The alumbrados ( Spanish pronunciation: [alumˈbɾaðos] , illuminated ), also called the illuminati , were the practitioners of a mystical form of Christianity in the Crown of Castile during the 15th–16th centuries. Some alumbrados were only mildly heterodox , but others held views that were clearly heretical , according to the contemporary rulers. Consequently, they were firmly repressed and became some of the early victims of the Spanish Inquisition .
87-457: Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo found the name as early as 1492 (in the form aluminados , 1498), and traced the group to a Gnostic origin. He thought their views were promoted in Spain through influences from Italy. The alumbrados held that the human soul can reach such a degree of perfection that it can even in the present life contemplate the essence of God and comprehend the mystery of
174-531: A "captainship" by the conquerors. Tinerfe "the Great" , son of the mencey Sunta, governed the island from Adeje in the south. However, upon his death, his nine children rebelled and argued bitterly about how to divide the island. Two independent achimenceyatos were created on the island, and the island was divided into nine menceyatos . The menceyes within them formed what would be similar to municipalities today. The menceyatos and their menceyes (ordered by
261-464: A century alleged connection with the alumbrados sent many to the Inquisition, especially at Córdoba . In spite of this determined action, however, the heresy maintained itself until the middle of the 17th century. The connection of later alumbrados , whose practices varied in different places, to the original alumbrados , Isabella de la Cruz and Pedro Ruiz del Alcaraz, is debatable, but
348-750: A century and a half of relative growth, based on the grape growing sector, numerous families emigrated, especially to Venezuela and Cuba . The Crown wanted to encourage population of underdeveloped zones in the Americas to pre-empt the occupation by foreign forces, as had happened with the English in Jamaica and the French in the Guianas and western Hispaniola (which the French renamed as Saint-Domingue). Canary Islanders, including many tinerfeños, left for
435-402: A congregation of beatas and, after mass in his oratory, they would strip off their garments and dance with indecent vigor – drunk with the love of God – and, on some of his female penitents, he would impose the penance of lifting their skirts and exposing themselves before him." Méndez died before the Inquisition could bring him to trial. Ignatius of Loyola , while studying at Salamanca in 1527,
522-655: A defense to repel the invaders. Whilst leading a landing party, Nelson was seriously wounded in his right arm by grapeshot or a musket ball, necessitating amputation of most of the arm. Legend tells that he was wounded by the Spanish cannon Tiger (Spanish: Tigre ) as he was trying to disembark on the Paso Alto coast. On 5 September 1797, the British attempted another attack in the Puerto Santiago region, which
609-401: A forest fire determined to be caused by arson necessitated the evacuation of 12,000 residents within a week. The main climates are the hot semi-arid/arid climate (Köppen: BSh and BWh ) and the subtropical Mediterranean Climate (Köppen: Csb and Csa ) inland or at higher altitudes. The low altitude/coastal areas of the island have average temperatures of 18–20 °C (64–68 °F) in
696-460: A fourth, posthumous, volume in which he analyzes the imitations that gave place in the 16th century for La Celestina . He published simultaneously a four volume work called Antología de poetas hispano-americanos (1893–1895), which in reality is Historia de la poesía hispanoamerica , as it was titled in the 1911 reedit. He corrected in this edition his appreciations of Peru, after having contact with Marqués de Montealegre de Aulestia. The 1911 edition
783-499: A girl cross the street, said that "she had sinned, because in that action she had fulfilled her will" (No. 40). The theologians commented: "The foundation of this proposition is heretical, because it seems to state that all action that proceeds from our will is sin." A labourer's daughter known as La Beata de Piedrahita , born in Salamanca , came to the notice of the Inquisition in 1511, by claiming to hold colloquies with Jesus and
870-619: A manner similar to shamans in other cultures. The case was investigated by the Holy Inquisition , and according to its files the nun was accused of being a phony and even a witch . She was also accused of having an improper relationship with her confessor. However, he had many defenders. After her death, the Franciscan Order in the Canary Islands initiated a process of canonization that had to be halted owing to
