A family farm is generally understood to be a farm owned and/or operated by a family . It is sometimes considered to be an estate passed down by inheritance .
80-564: Al-watan (Arabic: الوطن ), meaning homeland, heimat , country, or nation, may refer to: Al-Watan means 'national' in Arabic and in Persian (وطن), the articles titles on Misplaced Pages for political parties are sometimes translated as 'national', sometimes as 'al-watan', 'al-watani' or 'watani'. Wataniyya may also refer to State-based ('patriotic') nationalism (see Egyptian nationalism ), as opposed to Qawmiyya , ethnic-based Arab nationalism It
160-560: A birthright . It is in these nations very often a political rallying cry against change in agricultural policy , most commonly in France , Japan , and the United States , where rural lifestyles are often regarded as desirable. In these countries, strange bedfellows can often be found arguing for similar measures despite otherwise vast differences in political ideology . For example, Pat Buchanan and Ralph Nader , both candidates for
240-699: A natural disaster or a radical change by human intervention. A guest contribution by Oliver Kontny in the programme to the "Augsburger Hohes Friedensfest" 2014 that had "Heimat? Never been there before" as its motto also treats this subject. Kontny indicates, that only very few cities have the same significance to those that were raised there and later returned as adults. This is due to the cities' structural alteration into spaces, in which excess capital can produce even more income return, he says (orig. German: "Städte umgebaut [werden] zu Räumen, in denen überschüssiges Kapital noch mehr Rendite abwerfen kann"), which makes it hard for many of them to have feelings of "Heimat". It
320-525: A (typically rural, idyllic) native homeland as an expression of identity in the context of the exodus from rural areas into more urbanised communities ( Landflucht ) during the Industrial Revolution can be seen as a reaction to the onset of modernity, loss of individuality and intimate community. The state shall edge away where we love our Heimat— Kurt Tucholsky , 1929 The specific aspects of Heimat —love and attachment to homeland—left
400-541: A Culture of Remembrance: Promises and Limits of Writing History (2006) sees the post-war concept of Heimat as having emerged as a reaction to Germany's self-imposed position on the world stage, a symptom of the forced introversion following the world wars, and an attempt at individual distancing from responsibility for Nazi Germany's actions. Heimatschutz is the German term for "protection of national heritage ". The so-called " Heimatschutzarchitektur " or Heimatschutzstil
480-518: A clean and modern way. The German association for Heimatschutz , the Deutsche Bund für Heimatschutz , was founded in Dresden in 1904 with a focus on built heritage conservation and the furtherance of traditional crafts and techniques. In international law the "right to one's homeland " (German: Recht auf die Heimat ; French: droit au foyer ; Italian: diritto alla Patria ; Spanish: derecho
560-700: A farm may be worked by the same family over many generations, but what is inherited is not the farm's estate itself but the lease on the estate. In much of Europe, serfdom was abolished only in the modern period, in Western Europe after the French Revolution , in Russia as late as in 1861 . In contrast to the Roman system of latifundia and the derived system of manoralism, the Germanic peoples had
640-491: A farm to offspring. Conversion of a sole proprietorship family farm to a family corporation may also be influenced by legal and financial, e.g. tax, considerations. The Canadian Encyclopedia estimates that more than 90 percent of Canadian farms are family operations. In 2006, of Canadian farms with more than one million dollars in annual gross farm receipts, about 63 percent were family corporations and 13 percent were non-family corporations. Analysis of data for 59,000 farms in
720-541: A given year." The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations defines a "family farm" as one that relies primarily on family members for labour and management. In some usages, "family farm" implies that the farm remains within the ownership of a family over a number of generations. Being special-purpose definitions, the definitions found in laws or regulations may differ substantially from commonly understood meanings of "family farm". For example, In
800-748: A la patria ) is a concept that has been gaining acceptance as a fundamental human right and a precondition to the exercise of the right to self-determination . In 1931 at the Académie de Droit International in The Hague ( Hague Academy of International Law ), Robert Redslob spoke of the right to the homeland in connection with the right to self-determination in Le principe des nationalités . Georges Scelle in Belgium, Felix Ermacora in Austria, Alfred de Zayas in
