: Was the administrator responsible for the resettlement during much of this time. The competition for land and water that ensued between the Kazakhs and the newcomers caused great resentment against colonial rule during the final years of the Russian Empire . The most serious uprising, the Central Asian revolt , occurred in 1916. The Kazakhs attacked Russian and Cossack settlers and military garrisons. The revolt resulted in

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