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51-513: A number of ancient cup-marks and rock engravings were discovered in Al Ghariyah. The name "Ghariyah" is derived from the Arabic word for cave, "ghar". It was so named because the area contains many mountains with small caves. Because of Al Ghariyah's precise location on the coast, in the past its inhabitants lacked direct access to the groundwater. Moreover, the water that could be obtained

102-538: A BBC television documentary, Cracking the Stone Age Code , in 1970, "I have an idea, entirely nebulous at the moment, that the cup and ring markings were a method of recording, of writing, and that they may indicate, once we can read them, what a particular stone was for. We have seen the cup and ring markings on the stone at Temple Wood , and that's on the main stone but we can't interpret them ...yet." He created diagrams and carried out analysis of over 50 of

153-474: A BBC television documentary, Cracking the Stone Age Code , in 1970, "I have an idea, entirely nebulous at the moment, that the cup and ring markings were a method of recording, of writing, and that they may indicate, once we can read them, what a particular stone was for. We have seen the cup and ring markings on the stone at Temple Wood , and that's on the main stone but we can't interpret them ...yet." He created diagrams and carried out analysis of over 50 of

204-652: A burial chamber in the center, with thousands of dolmens nearby, a "dolmen" being a 3rd and younger type of megalith found elsewhere in Eurasia, the oldest of which, thus far, are found in the UK, but date only to the 3rd millennium BCE in Israel. The cup marks are still present in other proto- Canaanite sites as recently as the Chalcolithic Age, for example at several sites in and around modern-day Modiin dated to

255-430: A burial chamber in the center, with thousands of dolmens nearby, a "dolmen" being a 3rd and younger type of megalith found elsewhere in Eurasia, the oldest of which, thus far, are found in the UK, but date only to the 3rd millennium BCE in Israel. The cup marks are still present in other proto- Canaanite sites as recently as the Chalcolithic Age, for example at several sites in and around modern-day Modiin dated to

306-580: A central cup-mark; all around a network of 20 cup-marks and channels. Sardinia is rich in cup-and-rings stones. The best known is the Perda Pintà (the 'painted stone', which is carved, not painted) or Stele di Boeli, at Mamoiada: an impressive stele or menhir 2.67 metres (8 ft 9 in) high with various concentric circles patterns crossed by engraved channels and central cup-marks. Similar patterns are known in Galicia , which has given them

357-470: A central cup-mark; all around a network of 20 cup-marks and channels. Sardinia is rich in cup-and-rings stones. The best known is the Perda Pintà (the 'painted stone', which is carved, not painted) or Stele di Boeli, at Mamoiada: an impressive stele or menhir 2.67 metres (8 ft 9 in) high with various concentric circles patterns crossed by engraved channels and central cup-marks. Similar patterns are known in Galicia , which has given them

408-816: A form of prehistoric art found in the Atlantic seaboard of Europe (Ireland, Wales, Northern England , Scotland, France ( Brittany ), Portugal, and Spain ( Galicia ) – and in Mediterranean Europe – Italy (in Alpine valleys and Sardinia), Azerbaijan and Greece ( Thessaly and Irakleia (Cyclades) ), as well as in Scandinavia (Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland) and in Switzerland (at Caschenna in Grisons ). Similar forms are also found throughout

459-462: A form of prehistoric art found in the Atlantic seaboard of Europe (Ireland, Wales, Northern England , Scotland, France ( Brittany ), Portugal, and Spain ( Galicia ) – and in Mediterranean Europe – Italy (in Alpine valleys and Sardinia), Azerbaijan and Greece ( Thessaly and Irakleia (Cyclades) ), as well as in Scandinavia (Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland) and in Switzerland (at Caschenna in Grisons ). Similar forms are also found throughout

510-425: A rock? It would indeed be a breakthrough if someone could crack the code of the cups." Subsequently, Davis investigated the idea that the prehistoric carvers used an elementary method of diameter-construction in laying out the carvings. This investigation (incorporating both Scottish and English sites) suggested a possible explanation for many of the characteristic shapes of carved rings, and also produced evidence in

