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99-937: Al-Sulami was born in the city of Nishapur in the year 947 and came from a modest background and was orphaned in his teens after the passing of his father who was known for his piety and refined manners. His grandfather became his new guardian, who raised him up and took charge of his education. Al-Sulami was only 8 years old when he began to narrate hadiths which were narrated in writings and directly taken from his teacher, Sheikh Abu Bakr al-Subghi. An avid student of Hadith, al-Sulami travelled extensively and narrated hadiths from scholars in Nishapur , Merv , Iraq , Hejaz ( Mecca and Medina ) and he transmitted Hadith to narrators for over 40 years. His works became prominent and have spread far wide during his lifetime. Al-Sulami received his teaching certificate ( ijaza ) from Abu Sahl al-Sa'luki  [ ar ] and, some time after, he received

198-411: A broad and diversified industrial base . According to The Economist , Iran ranked 39th in a list of industrialized nations, producing $ 23 billion of industrial products in 2008. Between 2008 and 2009 Iran moved to 28th from 69th place in annual industrial production growth because of its relative isolation from the 2008 international financial crisis . In the early 21st century, the service sector

297-805: A conflict between the supporters of the Mohammad Khodabanda , the Safavid Shah of Persia , and his son Abbas the Great . In 1581, the castle of Nishapur went under siege. This siege became one of the events that helped the Abbas the Great to become the Ruler of Greater Khorasan and later the Shah of Persia in the Safavid Empire . In 1592 Abbas the Great took back the control of Nishapur from

396-530: A consortium of over 120 tax-exempt organizations that receive subsidies and religious donations. They answer directly to the Supreme Leader of Iran and control over 20% of GDP. Operating everything from vast soybean and cotton farms to hotels, soft drink, automobile manufacturing, and shipping lines, they are seen as overstaffed, corrupt and generally unprofitable. Bonyad companies compete with Iran's unprotected private sector, whose firms complain of

495-626: A foreign journalist ( Dexter Filkins ) that the uncertainty of "chronic shortages of material and unruly inspectors pushing for bribes" made operating his business very difficult -- "Plan for the next quarter? I can't plan for tomorrow morning." In 2021, according to the NIOC , daily consumption of gasoline in Iran has surpassed 85 million liters, i.e., 10 times more than Turkey with almost the same population. Social class in Iran Following

594-533: A major national expressway that connects the two major cities of Tehran and Mashhad , is connected to the city of Nishapur and it passes through it. Nishapur is connected to the Trans-Iranian Railway System which is a UNESCO world heritage . The Nishapur train station became operational during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and it is located on the southern part of the city. On 18 February 2004, runaway train wagons crashed into

693-700: A majority of government revenue in 2010. In March 2022, the Iranian parliament under the then new president Ebrahim Raisi decided to eliminate a major subsidy for importing food, medicines and animal feed, valued at $ 15 billion in 2021. Also in March 2022, 20 billion tons of basic goods exports from Russia including vegetable oil, wheat, barley and corn were agreed. Iran's educated population , high human development , constrained economy and insufficient foreign and domestic investment prompted an increasing number of Iranians to seek overseas employment, resulting in

792-592: A modest rebound was expected in 2020. Challenges include a COVID-19 outbreak starting in February 2020 and US sanctions reimposed in mid-2018, increased unemployment due to the sanctions, inflation, a "chronically weak and undercapitalised" banking system , and an "anemic" private sector. Iran's currency, the Iranian rial , has fallen, and Iran has a relatively low rating in " Economic Freedom ", and " ease of doing business ". In 546 BC, Croesus of Lydia

891-573: A relatively low rating in the Heritage Foundation's " Index of Economic Freedom " (164 out of 180); and ease of doing business ranking (127 among 190) according to the World Bank. Critics have complained that privatization has led not to state owned businesses being taken over by "skilled businesspeople" but by the powerful Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps "and its associates". In 2020, an Iranian businessperson complained to

990-544: A significant " brain drain ". However, in 2015, Iran and the P5+1 reached a deal on the nuclear program which removed most international sanctions . Consequently, for a short period, the tourism industry was significantly improved and the inflation of the country was decreased though US withdrawal from the JCPOA in 2018 hindered the growth of the economy again and increased inflation. GDP contracted in 2018 and 2019, but

1089-608: A significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center within the Islamic world . Nishapur, along with Merv , Herat and Balkh , was one of the four great cities of Greater Khorasan and one of the greatest cities of the Old World in the Islamic Golden Age with strategic importance, a seat of governmental power in the eastern section of caliphates , a dwelling place for diverse ethnic and religious groups and

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1188-603: A trading stop on commercial routes from Transoxiana , China, Iraq and Egypt. Nishapur reached the height of its prosperity under the Samanids in the 10th century but was destroyed and most of its population was slaughtered by the Mongols in 1221 . This massacre, combined with subsequent earthquakes and other invasions, is believed to have destroyed the city several times. Unlike its near neighbor Merv , Nishapur managed to recover from these cataclysmic events, and survive until