957-529: A phenomenon of cold drop characterized by the repeated fall of torrential rains accompanied by thunder and lightning, affecting the metropolitan area of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and extending in the NE direction towards the San Andrés area. The rains caused 8 dead, 12 missing and dozens of injured. In addition to the human losses, the flood caused considerable material damage, 70,000 people without light as well as
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#17327758162711044-711: A prologue by the prominent critic Juan Valera . He became famous through his Ciencia española (1878), a collection of essays vindicating the existence of a scientific tradition in Spain . The orthodoxy of this work is even more noticeable in the Historia de los heterodoxos españoles (1880–1886), and the writer was hailed as the champion of the Ultramontane party. As the Catholic Encyclopedia (1908–10) described his work, "Every page of his writings reveals
1131-400: A wealth of strong common sense, clear perception, and a vein of wonderful and ever varying erudition. Thoroughly Catholic in spirit, he found his greatest delight, he declared, in devoting all his work to the glory of God and the exaltation of the name of Jesus". His lectures (1881) on Calderón established his reputation as a literary critic. His work as an historian of Spanish literature
1218-624: Is a general study of all Hispanic-American poetry which served to flatter the ex-colonies with the old and decadent peninsula. He reprinted his work Estudios de crítica literaria (1892–1908) in five volumes and some Ensayos de crítica filosófica (1892), in parallel form to each other, which were done in his namesake as the director of the National Library of Madrid. Attribution: Tenerife Tenerife ( / ˌ t ɛ n ə ˈ r iː f / TEN -ə- REEF ; Spanish: [teneˈɾife] ; formerly spelled Teneriffe )
1305-416: Is a mortal sin to read a book to console one's soul (No. 31), which the Inquisition's theologians described as "crazy, erroneous, and even heretical"; and that one sinned mortally every time one loved a son, daughter, or other person, and did not love that person through God (No. 36), which the theologians said was "erroneous and false, and against the common teaching of the saints". One alumbrado , seeing
1392-577: Is buried in Santander Cathedral , where his monument may still be seen. Among his many disciples can be mentioned: Ludwig Pfandl , German Hispanist and biographer of many important Spanish historical figures; Ramón Menéndez Pidal , founder of Hispanic philology as a scientific discipline; Adolfo Bonilla y San Martín, editor of the Obras completas of Miguel de Cervantes , among other works; and José María Sánchez Muniaín, chair of Aesthetics at
1479-406: Is five volumes long and very up to date. They explore, summarize, and reinterpret the existing bibliography about literary esthetics and artistics in distinct eras of the Spanish cultural tradition. Menéndez Pelayo took on three large works that would keep him occupied almost until the time of his death. One is the publication of Obras de Lope de Vega (1890–1902), written in 13 volumes; the second
1566-451: Is generally the reason why the soil is able to maximise the absorption of water on an island of low rainfall, with condensation in forested areas and frost deposition on the summit of the island also contributory causes. Given the irregularity of precipitation and geological conditions on the island, dam construction has been avoided, so most of the water (90 percent) comes from wells and from water galleries (horizontal tunnels bored into
1653-500: Is served by two airports; Tenerife North Airport and Tenerife South Airport . Teide National Park , located in the center of the island, is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site . It includes Mount Teide , which has the highest elevation in Spain, and the highest elevation among all the islands in the Atlantic Ocean. It is also the third-largest volcano in the world, when measured from its base. Another geographical feature of
1740-524: Is the Antología de poetas líricos castellanos (1890–1908), another 13 volumes dedicated to medieval poetry, except for the last, dedicated to Juan Boscán . As well, despite its title, it includes epic poetry along with didactic poetry, changing Antología instead to Historia de la poesía castellana en la Edad Media , the title of the reprint in 1911. The third work is his study of Orígenes de la novela , three volumes published in 1905, 1907, and 1910, with
1827-474: Is the largest and most populous island of the Canary Islands . It is home to 42.9% of the total population of the archipelago . With a land area of 2,034.38 square kilometres (785.48 sq mi) and a population of 948,815 inhabitants as of January 2023, it is also the most populous island of Spain and of Macaronesia . Approximately five million tourists visit Tenerife each year, making it