880-612: A notion which isn't reached yet. The concrete utopia is Ernst Bloch's notion of homeland which he created in his main work "The Principle of Hope" (Das Prinzip Hoffnung) during his exile in the United States. Bloch, who opposed war in Wilhelmian Germany in 1914, who had to leave Nazi-Germany in the 1930s as he was a Marxian Jew and who was forced to emigrate from the German Democratic Republic in
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#1732775938459960-578: A recurring conceptual and archetypal distinction is that of a family farm as a smallholding versus corporate farming as large-scale agribusiness , that notion does not accurately describe the realities of farm ownership in many countries. Family farm businesses can take many forms, from smallholder farms to larger farms operated under intensive farming practices. In various countries, most farm families have structured their farm businesses as corporations (such as limited liability companies ) or trusts , for liability, tax, and business purposes. Thus,
1040-573: A sense of "Heimat" to immigrants according to their new place of residence. When we speak of language as a cultural "Heimat", talk is of an exiled German author, who names the German language or German literature his home. "Heimat" as a way of life describes the creed of a seaman : "My home is the ocean". In the 19th century, Heimat acquired strong emotional connotations in the context of both German Romanticism and German nationalism (but also patriotism based on regional identity). The concept of
1120-559: A single family; but again, this fact does not imply that corporate farming is a small presence in Brazilian agriculture; rather, it simply reflects the fact that large farms with many workers cannot be legally classified under the family farm label because that label is legally reserved for smallholdings in that country. Farms that would not be considered family farms would be those operated as collectives, non-family corporations, or in other institutionalised forms. At least 500 million of
1200-682: A state of belonging "the opposite of feeling alien," and its definition is not limited to a geographical place. There is no single definition for the term "heimat". Bausinger describes it as a spatial and social unit of medium range, wherein the individual is able to experience safety and the reliability of its existence, as well as a place of a deeper trust: Heimat als Nahwelt, die verständlich und durchschaubar ist, als Rahmen, in dem sich Verhaltenserwartungen stabilisieren, in dem sinnvolles, abschätzbares Handeln möglich ist – Heimat also als Gegensatz zu Fremdheit und Entfremdung, als Bereich der Aneignung, der aktiven Durchdringung, der Verlässlichkeit. Home
1280-631: A system based on heritable estates owned by individual families or clans . The Germanic term for "heritable estate, allodium " was *ōþalan ( Old English ēþel ), which incidentally was also used as a rune name ; the gnomic verse on this term in the Anglo-Saxon rune poem reads: In the inheritance system known as Salic patrimony (also gavelkind in its exceptional survival in medieval Kent) refers to this clan -based possession of real estate property, particularly in Germanic context. Terra salica could not be sold or otherwise disposed; it
1360-511: A technologically and economically conventional manner, produce crops and animal products oriented to national and international markets, rather than to local markets. In assessing this complex economic situation, it is important to consider all sources of income available to these farms; for instance, the millions of dollars in farm subsidies which the United States government offers each year. As fuel prices rise, foods shipped to national and international markets are already rising in price. In 2012,
1440-879: A tractor", increasing their debt and their production capacity. This in turn required larger, more distant markets, and heavier and more complex financing. The public willingly purchased increasingly commoditized, processed, shipped and relatively inexpensive food. The availability of an increasingly diverse supply of fresh, uncured, unpreserved produce and meat in all seasons of the year (oranges in January, freshly killed steers in July, fresh pork rather than salted, smoked, or potassium-impregnated ham) opened an entirely new cuisine and an unprecedented healthy diet to millions of consumers who had never enjoyed such produce before. These abilities also brought to market an unprecedented variety of processed foods, such as corn syrup and bleached flour. For