1287-428: A warm and semi-dry climate called '' central Iranian plateau climate''. Precipitation mostly happens in spring and winter. Nishapur is situated on a relatively higher elevation (1250 meters) than its neighboring cities such Sabzevar and Mashhad hence the weather is milder and better than these cities. Nishapur has a cold semi-arid climate (BSk). The city of Nishapur lies on a Holocene alluvial plain on top of

1386-675: Is 21%, and the inflation rate has climbed to 22% in 2012, 10% higher than in 2011. There is little alignment between fiscal and monetary policy . According to the Central Bank of Iran , the gap between the rich and the poor narrowed because of monthly subsidies but the trend could reverse if high inflation persists. Iran had an estimated $ 110 billion in foreign reserves in 2011 and balances its external payments by pricing oil at approximately $ 75 per barrel. As of 2013, only $ 30 to $ 50 billion of those reserves are accessible because of current sanctions. Iranian media has questioned

1485-589: Is a city in the Central District of Nishapur County , Razavi Khorasan province, Iran , serving as capital of both the county and the district. Nishapur is the second-largest city of the province in the northeast of Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot of Binalud Mountain Range . It has been the historic capital of the Western Quarter of Greater Khorasan , the historic capital of

1584-458: Is a national and registered protected archeological area by law and any unauthorized archeological excavation is considered illegal. This district is also home to the burial and historical monuments (some are shown on the city infobox) of most of the renowned persons of the city throughout history such as the Mausoleum of Omar Khayyám and the Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur . The third district

1683-794: Is also used as one of the main touristic hotspots of the city. Many of this city's archeological discoveries are held and shown to the public in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City , the British Museum in London , the National Museum of Iran in Tehran , other international museums and the museums of the city of Nishapur. The city of Nishapur is also a member of international organizations such as

1782-633: Is controlled by just 300 people . The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) are thought to control about one third of Iran's economy through subsidiaries and trusts. 2007 estimates by the Los Angeles Times suggest the IRGC has ties to over one hundred companies and annual revenue in excess of $ 12 billion, particularly in construction. The Ministry of Petroleum awarded the IRGC billions of dollars in no-bid contracts as well as major infrastructure projects. Tasked with border control,

1881-410: Is diverse and it is based on several industries like Agriculture, Industrial parks, mining, tourism, health-care, retailing, banking etc. Many agricultural products such as saffron , cereals , cotton , herbs , plums , walnut , wheat , corn , apples , cherries and pistachio are exported from the county of Nishapur . The city is also a dairy and sugar exporter. Most of the water supply of

1980-539: Is established by the Management and Planning Organization of Iran and proposed by the government to the parliament before the year's end . Following approval of the budget by Majlis , the central bank presents a detailed monetary and credit policy to the Money and Credit Council (MCC) for approval. Thereafter, major elements of these policies are incorporated into the five-year economic development plan. The plan

2079-659: Is expected to continue "in the coming years" according to the World Bank , but decline into the 34-33% range. In July 2022, the average inflation rate rose 40.5% while the inflation rate for food and beverages alone rose 87%. Iran's banking system is "chronically weak and undercapitalised" according to Nordea Bank Abp , holding billions of dollars of non-performing loans, and the private sector remains "anemic". The unofficial Iranian rial to US dollar exchange rate, which had plateaued at 40,000 to one in 2017, has fallen 120,000 to one as of November 2019. Iran's economy has

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2178-498: Is expected to originate from productivity improvement. Energy subsidies left the economy as one of the world's least energy-efficient, with energy intensity three times the global average and 2.5 times higher than the Middle Eastern average. Notwithstanding its own issues, the banking sector is seen as a potential hedge against the removal of subsidies, as the plan is not expected to directly impact banks. Iran's budget

2277-468: Is nowadays in that area. This palace was perhaps completely ruined in the 13th century. Most people speak Persian and are monolingual , however, there are several private foreign language-teaching institutions in the city that teach English and other languages. At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 205,972 in 56,652 households. The following census in 2011 counted 239,185 people in 71,263 households. The 2016 census measured

2376-983: Is part of "Vision 2025", a strategy for long-term sustainable growth. The sixth five-year development plan for the 2016–2021 period places emphasis on "guidelines" rather than "hard targets". It defines only three priorities: Since the 1979 revolution, government spending has averaged 59% on social policies, 17% on economic matters, 15% on national defense , and 13% on general affairs. Payments averaged 39% on education , health and social security , 20% on other social programs, 3% on agriculture , 16% on water , power and gas , 5% on manufacturing and mining , 12% on roads and transportation and 5% on other economic affairs. Iran's investment reached 27.7% of GDP in 2009. Between 2002 and 2006, inflation fluctuated around 14%. In 2008, around 55% of government revenue came from oil and natural gas revenue , with 31% from taxes and fees . There are virtually millions of people who do not pay taxes in Iran and hence operate outside