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#17327758162711914-850: The Adelantado ("military governor") de Lugo suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of the Guanches in the First Battle of Acentejo on 31 May 1494, but defeated them at the Second Battle of Acentejo on 25 December 1494. The Guanches were eventually overcome by superior technology and the arms of the invaders, and surrendered to the Crown of Castile in 1496. Many of the natives died from new infectious diseases, such as influenza and probably smallpox , to which they lacked resistance or acquired immunity . The new colonists intermarried with
2001-469: The La Orotava mountain range. Although climatic differences in rainfall and sunshine on the island exist, overall annual precipitation is low and the summer months from May to September are normally completely dry. Rainfall, similar to that of Southern California , can also be extremely erratic from one year to another. The volcanic ground of Tenerife, which is of a porous and permeable character,
2088-585: The Trinity . All external worship , they declared, is superfluous, the reception of the sacraments useless, and sin impossible in this state of complete union with God . Persons in this state of impeccability could indulge their sexual desires and commit other sinful acts freely without staining their souls. In 1525, the Inquisition issued an Edict on the alumbrados in which the Inquisitor General , Alonso Manrique de Lara , explained how
2175-542: The Virgin Mary ; some high patronage saved her from a rigorous denunciation. She is often, as The Catholic Encyclopedia cautiously notes, "cited as an early adherent" of the alumbrados ' errors, though "it is not certain that she was guilty of heresy". Some scholars—like the Dominican historian and theologian Álvaro Huerga—take a relatively favorable view of her. They question on chronological and other grounds
2262-491: The autonomous community of the Canary Islands . The two cities are both home to governmental institutions, such as the offices of the presidency and the ministries. This has been the arrangement since 1927, when the Crown ordered it. (After the 1833 territorial division of Spain , until 1927, Santa Cruz de Tenerife was the sole capital of the Canary Islands). Santa Cruz contains the modern Auditorio de Tenerife ,
2349-459: The "return" of many descendants of some islanders who had departed five centuries before. The most notable conflict was the British invasion of Tenerife in 1797. On 25 July 1797, Admiral Horatio Nelson launched an attack at Santa Cruz de Tenerife, now the capital of the island. After a ferocious fight which resulted in many casualties, General Antonio Gutiérrez de Otero y Santayana organized
2436-423: The 1520s as a commodity crop on major plantations; it was a labor-intensive crop in all phases of cultivation and processing. In the following centuries, planters cultivated wine grapes, cochineal for making dyes, and plantains for use and export. In the commerce of the Canary Islands with the Americas of the 18th century, Tenerife was the hegemonic island, since it exceeded 50% of the number of ships and 60% of
2523-483: The 1950s, the misery of the post-war years caused thousands of the island's inhabitants to emigrate to Cuba and other parts of Latin America. Tenerife was the site of the deadliest accident ever in commercial aviation. The Tenerife airport disaster occurred on 27 March 1977 when two Boeing 747s , KLM Flight 4805 and Pan Am Flight 1736 collided on the runway at Los Rodeos Airport in heavy fog conditions, causing
2610-436: The Americas such as La Guaira , Havana , Campeche and Veracruz . Many sailors from Tenerife joined this transcontinental maritime trade, among which the corsair Amaro Rodríguez Felipe , more commonly known as Amaro Pargo , Juan Pedro Dujardín and Bernardo de Espinosa, both companions of Amaro Pargo, among others. Tenerife, like the other islands, has maintained a close relationship with Latin America, as both were part of
2697-460: The Anthology of Hispano-American Poets (1893-1895), 4 volumes that are actually a History of Hispano-American poetry as he titled it when reissuing it in 1911. Although some of his judgments, mainly those related to the defense of Spanish tradition, are no longer accepted, his studies of Spanish literature ( Medieval , Renaissance , and Golden Age ) are still valuable. He died at Santander. He
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2784-535: The Canary Islands and the Macaronesia region. Tenerife is characterized by a generally dry, warm climate. The island has 2 main different climatic areas (as by Köppen climate classification ) yet it actually has 5 different climatic areas. Global climate change has had a major impact on the island, with diminishing rainfall and hot, dry winds affecting vegetation and contributing to an increasing propensity to being subject to forest fires. On August 15, 2023,
