Al-Mufaddal ibn Muhammad ibn Ya'la ibn 'Amir ibn Salim ibn ar-Rammal ad-Dabbi, commonly known as al-Mufaḍḍal aḍ-Ḍabbī ( Arabic : المُفَضَّل الضَّبِي ), died c. 780 –787, was an Arabic philologist of the Kufan school . Al-Mufaddal was a contemporary of Hammad ar-Rawiya and Khalaf al-Ahmar , the famous collectors of early and pre-Islamic Arabic poetry and tradition, and was somewhat the junior of Abu 'Amr ibn al-'Ala' , the first scholar who systematically set himself to preserve the poetic literature of the Arabs. He died about fifty years before Abu ʿUbaidah and al-Asma'i , to whose labours posterity is largely indebted for the arrangement, elucidation and criticism of ancient Arabian verse; and his anthology was put together between fifty and sixty years before the compilation by Abu Tammam of the Hamasah .
31-890: (Redirected from Al-Mufaddal ) Mufaddal or Mofazzal is an Arabic name. People with this name include: Historical [ edit ] al-Mufaddal al-Dabbi (died c. 780 –787), Arabic philologist of the Kufan school al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi (died before 799), early Shi'i / ghulat leader and close confidant of Ja'far al-Sadiq (died 765) Athir al-Din al-Abhari , al‐Mufaddal ibn Umar ibn al‐Mufaddal al‐Samarqandi al‐Munajjim (died 1265 or 1262), Iranian astronomer and mathematician al-Mufaddal ibn Abi al-Fada'il , 14th-century Coptic Christian historian from Egypt Modern [ edit ] Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury (1926–1971), Bengali essayist and linguist Mufaddal Saifuddin (born 1946), spiritual leader and 53rd Da'i Mutlaq of
62-539: A Muslim in Aleppo, he felt he could travel safely and not be questioned on his identity. To test his disguise, he made 3 journeys in the area of Syria, Lebanon , Palestine and Transjordan travelling as a poor Arab, sleeping on the ground and eating with camel drivers. With these trips being successful, he prepared to continue his journey to Cairo. He left Aleppo in early 1812 and headed south through Damascus , Ajloun , and Amman . In Kerak , he trusted his security to
93-464: A Muslim on his passage to Timbuktu . Burckhardt wrote of his travels in Egypt and Nubia, where he witnessed slave trading : "I frequently witnessed scenes of the most shameless indecency, which the traders, who were the principal actors, only laughed at. I may venture to state, that very few female slaves who have passed their tenth year, reach Egypt or Arabia in a state of virginity." After crossing
124-500: A gloomy and almost subterraneous passage as I have described. The natives call this monument Kaszr Faraoun, or Pharaoh's castle; and pretend that it was the residence of a prince. But it was rather the sepulchre of a prince, and great must have been the opulence of a city, which could dedicate such monuments to the memory of its rulers... In comparing the testimonies of the authors cited in Reland 's Palastina, it appears very probable that
155-520: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Al-Mufaddal al-Dabbi The exact year of al-Mufaddal's birth is not known, though his father was an authority on the Muslim conquest of Persia and it is thought that al-Mufaddal was born in that region. Al-Mufaddal lived for many years under the caliphs of the Umayyad line until their overthrow by
186-461: Is praised by all authorities on Arabian history and literature as in this respect greatly the superior of Hammad and Khalaf , who are accused (especially the latter) of unscrupulous fabrication of poems in the style of the ancients. He was a native of Kufa , the northernmost of the two great military colonies founded in 638 by the caliph Umar for the control of the wide Mesopotamian plain. In Kufa and Basra were gathered representatives of all
217-524: The Abbasid Revolution in 750. In 762 he took part in the rising led by Ibrahim Ibn Abdallah , the Alid, called "The Pure Soul", against the caliph al-Mansur , and after the defeat and death of Ibrahim was cast into prison. Al-Mansur, however, pardoned him on the intercession of his fellow tribesman Musayyab ibn Zuhair of Dabba, and appointed him the instructor in literature of his son, afterwards
248-521: The Arabian tribes who formed the fighting force of the Islamic Empire, and from these al-Mufaddal was able to collect and record the compositions of the poets who had celebrated the fortunes and exploits of their forefathers. He, no doubt, like al-Asma'i and Abu Ubaida, also himself visited the areas occupied by the tribes for their camping grounds in the neighbouring desert; and adjacent to Kufah
279-728: The British Museum . He was again stricken with dysentery and died in Cairo on 15 October 1817, never having made his intended journey to the Niger. He was buried as a Muslim, and the tombstone over his grave bears the name that he assumed on his travels in Arabia. He had from time to time carefully transmitted to England his journals and notes, and a copious series of letters, so very few details of his journeys have been lost. He bequeathed his collection of 800 volumes of oriental manuscripts to