2475-437: Is partly due to corrupt interests inside the government and mismanagement. Expansion of public healthcare and international relations are the other main objectives of the fifth plan, an ambitious series of measures that include subsidy reform , banking recapitalization , currency , taxation , customs , construction , employment, nationwide goods and services distribution, social justice and productivity. The intent

2574-456: Is to make the country self-sufficient by 2015 and replace the payment of $ 100 billion in subsidies annually with targeted social assistance . These reforms target Iran's major sources of inefficiency and price distortion and are likely to lead to major restructuring of almost all economic sectors. By removing energy subsidies , Iran intends to make its industries more efficient and competitive. By 2016, one third of Iran's economic growth

2673-638: The Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad , the Tahirid rulers were effectively independent. The dynasty was founded by Tahir ibn Husayn , a leading general in the service of the Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun . Tahir's military victories were rewarded with the gift of lands in the east of Persia, which were subsequently extended by his successors as far as the borders of India . Tahirid influence extended to Baghdad when

2772-653: The Greater Khorasan region but subsequently declined in significance until a revival in its fortunes in the 9th century under the Tahirid dynasty , when the glazed ceramics of Nishapur formed an important item of trade to the west. For a time Nishapur rivaled Baghdad or Cairo : Toghrül , the first ruler of the Seljuk dynasty, made Nishapur his residence in 1038 and proclaimed himself sultan there, but it declined thereafter, as Seljuk fortunes were concentrated in

2871-676: The Iran–Iraq War , over 80% of the economy came under government control. The eight-year war with Iraq claimed at least 300,000 Iranian lives and injured more than 500,000. The cost of the war to Iran's economy was some $ 500 billion. After hostilities ceased in 1988, the government tried to develop the country's communication , transportation , manufacturing, health care , education and energy sectors, including its prospective nuclear power facilities , and began integrating its communication and transportation systems with those of neighboring states. The government 's long-term objectives since

2970-506: The Jame mosque of Nishapur ( congregational mosque of the city) are among the examples of the buildings built during this era in Nishapur. Many poets, scholars and renowned historical figures of the city and the wider region of Abarshahr (one of the main four regions of Greater Khorasan with the city capitals of Nishapur, Merv , Herat and Balkh ) were also born in this period. Due to

3069-550: The Khayyam Industrial Park and the Attar Industrial Park are near the city of Nishapur. Many industrial products such as sugar, cooking oils and gas heaters are exported from the city and its county. Several hotels, ecolodges , resorts, parks, tourist hot-spots, restaurants, museums, a planetarium , cultural centers, mausoleums, religious pilgrimage sites and historic mosques are in and near

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3168-603: The LHC and the ICCN UNESCO . Abarshahr was a satrapy (province) of the Sassanid Empire . Cities in the region were Candac, Artacauan, Apameia, and Pushang (founded by Shapur I). Nishapur was the capital. Abarshar was the name used for Nishapur during the Sassanid Empire and Rashidun Caliphate . The capital was a vital center of administration and of communications between Bactria, India, and Sagistan. The region

3267-542: The Pleistocene sediments in the southwestern part of the Binalud Mountains . The Binalud Range, running northwest–southeast, is made predominantly of Triassic and Jurassic rocks. On the southern side of the northwestern part of the range there is a section of Eocene rocks that are volcanic in origin. The well-known Nishabur turquoise comes from the weathered and broken trachytes and andesites of

3366-671: The Saffarids , their "empire", with nominal sanction from the Abbasids , extended from India to Iraq , making Nishapur a provincial capital. Khurasan was thus an international entrepôt, with merchants coming not only from Iraq, India and Egypt, but also from Russia; additionally, Vikings came from Scandinavia to trade with the Bulghars and Khazars on the Caspian Sea . Nishapur occupies an important strategic position astride

3465-527: The Shaybanids . Shah Abbasi Caravanseri of Nishapur was also built during his reign and later on, he left his two epigraphs on Jame Mosque of Nishapur on the Ramadan of October 1612. Saadat Ali Khan I Nishapuri , Nawab of Awadh (the ruler who governed the state of Awadh of India), was also born in this period in an influential family in Nishapur. After the death of Nader Shah Afshar in 1747,

3564-514: The Tehran Stock Exchange . With 10% of the world's proven oil reserves and 15% of its gas reserves , Iran is considered an " energy superpower ". A unique feature of Iran's economy is the presence of large religious foundations called bonyads , whose combined budgets represent more than 30 percent of central government spending . Price controls and subsidies , particularly on food and energy , are heavily prominent in