2871-524: The Canary Islands, with dates around the sixth century BCE. In terms of technology, the Guanches can be placed among the peoples of the Stone Age , although scholars often reject this classification because of its ambiguity. Guanche culture was more advanced culturally, possibly because of Berber cultural features imported from North Africa, but less technologically advanced due to the scarcity of raw materials, especially minerals that would have allowed for
2958-783: The Christian traditions of Spain are studied. From the Middle Ages to the ending of the 19th century, he breaks down the work of all the thinkers and writers persecuted by the Spanish Catholic traditions, taking the perspective of Catholicism. In his second edition he corrected some of his perspectives, but not, for example, his jests and ironies against the Krausists and the Hegelianists , especially Emilio Castelar . Historia de las ideas estéticas en España (1883–1891)
3045-513: The Guanches and the Spanish held periodic treaty talks until the Guanches demolished it around 1472. In 1492 the governor of Gran Canaria Francisco Maldonado organized a raid that ended in disaster for the Spaniards when they were defeated by Anaga's warriors. In December 1493, the Catholic monarchs, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, granted Alonso Fernández de Lugo
3132-539: The Guanches worshiped many gods and ancestral spirits, among the most important were Achamán (the god of the sky and supreme creator), Chaxiraxi (the mother goddess, identified later with the Virgin of Candelaria ), Magec (the god of the sun), and Guayota (the demon who is the main cause of evil). Especially significant was the cult of the dead, which practiced the mummification of corpses. In addition, small anthropomorphic and zoomorphic stone and clay figurines of
3219-477: The Health and Industry Ministry in Spain, Tenerife is one of the cleanest places in the country with an air pollution index below the national average. Despite this, there are still agents which affect pollution levels in the island, the main polluting agents being the refinery at Santa Cruz , the thermal power plants at Las Caletillas and Granadilla , and road traffic, increased by the high level of tourism in
3306-582: The New World. The success in cultivation of new crops of the Americas, such as cocoa in Venezuela and tobacco in Cuba, contributed to the population exodus from towns such as Buenavista del Norte, Vilaflor, or El Sauzal in the late 17th century. The village of San Carlos de Tenerife was founded in 1684 by Canary Islanders on Santo Domingo . The people from Tenerife were recruited for settlement to build up
3393-495: The Pico del Teide. Emigration to the Americas (mainly Cuba and Venezuela) continued during the 19th and early 20th century, due to the lack of economic opportunity and the relative isolation of the Canary Islands. Since the late 20th century, island protectionist economic laws and a strong development in the tourism industry have strengthened the economy and attracted new migrants. Tenerife has received numerous new residents, including
3480-551: The Spanish Empire. From the start of the colonization of the New World , many Spanish expeditions stopped at the island for supplies on their way to the Americas. They also recruited many tinerfeños for their crews, who formed an integral part of the conquest expeditions. Others joined ships in search of better prospects. It is also important to note the exchange in plant and animal species that made those voyages. After
3567-562: The United Kingdom, and northern Europe in large numbers in the 1890s. They especially were attracted to the destinations of the northern towns of Puerto de la Cruz and Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Independent shipping business, such as the Yeoward Brothers Shipping Line, helped boost the tourist industry during this time, adding to ships that carried passengers. The naturalist Alexander von Humboldt ascended
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3654-527: The Universidad Complutense de Madrid, who compiled the Antología general de Menéndez Pelayo . La ciencia española (1876) is a claim of the existence of a scientific tradition in Spain. Horacio en España (1877) is an analysis of the translations of Horace in Spanish literature, according to Horace's classical dispositions. His work Historia de los heterodoxos españoles (1880–1882) is particularly famous and valued today especially where
3741-624: The architectural symbol of the Canary Islands. The island is home to the University of La Laguna . Founded in 1792 in San Cristóbal de La Laguna , it is the oldest university in the Canaries. The city of La Laguna is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . It is the second most populous city on the island, and the third most populous in the archipelago. It was the capital of the Canary Islands before Santa Cruz replaced it in 1833. Tenerife