561-425: A rock? It would indeed be a breakthrough if someone could crack the code of the cups." Subsequently, Davis investigated the idea that the prehistoric carvers used an elementary method of diameter-construction in laying out the carvings. This investigation (incorporating both Scottish and English sites) suggested a possible explanation for many of the characteristic shapes of carved rings, and also produced evidence in

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612-438: A semi-circle which has been referred to as resembling the UK's Stonehenge but smaller, with ceremonially buried bodies at the site, and potential alignments to the solstice, and/or to other stars, still being hypothesized as the site was only discovered in 2009 and undersea sites are difficult and expensive to explore. Further inland, dating to at least 3000 BCE (exposed) and estimated up to 4000 BCE (unexcavated layer, under

663-438: A semi-circle which has been referred to as resembling the UK's Stonehenge but smaller, with ceremonially buried bodies at the site, and potential alignments to the solstice, and/or to other stars, still being hypothesized as the site was only discovered in 2009 and undersea sites are difficult and expensive to explore. Further inland, dating to at least 3000 BCE (exposed) and estimated up to 4000 BCE (unexcavated layer, under

714-476: A tourist destination. One such project is the Al Ghariyah Resorts, which features many high-end villas overlooking the coast. A number of structures dating to as early as the 17th century and as late as the mid-19th century have been discovered. To the east of these structures and the proceeding village that was formed in 1885 are various petroglyphs carved on the sides of the low rock outcrops on

765-546: The Swiss Alps is situated at Carschenna , Rethic Alps (in Grisons , Switzerland), where Latin derived languages mingle with German. The first engraved rocks were discovered in 1965, during the building of an iron electricity framework. Carschenna engravings are mainly characterized by cup-marks with from 1 to 9 concentric circles. Spirals, sun-like figures, riding scenes, and schematic horses are also present. Cup and ring mark Cup and ring marks or cup marks are

816-753: The alpine valleys, comprising Val Camonica ( Italy ), associated with rock drawings . Regarding western alps ( Piedmont ), the best known are distributed along the Chisone, Susa and Viù valleys; also the La Bessa site is to be cited. Strictly referring to cup-and-rings, it is possible to cite in the western Alps only the Novalesa stone, in the Cenischia Valley, near the Italian-French border. Found in 1988, it shows 4 concentric circles, with

867-455: The alpine valleys, comprising Val Camonica ( Italy ), associated with rock drawings . Regarding western alps ( Piedmont ), the best known are distributed along the Chisone, Susa and Viù valleys; also the La Bessa site is to be cited. Strictly referring to cup-and-rings, it is possible to cite in the western Alps only the Novalesa stone, in the Cenischia Valley, near the Italian-French border. Found in 1988, it shows 4 concentric circles, with

918-454: The basic tradition but with less precision and more variability in design. The markers of this second phase moved the art from natural stones to megaliths as its symbolism was reinterpreted by Later Neolithic and Early Bronze Age people. Their purpose is unknown although some may be connected with natural stone outcrops exploited by Neolithic peoples to make polished stone axes. A religious purpose has been suggested. Alexander Thom suggested in

969-454: The basic tradition but with less precision and more variability in design. The markers of this second phase moved the art from natural stones to megaliths as its symbolism was reinterpreted by Later Neolithic and Early Bronze Age people. Their purpose is unknown although some may be connected with natural stone outcrops exploited by Neolithic peoples to make polished stone axes. A religious purpose has been suggested. Alexander Thom suggested in

1020-526: The cup and ring markings from which he determined a length he termed the Megalithic Inch (MI). This whole idea has been ignored almost completely apart from a critical analysis carried out by Alan Davis in the 1980s, who tested Thom's hypothesis on cup and ring sites in England by examining the separations of neighbouring cupmark centres. He found some weak evidence for the "Megalithic Inch" but it