3663-563: The World Economic Forum 's analysis of the global competitiveness of 144 countries . Political, policy and currency stability are regarded as the most problematic factors in doing business in Iran. Difficulty in accessing financing is also a major concern, especially for small and medium enterprises . Most of Iran's financial resources are directed at trading, smuggling and speculation instead of production and manufacturing. In 2008, according to Goldman Sachs , Iran has

3762-599: The Zafaranlu Confederacy but was given back to the Qajars in 1829. During the Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar , the city was an isolated outpost of Qajar rule led by Imamverdi Khan Bayat when most of Khorasan was under the wrath of Hasan Khan Salar. On March 21, 1849, Qajar forces entered Nishapur. The reconstruction of the Mausoleum of Omar Khayyam in Nishapur was commissioned by Reza Shah . Omar's previous tomb

3861-460: The economy of Iran during World War II and the years immediately following. Between 1954 and 1960 a rapid increase in oil revenues and sustained foreign aid led to greater investment and fast-paced economic growth, primarily in the government sector. Subsequently, inflation increased, the value of the national currency, the rial, depreciated, and a foreign-trade deficit developed. Economic policies implemented to combat these problems led to declines in

3960-517: The hostilities with Iraq , the Government declared its intention to privatize most industries and to liberalize and decentralize the economy. Sale of state-owned companies proceeded slowly, mainly due to opposition by a nationalist majority in the parliament. In 2006, most industries, some 70% of the economy, remained state-owned. The majority of heavy industries including steel, petrochemicals, copper, automobiles, and machine tools remained in

4059-509: The ''Abe Bostan'' (Mir Ab River of Nishapur). The current position of the city was formed during this era and on the North West of the older position of the city which is now home to the Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur and Shadiyakh Archeological Site and other remains of the old position of the city (the old position of the city is also now a protected archeological site by law though it is endangered). Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur and

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4158-495: The 2017 pre-devaluation exchange rate ), thus furthering the decline of the Iranian rial and rise in inflation. In 2024, Iran passed a law to make a two day weekend. Saturday was added to Friday weekends and Thursdays were removed. The work week was reduced from 44 hours to 40/42 hours. The GDP of Iran contracted in FY 2018 and FY 2019 and modest rebound is expected in 2020/2021 according to an April 2020 World Economic Outlook by

4257-420: The 9th-century Tahirid dynasty , the initial capital of the 11th-century Seljuk Empire , and is currently the capital city of Nishapur County and a historic Silk Road city of cultural and economic importance in Iran and the region of Greater Khorasan . Nearby are turquoise mines that have supplied the world with turquoise of the finest and the highest quality for at least two millennia . The city

4356-833: The Abbasids granted them the military affairs in Mesopotamia . In 873, the Tahirids were replaced by the Saffarids . Saffarids expanded their sphere of influence through the north of Khurasan and also in south towards Sistan . They also made Nishapur their capital and rebuilt the Tahirid palace. In 900, Ismail Samani defeated the Saffarids and was made governor of Nishapur. The Samanids had been placed in power in Transoxiana by Caliph Al-Ma'mun , and ruled first from Samarqand and then moved to Bukhara . After defeating

4455-569: The Eocene volcanic rocks of this part of the mountain range. The main turquoise mines are situated about 50 kilometers northwest of the city of Nishapur in the foothills of the Binalud Range. Nishapur is located in a region with a rather high risk of earthquakes . Many earthquakes have seriously harmed the city; among the important ones are the historical earthquakes that ruined the city in the 12th and 13th centuries. The economy of Nishapur

4554-521: The IMF. Challenges to the economy include the COVID-19 outbreak starting in February 2020, which on top of US sanctions reimposed in mid-2018 and other factors, led a fall in oil production and are projected to lead to a slow recovery in oil exports. Labor-force participation has risen but unemployment is above 10% as of 2020 and projected to rise in 2021 and 2022. Inflation reached 41.1% in 2019, and

4653-568: The IRGC maintains a monopoly on smuggling , costing Iranian companies billions of dollars each year. Smuggling is encouraged in part by the generous subsidization of domestic goods , including fuel . The IRGC also runs the telecommunication company , laser eye-surgery clinics, makes cars, builds bridges and roads and develops oil and gas fields. Welfare programs for the needy are managed by more than 30 public agencies alongside semi-state organizations known as bonyads , together with several private non-governmental organizations. Bonyads are

4752-528: The Muslims. He offered to open one of the gates for the Muslim army to enter, provided he was granted immunity. The Muslims accepted the offer. The Persians were taken by surprise, and the Muslims became the new rulers of Nishapur. After consolidating their position at Nishapur, the Muslims conquered other cities around Nishapur, including Pusht, Ashband, Rukh, Zar, Khaf, Osparain and Arghian. Abu Muslim became