1520-475: A utopia. This representation explicitly pushed the notion's part linked to the location away and considers homeland as "non-location": a feeling, a hope, a desire to experience - especially in exile. This idea would be already preformed a long time ago in the Christian representation of the world, in which humanity was in exile on the earth since the fall of mankind. In 2014 the slogan of the series of events in
1600-443: Is an architectural style that was first described in 1904 and was practised until the late 1960s. Its goal was to embed buildings into their regional cultural environment by referencing local design features, such as materials, proportions and shapes. Unlike the historism found in the 19th century, Heimatschutz did not embrace ornate and decorative elements and tried to reinterpret traditional techniques and regional design languages in
1680-545: Is attainable where a significant number of affluent urban and suburban consumers willingly pay a premium for the ideals of "locally produced produce" and "humane treatment of animals". Sometimes, these farms are hobby or part-time ventures, or supported by wealth from other sources. Viable farms on a scale sufficient to support modern families at an income level commensurate with urban and suburban upper-middle-class families are often large scale operations, both in area and capital requirements. These farms, family owned and operated in
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#17327759384591760-519: Is closely associated with the present – as its meaning is established in a particular moment – and aims to provide an answer to a central question: Am I in the right place? Which place in the world do I want to make my home?” Ortwin Renn disagrees with the idea that metropolises nowadays cannot be perceived as "Heimat". According to him, we live in an era of industrial mass societies as well as increasing international interdependence. Therefore, he argues that
1840-522: Is commonly used as the name of Arabic-language newspapers, as well as newspapers in other languages that have borrowed the word: Heimat Defunct Defunct Heimat ( German: [ˈhaɪmaːt] ) is a German word translating to 'home' or 'homeland'. The word has connotations specific to German culture , German society and specifically German Romanticism , German nationalism , German statehood and regionalism so that it has no exact English equivalent. The word describes
1920-463: Is likely to be near the high end of this range, for two reasons. The partners in a [Canadian] farm partnership are typically spouses, often forming the farm partnership for tax reasons. Also, as in the US, family farm succession planning can use a partnership as a means of apportioning family farm tenure among family members when a sole proprietor is ready to transfer some or all of ownership and operation of
2000-408: Is made up of the individual mindset one has about a certain place, society or just the individual's development. Losing one's "Heimat" or even just the fear of that occurring, presents as "Heimweh". To those who lost or left their "Heimat", the term can become synonymous with "home country". It is possible to choose one's own "Heimat" from a selection of places. However, "Heimat" can also be lost through
2080-457: Is quite frankly impossible to live in the same city twice, even if it's all one has ever done, adds Kontny (orig. German: "nicht zweimal in derselben Stadt leben, und wenn man sein Leben lang nichts anderes täte"). "People come for personal reasons or to find work, but then they stay because they can't get away from all the parties and alcohol." Without diversity management it is difficult to convey
2160-543: Is sourced largely from communal work groups through kinship ties, and support services needed to sustain production are minimal." On commercial family farms, "cash input costs are high, little non‐family labour is used and strong support services are necessary." At the 66th session of the United Nations General Assembly , 2014 was formally declared to be the "International Year of Family Farming" (IYFF). The Food and Agriculture Organization of
2240-460: Is that Heim denotes an individual house (or homestead, farmstead inhabited by an extended family ) while Heimat denotes the wider homeland ( patria ) of a people or tribe. It is glossed with patria throughout, and as such is synonymous with Vaterland . Luther translates the phrase "the land of my kindred" ( terra nativitatis mea ) in Genesis 24:7 as meine Heimat . Use of Heimat in
2320-411: Is the close environment that is understandable and transparent, as a frame, in which behavioral expectations are met, in which reasonable, expectable action is possible – in contrast to foreignness and alienation, as a sector of aversion, of active saturation, of reliability. Greverus (1979) focuses especially on the concept of identity. To her, "heimat" is an " idyllic world" and can only be found within