1071-407: The cup and ring markings from which he determined a length he termed the Megalithic Inch (MI). This whole idea has been ignored almost completely apart from a critical analysis carried out by Alan Davis in the 1980s, who tested Thom's hypothesis on cup and ring sites in England by examining the separations of neighbouring cupmark centres. He found some weak evidence for the "Megalithic Inch" but it

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1122-633: The discussion was mediated by an Ottoman commander of an Al Bidda –situated gun boat. The Ottoman commander's proposal that the coalition be left alone infuriated Sheikh Jassim. This incited tribesmen loyal to Sheikh Jassim to attack Al Ghariyah, but they were defeated, with the Bani Hajr tribe suffering a few casualties. In an attempt to earn favor with the Ottomans stationed in Qatar while simultaneously undermining Jassim's authority, Abdel Wahab suggested

1173-568: The establishment of an Ottoman customs in Doha . Although the inhabitants of Doha protested against it, the Ottomans favored his suggestion. In May 1885, out of a coalition of 50 Ottoman troops who arrived that month, 20 had been sent to protect Al Ghariyah. It was also reported that the Mutasarrıf of al-Hasa proclaimed Al Ghariyah to be Ottoman territory. Some time after its settlement, Al Ghariyah

1224-571: The fourth millennium BCE and the third millennium BCE, and in the City of David, Old Jerusalem . Tel Gezer has more up-ended megaliths dating to only 1550 BCE which are aligned to Earth's north and south physical poles, but Tel Gezer's cupmarks have only recently been surveyed (2012) and do not appear to have been dated (as to whether they were made before, concurrent to or after the 1550 BCE megaliths) yet; however, excavations at Gezer are ongoing as of 2014. Numerous cup-marked stones have been found in

1275-521: The fourth millennium BCE and the third millennium BCE, and in the City of David, Old Jerusalem . Tel Gezer has more up-ended megaliths dating to only 1550 BCE which are aligned to Earth's north and south physical poles, but Tel Gezer's cupmarks have only recently been surveyed (2012) and do not appear to have been dated (as to whether they were made before, concurrent to or after the 1550 BCE megaliths) yet; however, excavations at Gezer are ongoing as of 2014. Numerous cup-marked stones have been found in

1326-411: The layer which is exposed), is Rujm el-Hiri , a cairn ( tumulus ) type of megalith, consisting of concentric circles (as cup marks also are concentric circles, but much smaller than Rogem Hiri) estimated to contain 40,000,000 kg of stones moved by humans, with an opening in the outer circle which aligns to the summer solstice (just as sites throughout Eurasia also align to solstices) and which has

1377-411: The layer which is exposed), is Rujm el-Hiri , a cairn ( tumulus ) type of megalith, consisting of concentric circles (as cup marks also are concentric circles, but much smaller than Rogem Hiri) estimated to contain 40,000,000 kg of stones moved by humans, with an opening in the outer circle which aligns to the summer solstice (just as sites throughout Eurasia also align to solstices) and which has

1428-673: The megalithic monument can be dated, the art may be a later addition. The Hunterheugh Crags cup and ring marks near Alnwick in Northumberland have recently been demonstrated to date back into the Early Neolithic era through their stratigraphic relationship with other, datable features. Some cup marks have been found in Iron Age contexts but these may represent re-used stones. Where they are etched onto natural, flat stone it has been observed that they seem to incorporate

1479-491: The megalithic monument can be dated, the art may be a later addition. The Hunterheugh Crags cup and ring marks near Alnwick in Northumberland have recently been demonstrated to date back into the Early Neolithic era through their stratigraphic relationship with other, datable features. Some cup marks have been found in Iron Age contexts but these may represent re-used stones. Where they are etched onto natural, flat stone it has been observed that they seem to incorporate

1530-462: The name of 'Galician style'. These types, the cup-and-ring, cup-and-ring with gutter and the gapped concentric circles motifs are shared between this part of Iberia and the British Isles , manifesting, together with other cultural expressions like megaliths or Bronze Age culture , a cultural link along the coasts of Atlantic Europe . Precisely dating megalithic art is difficult: even if