4851-458: The Sufi cloak ( khirka ) from Abu'l-Kasim al-Nasrabadhi (d. 367/977-8), who just ten years ago became a Sufi at the hands of Abu Bakr al-Shibli . Al-Sulami studied under numerous Hadith scholars, his most prominent ones include: Al-Sulami had many students who narrated from him, among them were: Towards the end of his lifetime, al-Sulami founded a spiritual khanqa for Iʿtikāf . His intention

4950-820: The Ways of the Awliya (Tassawuf), so much as to summarize it according to the explanation of the ancient (oldest Friends of God). Al-Khatib said: "Al-Sulami was a proficient authority in Hadith." Al-Dhahabi said: The Imam, the hafiz, the Muhaddith, the Sheikh of Khorasan, and the great Sufi ." Al-Sulami started writing and authoring when he was in his 20's and continued to write until his death 50 years later. He authored over 100 works: Nishapur Nishapur or Neyshabur ( Persian : نیشاپور , also نیشابور )

5049-565: The area became an independent khanate under the reign of the Bayat chieftains. In 1754 Ahmad Shah Durrani captured Nishapur with the support of heavy artillery and imposed Shahrokh Shah as the ruler ( Shah ) of the western part of Greater Khorasan as a protectorate of the Durrani Empire . The city was conquered in 1800 by the Qajars . In 1828, the city came under the influence of

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5148-533: The cities of Mashhad and Tehran . The city also has local routes and highways to the cities of Kashmar and Quchan . Throughout the Middle Ages, Nishapur had been praised by many due to its many gardens and its healthy climate in Khorasan . Ibn Hawqal has commented the following about the weather and the climate of this city at that time: Throughout all of Khorasan , no such companion as enriched with

5247-485: The city flourish again and the city's population grew once more and some of the villages around the city were improved and rebuilt. Hamdallah Mustawfi had visited the city of Nishapur in the Year 1339 or 1340. During this era, the ambassador of Henry III of Castile , Ruy González de Clavijo reached Nishapur and according to him, Nishapur had become a highly productive agricultural center with 40 non-stop working mills along

5346-567: The city is provided from the Binalud Mountain Range 's mostly seasonal rivers , qanats , dams and modern wells . Natural recourses such as turquoise and salt are mined from around the city. The electrical power supply of the city is provided from Neyshabur Combined Cycle Power Plant and Binalood Wind Farm . The excessive electrical energy of the city is mostly exported from the city's public power grid . Khorasan Steel Complex and two main industrial parks called

5445-628: The city of Susa on the Karun (250 km east of the Tigris) to the port of Smyrna (modern İzmir in Turkey ) on the Aegean Sea . Modern agriculture in Iran dates back to the 1850s when Amir Kabir undertook a number of changes to the traditional agricultural system. Such changes included importing modified seeds and signing collaboration contracts with other countries. Polyakov 's Bank Esteqrazi

5544-430: The city. The construction of the new mausoleum was completed in the year 1963. The Tomb of Kamal-ol Molk was also built in Nishapur and designed by Seyhoun . The Wooden Mosque of Neyshabur was also built in the year 2000. The Second Asia-Pacific Jamboree was held at Baghrud Scots Park of Nishapur in preparation for The 15th World Scout Jamboree which was scheduled to be held 15–23 July 1979 in Nishapur but due to

5643-499: The city. The tourism industry of the city has a lot of protentional but it needs further development. There are two active hospitals (Hakim Hospital and 22 Bahman Hospital) in the city of Nishapur and a third one is also currently under construction. Nearly all of reputable public and private Iranain banks have branches in the city. Major Iranian companies such as Refah Chain Stores Co. , Iran Hyper Star , Ofoqh Kourosh and other companies have active branches in Nishapur. Road 44 ,

5742-433: The condition of paying a tribute. Having conquered the region around Nishapur, the Muslim force advanced to Nishapur itself. The city was divided into four sectors, with each sector under a Persian chief. These chiefs shut themselves in the city and closed the gates. The Muslims laid siege to the city for some days. In the meantime, the Persian chiefs quarreled among themselves. One of the chiefs entered into negotiations with

5841-434: The country's overall infrastructure, implemented educational reform, campaigned against foreign influence, reformed the legal system, and introduced modern industries. During this time, Iran experienced a period of social change, economic development, and relative political stability. Reza Shah Pahlavi, who abdicated in 1941, was succeeded by his son, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (r. 1941–79). No fundamental change occurred in

5940-405: The difficulty of competing with the subsidized bonyads . Bonyads are not subject to audit or Iran's accounting laws . Setad is a multi-sector business organization, with holdings of 37 companies, and an estimated value of $ 95 billion. It is under the control of the Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei , and created from thousands of properties confiscated from Iranians . After the revolution,

6039-428: The economic activities of the state and cooperative sectors. Since Article 44 has never been strictly enforced, the private sector has played a much larger role than that outlined in the constitution. In recent years, the role of this sector has increased. A 2004 constitutional amendment allows 80% of state assets to be privatized. Forty percent of such sales are to be conducted through the " Justice Shares " scheme and