2400-473: Is the most common word for 'farm', while the archaic Meierhof designated a manorial estate. Historically, the unmarked term Hof was increasingly used for the royal or noble court . The estate as a whole is referred to by the collective Gehöft (15th century); the corresponding Slavic concept being Khutor . Höfeordnung is the German legal term for the inheritance laws regarding family farms, deriving from inheritance under medieval Saxon law . In England,
2480-520: The Heimat period c. 1946–1965, in which filmmakers placed a profound emphasis on nature and the provincial homeliness of Germany. Forests, mountains, landscapes, and rural areas portrayed Germany in a homely light with which the German people readily identified. In 1984, Edgar Reitz released his film Heimat , highlighting the provincial sense of belonging and the conflict that exists between urban and rural life. Alon Confino , in his book Germany as
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2560-676: The Second Punic War and increasingly replaced the former system of family-owned small or intermediate farms in the Roman Empire period. The basis of the latifundia in Spain and Sicily was the ager publicus that fell to the dispensation of the state through Rome's policy of war in the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD. In the collapse of the Western Roman Empire , the largely self-sufficient villa-system of
2640-426: The peasant population under the jurisdiction of himself and his manorial court . Manorialism died slowly and piecemeal, along with its most vivid feature in the landscape, the open field system . It outlasted serfdom as it outlasted feudalism: "primarily an economic organization, it could maintain a warrior, but it could equally well maintain a capitalist landlord. It could be self-sufficient, yield produce for
2720-455: The village -centered settlements of manoralism. In German-speaking Europe , a farmyard is known as a Hof ; in modern German this word designates the area enclosed by the farm buildings, not the fields around them, and it is also used in other everyday situations for courtyards of any type ( Hinterhof = 'back yard', etc.). The recharacterized compound Bauernhof was formed in the early modern period to designate family farming estates and today
2800-986: The 12 member states of the European Community found that in 1989, about three-quarters of the farms were family farms, producing just over half of total agricultural output. As of 2010, there were approximately 139,900 family farms in Ireland, with an average size of 35.7 hectares per holding. (Nearly all farms in Ireland are family farms.) In Ireland, average family farm income was 25,483 euros in 2012. Analysis by Teagasc (Ireland's Agriculture and Food Development Authority) estimates that 37 percent of Irish farms are economically viable and an additional 30 percent are sustainable due to income from off-farm sources; 33 percent meet neither criterion and are considered economically vulnerable. In Brazil, there are about 4.37 million family farms. These account for 84.4 percent of farms, 24.3 percent of farmland area and 37.5 percent of
2880-454: The 1950s, defines homeland as something beyond class society. That way he summarized "Thesen über Feuerbach" (theses about Feuerbach) by Karl Marx as follows: "Die vergesellschaftete Menschheit im Bund mit einer ihr vermittelten Natur ist der Umbau der Welt zur Heimat." "A socialized humanity bound to a sharing nature is the transformation of the world into homeland". Based on this, Bernhard Schlink evoked once again reconstructive homeland as
2960-425: The 19th century, the concept of "Heimat" was thus closely associated with the preindustrial way of life and its tragic downfall. Farmers were regarded as the most pristine and wholesome members of society and fascinated many around 1900, which gave a rise to literary regionalism, a type of formula fiction. The term "Heimat" also applies to affiliations with other individuals but also to oneself. The concept of "Heimat"
3040-553: The Industrial Revolution contributed to the emergence of a system of family estates in the Americas ( Homestead Act of 1862 ). Thomas Jefferson 's argument that a large number of family estates are a factor in ensuring the stability of democracy was repeatedly used in support of subsidies. In developed countries the family farm is viewed sentimentally, as a lifestyle to be preserved for tradition's sake, or as
3120-470: The Third Reich described this notion from their memories as realistic as possible. Thomas Mann, Bertolt Brecht, Alfred Döblin, Lion Feuchtwanger, Leonhard Frank, Ludwig Marcuse, Franz Werfel and Stefan Zweig are some well-known examples of such authors. The term Utopia is also a spatial category as "utopos" literally means "no place". To tie in with the exile literature, homeland can also be described as