3828-493: The beginning of the 18th century in Tenerife ( Canary Islands ). This concerned Sister María Justa de Jesús , a Franciscan nun who was accused of practicing Molinist doctrines (a Christian religious doctrine that attempts to reconcile God's providence with human free will). This nun was famous in her day because she was allegedly able to heal the sick by transferring to her person the evils and diseases that afflicted them, in
3915-440: The capital, Santa Cruz. The term chicharrero was once a derogatory term used by the people of La Laguna when it was the capital, to refer to the poorer inhabitants and fishermen of Santa Cruz. The fishermen typically caught mackerel and other residents ate potatoes , assumed to be of low quality by the elite of La Laguna. As Santa Cruz grew in commerce and status, it replaced La Laguna as capital of Tenerife in 1833 during
4002-674: The central University of Madrid . His academic success was unprecedented; a special law was passed by the Cortes to enable him to become a professor at 22. Three years later, in 1880, he was elected a member of the Real Academia Española , but he was already well known throughout Spain. His first volume, Estudios críticos sobre escritores montañeses (1876), had attracted little notice at first. He then produced his scholarly investigation Horacio en España (1877), an analysis of Horace 's translations in Spanish literature, with
4089-417: The conquest. They divided into the side of peace (Spanish: bando de paz ) and the side of war (Spanish: bando de guerra ). The first included the menceyatos of Anaga, Güímar, Abona and Adeje. The second group consisted of the people of Tegueste, Tacoronte, Taoro, Icoden and Daute. Those opposed to the conquest fought the invaders tenaciously, resisting their rule for two years. Castillian forces under
4176-469: The continuing influence of their teachings is not improbable. Marcelino Men%C3%A9ndez y Pelayo Defunct Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo ( Spanish pronunciation: [maɾθeˈlino meˈnendeθ i peˈlaʝo] ; 3 November 1856 – 19 May 1912) was a Spanish scholar, historian and literary critic . Even though his main interest was the history of ideas , and Hispanic philology in general, he also cultivated poetry , translation and philosophy . He
4263-559: The controversy. Their correction, by Inquisitional standards, was not particularly severe. Those convicted of engaging in the mystical practices and heresy of the alumbrados were not executed, few endured long-term sentences, and most were tried only after they managed to acquire large congregations in Toledo or Salamanca. Not all, however, were so fortunate. In 1529 a congregation of naïve adherents at Toledo were subjected to whippings and imprisonment. Greater rigors followed, and for about
4350-401: The deaths of 583 passengers and crew. A few years later, Dan Air Flight 1008 crashed into a mountain while on approach to Tenerife North, killing 146 people. The plane was travelling too close to an Iberia Air turboprop plane and was asked to go into a holding pattern. At the beginning of the 21st century, the so-called Riada de Tenerife of 2002 took place on 31 March of that year. It was
4437-411: The extraction and working of metals. The main activity was gathering food from nature; though fishing and shellfish collection were supplemented with some agricultural practices. As for religion and cosmology , the Guanches were polytheistic , with further widespread belief in an astral cult . They also had an animistic religiosity that sacralized certain places, mainly rocks and mountains. Although
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#17327758162714524-580: The fleet, Capt. Arthur Phillip and the chief officers were entertained by the local governor, while one convict tried unsuccessfully to escape. On 10 June they set sail to cross the Atlantic to Rio de Janeiro, taking advantage of favourable trade winds and ocean currents. In June 1799, the Prussian-born naturalist Alexander von Humboldt spent five full days on Tenerife on the first leg of his soon world-famous American journey (1799–1804) and climbed
4611-668: The following year in what became Texas . Between 1777 and 1783, more islanders emigrated from Santa Cruz de Tenerife to settle in what became St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana , during the period when Spain ruled this former French territory west of the Mississippi River. Some groups went to Western or Spanish Florida. Tenerife saw the arrival of the First Fleet to Botany Bay in June 1787, which consisted of 11 ships that departed from Portsmouth, England, on 13 May 1787 to found
4698-463: The greater maritime influence. At a higher elevation in San Cristóbal de La Laguna , the climate transitions to a Mediterranean climate with higher precipitation amounts and lower temperatures year round. The climate of Santa Cruz is very typical of the Canaries, albeit only slightly warmer than the climate of Las Palmas. Major climatic contrasts on the island are evident, especially during