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6138-466: The economy by reducing oil exports by half, before recovering in 2016. The Iranian rial lost more than half of its value in 2012, directing Iran to import substitution industrialization and a resistive economy . According to the International Monetary Fund , Iran is a " transition economy ", i.e., changing from a planned to a market economy. In 2008, the United Nations classified Iran's economy as semi-developed. In 2014, Iran ranked 83rd in

6237-439: The economy. Contraband , administrative controls, widespread corruption , and other restrictive factors undermine private sector-led growth . The government's 20-year vision, as of 2020, involves market-based reforms reflected in the government's, with a five year development plan, 2016 to 2021, focusing on "a resilient economy" and " progress in science and technology ". Most of Iran's exports are oil and gas , accounting for

6336-426: The formal economy . The budget for year 2012 was $ 462 billion, 9% less than 2011. The budget is based on an oil price of $ 85 per barrel. The value of the US dollar is estimated at IRR 12,260 for the same period. According to the head of the Department of Statistics of Iran, if the rules of budgeting were observed the government could save at least 30 to 35% on its expenses. The central bank's interest rate

6435-432: The government established a national education system that improved adult literacy rates. In 2008, 85% of the adult population was literate, well ahead of the regional average of 62%. The Human Development Index was 0.749 in 2013, placing Iran in the "high human development" bracket. In 2008, annual economic growth of above 5% was necessary to absorb the 750,000 new labor force entrants each year. In 2020, agriculture

6534-478: The government of the Shah , the Metropolitan's publications were limited to its own Nishapur ceramics. The site of Nishapur has been ransacked for half a century since World War II , to feed the international market demand for early Islamic works of art. Shadiyakh ("Palace of Happiness") was one of the main palaces of old Nishapur up to the 9th century AD, which became more important and populated after that. Some notable people like Attar lived there. Attar's tomb

6633-462: The governor of Khorasan , and chose Nishapur as his capital. He seems to have initiated a huge building program in which he stimulated the growth of the city. Nishapur increased in importance, and two of the ‘Abbasids were governors of this city before becoming caliphs. It was the governor of Khurasan (‘ Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan ) who presented the large gift of Chinese imperial porcelains to Harun al-Rashid (see Abbasid Ceramics Section), demonstrating

6732-432: The health of the air, quantity and the vastness of its mansions can be found. In the same cited work , Hakim Nishapuri praises Nishapur with many favourable nicknames such as " Persian : نیشابورست، هوای او صافی به صحت آبدان وافی، خالی از خطایا و عاری از وبا و اکثر بلایا… عروس بلدان، خزانه خراسان، دار امارت، لطیف عمارت، موطن ادیبان… " and compares and claims that the weather and climate (or air Persian: هوا) of Nishapur

6831-490: The like. These are publicly owned and administered by the State. Cooperative companies and enterprises concerned with production and distribution in urban and rural areas form the basis of the cooperative sector and operated in accordance with Shariah law . As of 2012, 5,923 consumer cooperatives, employed 128,396. Consumer cooperatives have over six million members. Private sector operate in construction, agriculture, animal husbandry, industry, trade, and services that supplement

6930-579: The local governor and mayor and the heads of the fire and rail services. This disaster has become known as one of the worst railway industry disasters of the world. Little archaeology has been done on this vast and complicated site. George Curzon remarked that Nishapur had been destroyed and rebuilt more times than any other city in history, an evocative statement whether or not it is statistically true. The Metropolitan Museum of Art undertook excavations from 1935 that were interrupted in 1940. Searching largely for museum-worthy trophies that they shared with

7029-442: The massacre, Khan's troops killed and beheaded most of the population of the city and their skulls were reputedly piled in pyramids by the Mongols . Women, Infants, children, and even cats and dogs were among the beheaded. After the massacre a much smaller settlement was established just north of the ancient town, and the once bustling metropolis lay underground—until a team of excavators from the Metropolitan Museum of Art arrived in

7128-454: The mid-20th century. They worked at Nishapur between 1935 and 1940, returning for a final season in the winter of 1947–48. What remains of old Nishapur is a 3500-hectare "Kohandejh ( Persian : کهن دژ)" area, south of the current city of Nishapur. After the fall of Nishapur in 1221 by the Mongols, the structures of the city were weakened and the agricultural output of the city was reduced. Mahmud Ghazan and Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan tried to make

7227-528: The middle of the last century. Preserved more than any other Sufi source, al-Sulami writings on the explanation of the mystical meanings behind the letters shows a method in which Sufis of the second/eight to the fourth/tenth centuries have interpreted the meaning of the Arabic letters and alphabetic groupings. Al-Hakim said: "He was abundant in his auditions and narrations of Hadiths and meticulous in narration." Abu Nu'aym said: He achieved complete Mastery of