3200-400: The United Nations was invited to facilitate its implementation, in collaboration with Governments, International Development Agencies, farmers' organizations and other relevant organizations of the United Nations system as well as relevant non-governmental organizations. The goal of the 2014 IYFF is to reposition family farming at the centre of agricultural, environmental and social policies in
3280-501: The United States are considered "small family farms" (with sales of less than $ 250,000 per year), and those farms produce twenty-seven percent of U.S. agricultural output. Depending on the type and size of independently owned operation, some limiting factors are: Over the 20th century, the people of developed nations have collectively taken most of the steps down the path to this situation. Individual farmers opted for successive waves of new technology, happily "trading in their horses for
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3360-403: The United States had 2,039,093 family farms (as defined by USDA), accounting for 97 percent of all farms and 89 percent of census farm area in the United States. In 1988 Mark Friedberger warned, "The farm family is a unique institution, perhaps the last remnant, in an increasingly complex world, of a simpler social order in which economic and domestic activities were inextricably bound together. In
3440-520: The United States, and Christian Thomuschat and Dieter Blumenwitz in Germany are amongst those who have written extensively on the subject. The first United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Jose Ayala Lasso of Ecuador affirmed this right, which is reflected in the 13-point Declaration appended to the Final Report on "Human Rights and Population Transfers". Family farm Although
3520-798: The United States, under federal Farm Ownership loan regulations, the definition of a "family farm" does not specify the nature of farm ownership, and management of the farm is either by the borrower, or by members operating the farm when a loan is made to a corporation, co-operative or other entity. The complete definition can be found in the US Code of Federal Regulations 7 CFR 1943.4. In the Roman Republic , latifundia , great landed estates , specialised in agriculture destined for export, producing grain, olive oil, or wine, corresponding largely to modern industrialized agriculture but depending on slave labour instead of mechanization, developed after
3600-408: The United States. About 98 percent of US family corporations owning farms are small, with no more than 10 shareholders; average net farm income of family corporate farms was $ 189,400 in 2012. (In contrast, 90 percent of US non-family corporations owning farms are small, having no more than 10 shareholders; average net cash farm income for US non-family corporate farms was $ 270,670 in 2012.) In Canada,
3680-500: The basis of rural society and social stability. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, ninety-eight percent of all farms in the U.S. are family farms. Two percent of farms are not family farms, and those two percent make up fourteen percent of total agricultural output in the United States, although half of them have total sales of less than $ 50,000 per year. Overall, ninety-one percent of farms in
3760-437: The concept of "Heimat" (" Heimatfilm ") were made, which are attributed to trivial entertainment. This aspect can not be assigned to all "Heimatfilme" (a movie genre about the concept of Heimat) nevertheless, especially to the "Heimatfilme" in the 1970s up until now. The movie trilogy "Heimatbild" by Edgar Reitz in particular, made in 1984 to 2004, conveyed a new, differentiated concept of "Heimat" by incorporating as few clichés of
3840-434: The concept of "Heimat" could not simply be considered a part of pre-modern agricultural societies and idyllic sceneries on the country side. Renn believes that these conceptions were in fact fictional, just as much as mental images of industrialized cities and areas with high population density. From a sociological point of view, anyone without social roots can be considered "heimatlos" in some way. A geographical distance from
3920-455: The different purposes for which definitions are coined. The 2012 United States Census of Agriculture defines a family farm as "any farm where the majority of the business is owned by the operator and individuals related to the operator, including relatives who do not live in the operator’s household"; it defines a farm as "any place from which $ 1,000 or more of agricultural products were produced and sold, or normally would have been sold, during
4000-658: The emergence of a smaller number of large farms, with the displaced population partly contributing to the new class of industrial wage-labourers and partly emigrating to the New World or the Russian Empire (following the 1861 emancipation of the serfs ). The family farms established in Imperial Russia were again collectivized under the Soviet Union , but the emigration of European farmers displaced by