4785-411: The indigenous peoples might have named the island for the famous Guanche king, Tinerfe , nicknamed "the Great", who ruled Tenerife before the Canary Islands were conquered by Castile . The formal demonym used to refer to the people of Tenerife is Tinerfeño/a ; also used colloquially is the term chicharrero /a . In modern society, the latter term is generally applied only to inhabitants of
4872-412: The island around twelve million years ago. The island as it is today was formed three million years ago by the fusion of three islands made up of the mountain ranges of Anaga , Teno and Valle de San Lorenzo , due to volcanic activity from Teide . The volcano is visible from most parts of the island today, and the crater is 17 kilometres (11 miles) long at some points. Tenerife is the largest island of
4959-745: The island is characterized by forests because of the much higher precipitation, mostly Canary Island pine forests in the Teide National Park at altitudes from 1,300 to 2,100 metres (4,300 to 6,900 ft). Subtropical cloud forests characterised by laurisilva are commonly found in the Anaga National Park and Monte de Agua in the Teno Rural Park, with altitudes from 600 to 1,000 metres (2,000 to 3,300 ft) and annual averages from 15 to 19 °C (59 to 66 °F) and 600 to 1,200 metres (2,000 to 3,900 ft) in
5046-405: The island was colonized by the Spanish the name was modified by Spanish phonology: the letter "r" was added to link the two words, producing the single word Tenerife. However, throughout history, other explanations for the origin of island's name have been proposed. For example, the 17th-century historians Juan Núñez de la Peña and Tomás Arias Marín de Cubas , among others, suggested that
5133-631: The island), attempts to annex the island of Tenerife to the Crown of Castile date back at least to 1464. In 1464, Diego Garcia de Herrera , Lord of the Canary Islands, took symbolic possession of the island in the Barranco del Bufadero (Ravine of the Bufadero), signing a peace treaty with the Guanche chiefs ( menceyes ) which allowed the mencey Anaga to build a fortified tower on Guanche land, where
5220-627: The island, the Macizo de Anaga (massif), has been designated as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve since 2015. Tenerife also has the largest number of endemic species in Europe. The name 'Tenerife' likely comes from Tamazight , but there is no consensus on its correct interpretation. The island's indigenous people , the Guanche Berbers , referred to the island as Achinet or Chenet in their language (variant spellings are found in
5307-648: The island. In addition on the island of Tenerife like on La Palma light pollution must be also controlled, to help the astrophysical observatories located in the island's summits. Water is generally of a very high quality, and all the beaches of the island of Tenerife have been catalogued by the Ministry of Health and Consumption as waters suitable for bathing. Tenerife is a rugged volcanic island, sculpted by successive eruptions throughout its history. There are four historically recorded volcanic eruptions, none of which has led to casualties. The first occurred in 1704, when
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#17327758162715394-403: The kind typically associated with rituals have been found on the island. Scholars believe they were used as idols, the most prominent of which is the so-called Idol of Guatimac , which is thought to represent a genius or protective spirit. The title of mencey was given to the monarch or king of the Guanches of Tenerife, who governed a menceyato or kingdom. This role was later referred to as
5481-698: The landscape plays a role in climatic differences on the island with its many valleys. The moderating effect of the marine air makes extreme heat a rare occurrence and frost an impossibility at sea level. The lowest recorded temperature in central Santa Cruz is 8.1 °C (46.6 °F), the coldest month on record still had a relatively mild average temperature of 15.8 °C (60.4 °F). Summer temperatures are highest in August, with an average high of 29 °C (84 °F) in Santa Cruz, similar to those of places as far north as Barcelona and Majorca , because of
5568-478: The latter. The north and south of Tenerife similarly have different climatic characteristics because of the rain shadow effect. The windward northwestern side of the island receives 73 percent of all precipitation on the island, and the relative humidity of the air is superior and the insolation inferior. The pluviometric maximums are registered on the windward side at an average altitude of between 1,000 and 1,200 metres (3,300 and 3,900 feet), almost exclusively in
5655-510: The literature). According to Pliny the Younger , Berber king Juba II sent an expedition to the Canary Islands and Madeira ; he named the Canary Islands for the particularly ferocious dogs ( canaria ) on the island. Juba II and the ancient Romans called the island of Tenerife Nivaria , from the Latin word nix ( nsg. ; gsg. nivis , npl. nives ), meaning "snow", after