7326-653: The old Silk Road that linked Anatolia and the Mediterranean Sea with China. On the Silk Road, Nishapur has often defined the flexible frontier between the Iranian plateau and Central Asia. The town derived its name from its reputed founder, the Sassanian king Shapur I , who is said to have established it in the third century CE. Nearby are the turquoise mines that supplied the world with turquoise for at least two millennia. It became an important town in

7425-507: The political uncertainty of the Iranian Revolution in the country , the event was cancelled. On February 18, 2004, in the Nishapur train disaster , a train carrying flammable goods derailed and caught fire near the town. Five hours later, during fire fighting and rescue work, a massive explosion destroyed the train and many nearby buildings. Around 300 people were said to have been killed, mainly fire and rescue workers but also

7524-469: The population of the city as 264,375 people in 83,143 households. It is the third most-populous city in the eastern provinces of Iran after Mashhad and Zahedan . Nishapur is located at an elevation of 1250 meters on a wide fertile plain at the southwestern foot of the Binalud Mountain range in northcentral Razavi Khorasan Province. The city is connected by both railways and highways to

7623-465: The potential to become one of the world's largest economies in the 21st century. In 2014, Iranian President Hassan Rouhani stated that Iran has the potential to become one of the ten largest economies within the next 30 years. One major problem often cited by Iranian industrialists is that the government is not supporting them by authorizing imports of similar parts or products into the country , undermining their activity and domestic market. This

7722-523: The present day as an active modern city and county in tourism , agriculture , health care , industrial production and commerce in Razavi Khorasan Province of Iran ; however, many of its older and historical archeological remains are left to be uncovered. The modern city of Nishapur is composed of three main administrative areas/districts ( Persian : منطقه های شهر نیشابور) and is surrounded by many villages which are joining in to

7821-544: The public sector, with most light industry privately owned. Article 44 of the Iranian Constitution declares that the country's economy should consist of state, cooperative, and private based sectors. The state sector includes all large-scale industries, foreign trade, major minerals, banking, insurance, power generation, dams and large-scale irrigation networks, radio and television, post, telegraph and telephone services, aviation, shipping, roads, railroads and

7920-407: The rates of nominal economic growth and per capita income by 1961. Prior to 1979, Iran developed rapidly. Traditionally agricultural, by the 1970s, the country had undergone significant industrialization and modernization. The pace slowed by 1978 as capital flight reached $ 30 to $ 40 billion 1980-US dollars just before the revolution . Following the nationalizations in 1979 and the outbreak of

8019-404: The reason behind Iran's government non-repatriation of its foreign reserves before the imposition of the latest round of sanctions and its failure to convert into gold . As a consequence, the Iranian rial lost more than 40% of its value between December 2011 and April 2012. Iran's external and fiscal accounts reflect falling oil prices in FY 2012, but remain in surplus. The current account

8118-520: The rest through the Tehran Stock Exchange . The government would retain the remaining 20%. In 2005, government assets were estimated at around $ 120 billion. Some $ 63 billion of such assets were privatized from 2005 to 2010, reducing the government's direct share of GDP from 80% to 40%. Many companies in Iran remain uncompetitive because of mismanagement over the years, thus making privatization less attractive for potential investors. According to then-President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , 60% of Iran's wealth

8217-495: The revolution were stated as economic independence , full employment , and a comfortable standard of living but Iran's population more than doubled between 1980 and 2000 and its median age declined. Although many Iranians are farmers, agricultural production has consistently fallen since the 1960s. By the late 1990s, Iran imported much of its food. At that time, economic hardship in the countryside resulted in many people moving to cities . Iran's national science budget in 2005

8316-636: The south of the Road 44. It is home to some of the main tourists attractions of the city such as the National Garden of Nishapur and the Khanate Mansion of Amin Islami . The Area/district 3 of the city is home to the ruins and the remains of the ancient city of Nishapur destroyed by Mongols in the Middle Ages and is located on the south and the southeast of the city. The third district of the city

8415-419: The strategic importance of the province on trade routes. The Tahirid dynasty was a dynasty of Persian dehqan origin that ruled from 820 to 872 in Khorasan , northeastern Greater Iran , a region now split between Iran , Afghanistan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan . The Tahirid capital was originally Merv , but Nishapur became their capital from 828 to 845. Although nominally subject to

8514-609: The urban area and structure of the city. The Area/district 1 of the city comprises the newer urban developments (initiated mostly in the 1980s and the 1990s) made to the north of the Road 44 and is home to most of the main higher educational institutions of Nishapur such as the University of Neyshabur and the IAUN . The Area/district 2 of the city comprises the downtown of the city and the older and more historic urban structures situated on

8613-509: The village of Khayyam near Nishapur. This accident caused several major explosions and it kill over 300. The entire village of Khayyam was destroyed due to the explosions. Economy of Iran Iran is a mixed economy with a large public sector . Some 60% of Iran's economy is centrally planned . Iran's economy is characterized by its hydrocarbon, agricultural, and service sectors, in addition to manufacturing and financial services, with over 40 industries directly involved in