310-623: The Sinai Peninsula , he arrived at Cairo on 4 September 1812. After spending four months in Cairo with no westbound caravans across the Sahara available, Burckhardt decided to journey up the Nile River to Upper Egypt and Nubia . He justified this to his employer with the argument that the information he would collect on African cultures would help him in his planned journey to west Africa. In January 1813, he departed Cairo travelling up
341-518: The plague epidemics that ravaged the Hejaz and Egypt between 1812 and 1816. He wrote: "In five or six days after my arrival [in Yanbu] the mortality increased; forty or fifty persons died in a day, which, in a population of five or six thousand, was a terrible mortality." Burckhardt spent the remaining two years of his life editing his journals and living modestly in Cairo while waiting and preparing for
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#1732775570006372-956: The Dawoodi Bohras, a subgroup of the Ismaili Shia branch of Islam Mofazzal Hossain Chowdhury (born 1948), Bangladeshi government minister Kazi Shah Mofazzal Hossain Kaikobad (born 1956), Bangladeshi politician Kazi Mofazzal Hossain Shaikat (born 1986), Bangladeshi footballer Muhammad Mofazzal Hossain Master , Bangladeshi politician See also [ edit ] Mufaddaliyat , 8th-century anthology of ancient Arabic poems compiled by al-Mufaddal al-Dabbi Tawhid al-Mufaddal , 9th-century work falsely attributed to al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi Topics referred to by
403-565: The Nile river over land via donkey. He planned to reach Dongola in what is now modern-day Sudan . He was eventually blocked by hostile people less than 160 km from his goal near the third cataract of the Nile river. Journeying north, he came across the sand-choked ruins of the Great Temple of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel in March 1813. After considerable effort, he was unable to excavate
434-565: The Red Sea, he entered Jeddah on 18 July 1814 and became sick with dysentery for the first time in his travels. Here he proved his credentials as a Muslim and was permitted to travel to Mecca. He spent several months in Mecca performing the various rituals associated with the Hajj which was unheard of for a European. He wrote of his detailed observations of the city and the deportment and culture of
465-505: The caliph al-Mahdi . It was for this prince that, at al-Mansur's instigation, al-Mufaddal compiled the Mufaddaliyat . Al-Mufaddal's exact date of death has proved difficult to determine. The Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature states that he died some time around the year 780, though the longer window between 781 and 787 has been claimed as well. Al-Mufaddal was a careful and trustworthy collector both of texts and traditions, and
496-462: The caravan that would take him west across the Sahara to Timbuktu and the Niger river. He made a trip to Alexandria and another to Mount Sinai where he visited Saint Catherine's Monastery before returning to Cairo. In Cairo, he met and introduced The Great Belzoni to Henry Salt , the British consul to Egypt, who commissioned Belzoni to remove the colossal bust of Ramesses II from Thebes to
527-414: The decision of Greek scholars. He could not remain long at the ruins or take detailed notes due to his fears of being unmasked as a treasure-seeking infidel. Seeing no evidence of the name of the ruins, he could only speculate that they were in fact the ruins of Petra which he had been informed about on his journey to Syria. He continued his travels and after crossing the southern deserts of Transjordan and
558-544: The entrance to the temple. He later told his friend Giovanni Belzoni about the ruins and it was he who later returned in 1817 to excavate the temple. Burckhardt continued north to Esmé . He later made an additional trip to Nubia travelling as far as Shendi near the Pyramids of Meroë . From here his journey took him to the Red Sea , where he resolved to make the pilgrimage to Mecca as this would enhance his credentials as
589-416: The first modern European to lay eyes on the ancient Nabataean city of Petra: I was particularly desirous of visiting Wady Mousa, of the antiquities of which I had heard the country people speak in terms of great admiration... I hired a guide at Eldjy, to conduct me to Haroun's tomb ... I was without protection in the midst of a desert where no traveller had ever before been seen… Future travellers may visit
620-624: The last Lakhmid king, containing a number of poems by the fuhul , or most eminent poets of the pagan time, and especially by those who had praised the princes of the house, and that this collection passed into the possession of the Umayyad caliphs of the house of Marwan ; to this, if the tradition is to be believed, al-Mufaddal probably had access. After his death, al-Mufaddal's students were responsible for compiling and publishing his famous anthology on his behalf. Ibrahim Ibn Abdallah Johann Ludwig (also known as John Lewis , Jean Louis ) Burckhardt (24 November 1784 – 15 October 1817)