5742-416: The local native population. For a century after the conquest, many new colonists settled on the island, including immigrants from the diverse territories of the growing Spanish Empire , such as Flanders , Italy, and Germany. As the population grew, it cleared Tenerife's pine forests for fuel and to make fields for agriculture for crops both for local consumption and for export. Sugar cane was introduced in
5829-458: The most visited island in the archipelago. It is one of the most important tourist destinations in Spain and the world, hosting one of the world's largest carnivals , the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife . The capital of the island, Santa Cruz de Tenerife , is also the seat of the island council ( cabildo insular ). That city and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria are the co-capitals of
5916-563: The names of descendants of Tinerfe who ruled them) were the following: The achimenceyato of Punta del Hidalgo was governed by Aguahuco, a "poor noble" who was an illegitimate son of Tinerfe and Zebenzui. Tenerife was the last island of the Canaries to be conquered and the one that took the longest time to submit to the Castilian troops. Although the traditional dates of the conquest of Tenerife are established between 1494 (landing of Alonso Fernández de Lugo) and 1496 (the complete conquest of
6003-415: The new heresy of alumbradismo was discovered and investigated. The text then gave a numbered list of forty-eight heretical propositions which had emerged from the trials of the alumbrados ' first leaders, Isabel de la Cruz and Pedro Ruiz de Alcaraz [ es ] . After each proposition were given the grounds on which it was judged heretical. Among the odder of these propositions are that it
6090-715: The peak of Mount Teide and remarked on the beauty of the island. Before his rise to power, Francisco Franco was posted to Tenerife in March 1936 by a Republican government wary of his influence and political leanings. However, Franco received information and in Gran Canaria agreed to collaborate in the military coup that would result in the Spanish Civil War ; the Canaries fell to the Nationalists in July 1936. In
6177-511: The penal colony that became the first European settlement in Australia. The Fleet consisted of two Royal Navy vessels, three store ships and six convict ships carrying between 1,000 and 1,500 convicts, marines, seamen, civil officers and free people (accounts differ on the numbers), and a vast quantity of stores. On 3 June 1787, the fleet anchored at Santa Cruz at Tenerife. Here, fresh water, vegetables and meat were brought on board. Commander of
6264-526: The reign of Fernando VII . Then the inhabitants of Santa Cruz used the former insult to identify as residents of the new capital, at La Laguna's expense. The earliest known human settlement in the islands, dating to around 200 BCE , was established by Berbers known as the Guanches . However, the Cave of the Guanches in the northern municipality of Icod de los Vinos has provided the oldest chronologies of
6351-528: The right to conquer Tenerife. Coming from Gran Canaria in April 1494, the conqueror landed on the coast of present-day Santa Cruz de Tenerife in May, and disembarked with about 2,000 men on foot and 200 on horseback. After taking the fort, the army prepared to move inland, later capturing the native kings of Tenerife and presenting them to Isabella and Ferdinand . The menceyes of Tenerife had differing responses to
6438-579: The snow-covered peak of the Mount Teide volcano. Later maps dating to the 14th and 15th century, drawn by mapmakers such as Bontier and Le Verrier, called the island Isla del Infierno , ("Hell Island"), due to Mount Teide's volcanic eruptions and other volcanic activity. Although the name given to the island by the Benahoaritas (the indigenous peoples of La Palma) was derived from the words teni ("mountain") and ife ("white"), after
6525-405: The summer. The moderate climate of Tenerife is controlled to a great extent by the trade winds , whose humidity is condensed principally over the north and northeast of the island, creating cloud banks that range between 600 and 1,800 metres (2,000 and 5,900 feet) in height. The cold sea currents of the Canary Islands also have a cooling effect on the coasts and its beaches, while the topography of
6612-479: The tendency to associate her with the movement, seeing her rather as "pre- alumbrados ". Henry Charles Lea , in his A History of the Inquisition in Spain , mentions, among the more extravagant alumbrados , a priest from Seville named Fernando Méndez, who had acquired a special reputation for sanctity: "he taught his disciples to invoke his intercession, as though he were already a saint in heaven; fragments of his garments were treasured as relics; he gathered