1581-400: The name of 'Galician style'. These types, the cup-and-ring, cup-and-ring with gutter and the gapped concentric circles motifs are shared between this part of Iberia and the British Isles , manifesting, together with other cultural expressions like megaliths or Bronze Age culture , a cultural link along the coasts of Atlantic Europe . Precisely dating megalithic art is difficult: even if

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1632-403: The natural surface of the rock. Those at Hunterheugh are mostly connected to one another by gutters that can channel rainwater from one to the next, down the sloping top of the stone. It has been suggested by archaeologist Clive Waddington that the initial Early Neolithic impetus to create the marks was forgotten and that the practice fell into abeyance until a second phase of creation continued

1683-403: The natural surface of the rock. Those at Hunterheugh are mostly connected to one another by gutters that can channel rainwater from one to the next, down the sloping top of the stone. It has been suggested by archaeologist Clive Waddington that the initial Early Neolithic impetus to create the marks was forgotten and that the practice fell into abeyance until a second phase of creation continued

1734-503: The remains of a ruined fort in its confines. The village was later repopulated and its first formal school was opened in 1957. Like many other coastal towns in the north, Al Ghariyah was abandoned sometime in the mid-20th century after its aquifer was exhausted by the excessive use of diesel-powered water pumps. In the 21st century, the Qatari government has been active in implementing projects in Al Ghariyah in an attempt to develop it as

1785-407: The ring diameters for the use of a unit of measurement close to Thom's MI (and 5 MI) that was of high statistical significance. The evidence is consistent with the use of rough measures such as hand- and finger-widths (rather than the formal, accurate system proposed by Thom), but the important conclusion is that a similar design ritual, apparently involving a consistent measurement system of some kind,

1836-407: The ring diameters for the use of a unit of measurement close to Thom's MI (and 5 MI) that was of high statistical significance. The evidence is consistent with the use of rough measures such as hand- and finger-widths (rather than the formal, accurate system proposed by Thom), but the important conclusion is that a similar design ritual, apparently involving a consistent measurement system of some kind,

1887-652: The south, there are also rock carvings at the highest point of the jebel at its northern extremity, a spot that would have offered the best vantage point of returning pearling vessels. The motifs of Jebel Ghariyah's petroglyphs bear much resemblance to those found at nearby Jebel Fuwayrit and Jebel Jassassiyeh , and even to rock carvings found in the east in Freiha . It is speculated that aside from aesthetic purposes, these rock carvings also served functional purposes such as facilitating board games like mancala . Cup and ring mark Cup and ring marks or cup marks are

1938-473: The south. In Al Ghariyah, these ridges, which form Jebel Ghariyah, are noticeably lower and shorter than in Fuwayrit; their length being 200 meters (660 ft) and their height being 5 meters (16 ft) high. Al Ghariyah Beach is a popular spot for tourists to encamp, and has traditionally played host to the desert camp of The Scout and Guide Association of Qatar . A small number of sea turtles nest near

1989-400: The southern flank of Jebel Ghariyah. Consistent with what has been observed elsewhere in the country, cup-marks are the most common form of rock carving. Here they appear in various forms, such as single cup-marks measuring 0.15 in diameter, in daisy-like patterns known as rosettes, and in aligned rows of three to six cup-marks. Furthermore, similar to what was observed in Fuwayrit 6 km to

2040-658: The stone. Sometimes a linear channel called a gutter leads out from the middle. The decoration occurs as a petroglyph on natural boulders and outcrops and also as an element of megalithic art on purposely worked megaliths such as the slab cists of the Food Vessel culture , some stone circles and passage graves such as the clava tombs and on the capstones at Newgrange . The site of Atlit Yam , abandoned circa 6300 BCE and now under Israel's Mediterranean Sea coast south of Haifa , features cup marks engraved into megalithic stones, some of which are set upright to form