8712-528: The west. Nishapur was sacked by the Oghuz Turks in 1154, and suffered several earthquakes in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. In 1221, after the death of Tuqachar , the husband of Genghis Khan's daughter, the entire city of Nishapur was destroyed by the Mongols over the course of 10 days. Genghis Khan's daughter requested the death of every resident of the city as vengeance for her husband's death. In order to become sure that no wounded would survive

8811-432: Was 10% of GDP and employed 16% of the labor force. In 2017, the industrial sector , which includes mining, manufacturing, and construction, was 35% of GDP and employed 35% of the labor force. In 2009, mineral products, notably petroleum , accounted for 80% of Iran's export revenues, even though mining employs less than 1% of the labor force. In 2004, the service sector ranked as the largest contributor to GDP, at 48% of

8910-431: Was Iran's largest, followed by industry (mining and manufacturing) and agriculture. In 2008, Iran's GDP was estimated at $ 382.3 billion ($ 842 billion PPP), or $ 5,470 per capita ($ 12,800 PPP). In 2010, the nominal GDP was projected to double in the next five years. Real GDP growth was expected to average 2.2% a year in 2012–16, insufficient to reduce the unemployment rate. Furthermore, international sanctions have damaged

9009-415: Was about $ 900 million, roughly equivalent to the 1990 figure. By early 2000, Iran allocated around 0.4% of its GDP to research and development , ranking the country behind the world average of 1.4%. In 2009 the ratio of research to GDP was 0.87% against the government's medium-term target of 2.5%. Iran ranked first in scientific growth in the world in 2011 and 17th in science production in 2012. Iran has

9108-510: Was better and more healthier (according to him, cholera and other such diseases and disasters could not be found in Nishapur) than many neighboring regions such as Sistan (due to its winds), Indus valley (or سند in Persian) and Hindustan (due to their severe hotness), Khwarazm and Turkestan (due to their coldness) and Merv (due to presence of many insects). Nishapur generally has

9207-470: Was bought in 1898 by the Tsarist government of Russia , and later passed into the hands of the Iranian government by a contract in 1920. The bank continued its activities under the name of Bank Iran until 1933 when incorporating the newly founded Keshavarzi Bank . The Imperial Bank of Persia was established in 1885, with offices in all major cities of Persia. Reza Shah Pahlavi (r. 1925–41) improved

9306-643: Was defeated and captured by the Persians , who then adopted gold as the main metal for their coins. There are accounts in the biblical Book of Esther of dispatches being sent from Susa to provinces as far out as India and the Kingdom of Kush during the reign of Xerxes the Great (485–465 BC). By the time of Herodotus (c. 475 BC), the Royal Road of the Persian Empire ran some 2,857 km from

9405-434: Was expected to reach a surplus of 2.1% of GDP in FY 2012, and the net fiscal balance (after payments to Iran's National Development Fund ) will register a surplus of 0.3% of GDP. In 2013 the external debts stood at $ 7.2 billion down from $ 17.3 billion in 2012. Overall fiscal deficit is expected to deteriorate to 2.7% of GDP in FY 2016 from 1.7% in 2015. Money in circulation reached $ 700 billion in March 2020 (based on

9504-455: Was founded in the 3rd century by Shapur I as a capital city of Sasanian satrapy known as Abarshahr or Nishapur. Nishapur later became the capital of Tahirid dynasty and was reformed by Abdullah Tahir in 830, and was later selected as the capital of Seljuk dynasty by Tughril in 1037. From the Abbasid era to the Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia and Eastern Iran , the city evolved into

9603-630: Was involved in the Indian and Chinese trade. Its governor bore the title of kanarang . Nishapur was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate , without struggle, during the caliphate of Umar . The Caliph appointed Ahnaf Ibn Qais as the chief command of the Rashidun army out of Isfahan . From Isfahan, two routes led to Khorasan : the main route via Rayy and the other via Nishapur. The people of Nishapur chose not to fight and surrendered on

9702-505: Was separated from his tomb, and a white marble monument ( Current Mausoleum ), designed by the Iranian architect Hooshang Seyhoun , was erected over it. This mausoleum became one of the main symbols of the city and one of the known works of the modern Persian architecture . The influence of the architectural design of this mausoleum is visible on the coat of arms of the University of Neyshabur , Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) and other public, civil and private organizations of

9801-439: Was to build a solitude for pious worshippers and spiritual seekers of Nishapur , which was then visited by the famous Imam al-Khatib . When Al-Sulami passed away, he was buried in the same spiritual house he founded. To this date, al-Sulami works remain one of the most important authorities in early history of Sufi literature and many of his books have been preserved over the centuries. It has been both copied and produced since

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