6699-510: The tonnage. In the islands of La Palma and Gran Canaria , the percentage was around 19% for the first and 7% for the second. The volume of traffic between the Indies and the Canary Islands was unknown, but was very important and concentrated almost exclusively in Tenerife. Among the products that are exported were cochineal , rum and sugar cane , which were landed mainly in the ports of
6786-536: The total or partial destruction of at least 400 homes. The losses were calculated at 90 million euros. In November 2005, Tenerife was the Canary Island most affected by Tropical Storm Delta . Winds of 140 km/h were recorded on the coast and almost 250 km/h on the Teide , Tenerife's summit. The oldest mountain ranges in Tenerife rose from the Atlantic Ocean by volcanic eruption which gave birth to
6873-455: The town from encroachment by French colonists established in the western side of Hispaniola. Between 1720 and 1730, the Crown moved 176 families, including many tinerfeños, to the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico . In 1726, about 25 island families migrated to the Americas to collaborate on the foundation of Montevideo . Four years later, in 1730, another group left that founded San Antonio
6960-449: The volcano) of which there are thousands on the island, important systems that serve to extract its hydrological resources. These tunnels are very hazardous, with pockets of volcanic gas or carbon dioxide , causing rapid death. The Canary Islands have low levels of air pollution thanks to the lack of factories and industry and the trade winds which naturally move away contaminated air from the islands. According to official data offered by
7047-439: The winter months and 24–26 °C (75–79 °F) in the summer months. There is a high annual total of days of sunshine and low precipitation in the coastal areas. The inland/high altitude areas, such as La Laguna , receive much more precipitation and are generally cloudier, as well as the temperatures have a considerable difference, with an average of 13–14 °C (55–57 °F) in the winter and 20–21 °C (68–70 °F) in
7134-518: The winter months when it is possible to enjoy the warm sunshine on the coast and experience snow within kilometres, 3,000 metres (10,000 feet) above sea level on El Teide . There are also major contrasts at low altitude, where the climate ranges from arid ( Köppen BWh ) on the southeastern side represented by Santa Cruz de Tenerife to Mediterranean ( Csa / Csb ) on the northwestern side in Buena Vista del Norte and La Orotava. The center of
7221-401: Was brought before an ecclesiastical commission on a charge of sympathy with the alumbrados , but escaped with an admonition. Miguel de Molinos was also accused of sympathy owing to some similarities between his book The Spiritual Guide and the teachings of the early alumbrados , Isabel de la Cruz and Pedro Ruiz de Alcaraz. A later case happened between the end of the 17th century and
7308-419: Was continued in his Historia de las ideas estéticas en España ("History of aesthetic ideas in Spain") (1883-1891), which are five volumes in which he explores, summarizes and reinterprets the existing bibliography on literary and artistic aesthetics at different times of the Spanish cultural tradition. He undertook the publication of the works of Lope de Vega (1890-1902) in 13 volumes. Another tremendous work
7395-443: Was his Anthology of Castilian Lyric Poets (1890-1908), again 13 volumes devoted to medieval poetry (except the last one, dedicated to Juan Boscán Almogáver ). He also devoted much time to his Orígenes de la novela ("The origins of the novel"), three volumes published in 1905, 1907 and 1910, with a fourth posthumous volume where he examined the imitations that La Celestina gave rise to in the 16th century. Simultaneously, he published
7482-600: Was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature five times. He was born at Santander where he showed that he was an infant prodigy. His brother said in his memoirs that at the age of twelve he translated Virgil without a dictionary and read the History of England by Oliver Goldsmith . At only 15, he studied literature under Manuel Milà i Fontanals at the University of Barcelona (1871–1872), then proceeded to
7569-628: Was repelled by the inhabitants of Santiago del Teide . Some threw rocks at the British from the heights of the cliffs of Los Gigantes . The island was also attacked by British commanders Robert Blake , Walter Raleigh , John Hawkins and Woodes Rogers . From 1833 to 1927, Santa Cruz de Tenerife was the sole capital of the Canary Islands. In 1927, the government ordered that the capital be shared with Las Palmas , as it remains at present. This change in status has encouraged development in Las Palmas. Tourists began visiting Tenerife from Spain,
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