2091-599: The stone. Sometimes a linear channel called a gutter leads out from the middle. The decoration occurs as a petroglyph on natural boulders and outcrops and also as an element of megalithic art on purposely worked megaliths such as the slab cists of the Food Vessel culture , some stone circles and passage graves such as the clava tombs and on the capstones at Newgrange . The site of Atlit Yam , abandoned circa 6300 BCE and now under Israel's Mediterranean Sea coast south of Haifa , features cup marks engraved into megalithic stones, some of which are set upright to form

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2142-603: The town's coastline during breeding season (late spring to early summer). The area is regularly patrolled by the Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) to ensure the conservation of these nests. Al Ghariyah was first settled in 1885 by a group of 100 members of the Al-Buainain and Al-Jehran tribes who had left the town of Al-Wakrah after a dispute with Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani . Al Ghariyah

2193-527: The world including Australia , Gabon , Greece , Hawaii , India ( Daraki-Chattan and Dwarahat ), Israel , Mexico , Mozambique and the Americas . The oldest known forms are found from the Fertile Crescent to India . They consist of a concave depression, no more than a few centimetres across, pecked into a rock surface and often surrounded by concentric circles also etched into

2244-405: The world including Australia , Gabon , Greece , Hawaii , India ( Daraki-Chattan and Dwarahat ), Israel , Mexico , Mozambique and the Americas . The oldest known forms are found from the Fertile Crescent to India . They consist of a concave depression, no more than a few centimetres across, pecked into a rock surface and often surrounded by concentric circles also etched into

2295-567: Was almost immediately attacked by Jassim's troops. This, however, did not deter the town's growth. Mohammed bin Abdul Wahab (not to be confused with the Wahhabi founder), a brother in-law of Jassim, soon emerged the sheikh of the town. He came to lead the coalition formed to resist Jassim's rule, with the ultimate goal of achieving independence for Al Ghariyah. A meeting was soon summoned between Sheikh Jassim and Mohammed bin Abdul Wahab and

2346-686: Was in use over a wide geographical area. Sites with cup and ring marks include: Work at Drumirril in County Monaghan has uncovered Neolithic and early Bronze Age occupation evidence around the rock carvings there and this dating is generally accepted for most of the art. Another particularly rich source of cup-marked boulders is the Derrynablaha townland on the Iveragh peninsula in County Kerry . An open air rock art site in

2397-447: Was in use over a wide geographical area. Sites with cup and ring marks include: Work at Drumirril in County Monaghan has uncovered Neolithic and early Bronze Age occupation evidence around the rock carvings there and this dating is generally accepted for most of the art. Another particularly rich source of cup-marked boulders is the Derrynablaha townland on the Iveragh peninsula in County Kerry . An open air rock art site in

2448-583: Was mostly abandoned by its original settlers after the town founder, Mohammed bin Abdul Wahab, had a meeting with 250 members of the Al-Jehran tribe who by then had migrated to Al Ghariyah. The meeting, held in Bahrain, concluded that the founding tribes would leave Al Ghariyah and settle an area in Qatif with Mohammed bin Abdul Wahab as their leader. In 1908, Al Ghariyah was described as a deserted village with

2499-400: Was not statistically significant, and he suggested "strongest indications...towards the use of a quantum close in value to 5 MI at certain sites" and that "the apparent quantum seems strongly associated with ringed cups." Davis made an initial effort to build on Thom's start, and to answer the question he posed: "Why should a man spend hours – or rather days – cutting cups in a random fashion on

2550-400: Was not statistically significant, and he suggested "strongest indications...towards the use of a quantum close in value to 5 MI at certain sites" and that "the apparent quantum seems strongly associated with ringed cups." Davis made an initial effort to build on Thom's start, and to answer the question he posed: "Why should a man spend hours – or rather days – cutting cups in a random fashion on

2601-547: Was saline. Therefore, the village formed a trade relationship with the nearby settlements of Al `Adhbah , Filiha, and Ain Sinan in which it would receive water in exchange for sea goods such as fish and pearls. Al Ghariyah's landscape is influenced by a series of wind-blown ridges believed to date back to the end of the Late Pleistocene period. These ridges start in and enclose Fuwayrit , approximately 6.5 km to

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