651-415: The local governor, Sheikh Youssef. The governor, under the guise of concern for his guest, liberated him of his most valuable belongings and then sent him south with an unscrupulous guide. The guide soon after took the remainder of his belongings and abandoned him in the desert. Burckhardt found a nearby Bedouin encampment and obtained a new guide and continued his journey south. On the road to Cairo along
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#1732775570006682-559: The local inhabitants. His journals were a valuable source of information for the African explorer Richard Burton who also later travelled to Mecca a few decades later. He later made a side trip to Medina where he again became sick with dysentery and spent three months recovering. Departing Arabia, he arrived in a state of great exhaustion in the Sinai peninsula and travelled overland to Cairo, arriving on 24 June 1815. Burckhardt witnessed
713-551: The lost city of Petra and had subsequently been murdered. Once in Syria, he adopted the alias Sheikh Ibrahim Ibn Abdallah to hide his true European identity. While in Syria, he investigated local languages and archaeological sites and became the first discoverer of Hittite or Luwian hieroglyphs . He suffered setbacks during his time in Syria having been robbed of his belongings more than once by people he had paid to guarantee his protection. After more than 2 years living and studying as
744-503: The more dangerous inland route to Aqaba , Burckhardt encountered rumours of ancient ruins in a narrow valley near the supposed biblical tomb of Aaron , the brother of Moses . This region was the former Roman province of Arabia Petraea leading him to believe these were the ruins he had heard about in Malta. Telling his guide that he wished to sacrifice a goat at the tomb, he was led through the narrow valley where on 22 August 1812, he became
775-535: The ruins in Wady Mousa are those of the ancient Petra, and it is remarkable that Eusebius says the tomb of Aaron was shewn near Petra. Of this at least I am persuaded, from all the information I procured, that there is no other ruin between the extremities of the Dead sea and Red sea, of sufficient importance to answer to that city. Whether or not I have discovered the remains of the capital of Arabia Petraea, I leave to
806-567: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Mufaddal . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mufaddal&oldid=1247452143 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Arabic-language masculine given names Bangladeshi masculine given names Persian masculine given names Iranian masculine given names Hidden categories: Short description
837-430: The spot under the protection of an armed force; the inhabitants will become more accustomed to the researches of strangers; and the antiquities of Wady Mousa will then be found to rank amongst the most curious remains of ancient art… An excavated mausoleum came in view, the situation and beauty of which are calculated to make an extraordinary impression upon the traveller, after having traversed for nearly half an hour such
868-855: The summer of 1806 with goal of obtaining employment in the civil service. Unsuccessful, he took employment with the African Association with the objective of resolving some of the problems of the course of the Niger River . The expedition called for an overland journey from Cairo to Timbuktu . To prepare for the journey, he attended Cambridge University and studied Arabic , science and medicine. At this time he also began to adopt Arabian costume. In 1809 he left England and travelled to Aleppo , Syria to perfect his Arabic and Muslim customs. En route to Syria, he stopped in Malta and learned of Ulrich Jasper Seetzen who had left Cairo in search of
899-521: Was a Swiss traveller, geographer and Orientalist . Burckhardt assumed the alias Sheikh Ibrahim Ibn Abdallah during his travels in Arabia. He wrote his letters in French and signed Louis . He is best known for rediscovering two of the world's most famous examples of rock-cut architecture – the ruins of the ancient Nabataean city of Petra in Jordan and the temples of Abu Simbel in Egypt. Burckhardt
930-512: Was al-Hira (modern al-Kufah), the ancient capital of the Lakhmids kings, whose court was the most celebrated centre in pre-Islamic Arabia, where, in the century before the preaching of the Prophet, poets from the whole of the northern half of the peninsula were wont to assemble. There is indeed a tradition that a written collection ( diwan ) existed in the family of Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir ,
961-569: Was born on 24 November 1784 in Lausanne , Switzerland to a wealthy Basel family of silk merchants, the Burckhardt family. His father was named Rudolf, son of Gedeon Burckhardt, an affluent silk ribbon manufacturer; his mother, Sara Rohner, was Rudolf's second wife following a brief marriage to the daughter of the mayor of Basel which ended in divorce. After studying at the universities of Leipzig and Göttingen , he travelled to England in