4080-919: The family farm this new technology and increasingly complex marketing strategy has presented new and unprecedented challenges, and not all family farmers have been able to effectively cope with the changing market conditions. In the last few decades there has been a resurgence of interest in organic and free range foods. A percentage of consumers have begun to question the viability of industrial agriculture practices and have turned to organic groceries that sell products produced on family farms including not only meat and produce but also such things as wheat germ breads and natural lye soaps (as opposed to bleached white breads and petroleum based detergent bars). Others buy these products direct from family farms. The "new family farm" provides an alternative market in some localities with an array of traditionally and naturally produced products. Such "organic" and "free-range" farming
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#17327759384594160-513: The farm to supplement farm income and children sometimes have no interest in farming as their chosen field of work. Bolder promoters argue that as agriculture has become more efficient with the application of modern management and new technologies in each generation, the idealized classic family farm is now simply obsolete, or more often, unable to compete without the economies of scale available to larger and more modern farms. Advocates argue that family farms in all nations need to be protected, as
4240-451: The form of Manorialism , the essential element of feudal society, and the organizing principle of rural economy in medieval Europe. Manorialism was characterised by the vesting of legal and economic power in a Lord of the Manor , supported economically from his own direct landholding in a manor (sometimes called a fief), and from the obligatory contributions of a legally subject part of
4320-451: The idea of a family farm as a unitary concept or definition does not easily translate across languages, cultures, or centuries, as there are substantial differences in agricultural traditions and histories between countries and between centuries within a country. For example, in U.S. agriculture , a family farm can be of any size, as long as the ownership is held within a family. A 2014 USDA report shows that family farms operate 90 percent of
4400-606: The idea vulnerable to easy assimilation into the fascist " blood and soil " literature of the National Socialists . It was conceived by the National Socialists (Nazis) that the Volk community is deeply rooted in the land of their Heimat through their practice of agriculture and their ancestral lineage going back hundreds and thousands of years. The Third Reich was regarded at the deepest level as
4480-428: The ideal world as possible. Staying in touch with one's "Heimat" ("Heimatpflege") is primarily done in associations; in very few states it is organized by the government. The respective associations try to maintain the "Heimatpflege" tradition, a cultural asset that needs to be held up. However, museums dealing with the issue of "Heimat" promote local tourism by presenting folklore, no matter how accurate their display of
4560-407: The impoverishment of many. The rise of capitalism caused social hierarchies to shift. Prior distinctions of social classes such as aristocracy and peasantry gradually dissolved (due to urban expansion and the rise of capitalism) and were replaced by the conceptions of proletariat and bourgeoisie instead. Those who were at risk of social deprivation perceived the new world order, in which the upper-class
4640-466: The individual with a spatiotemporal orientation for self-preparation, in opposition to the term of strangeness ( Otto Friedrich Bollnow ). In terms of sociology, home belongs to the constitutional conditions for group identity in complementarity to strangeness ( Georg Simmel ). The German equivalent of "home" is Heim (Germanic *haim ). The feminine noun Heimat is attested around the 11th century (late OHG heimōti n., MGH heimōt(e) f., n.) by way of
4720-529: The larger sense of Germany as the homeland of a German nation is first recorded in the 17th century Zincgref, Apophthegmata 1626–1631). The word nevertheless retains the pragmatic sense of habitat (of plants and animals, Philipp Andreas Nemnich ), a person's place of birth or permanent residence, and in Upper German (Bavarian and Swiss) also of the house inherited from one's father. Authors, who had to leave their homeland due to their prosecution in
4800-491: The latifundia remained among the few political-cultural centres of a fragmented Europe. These latifundia had been of great importance economically, until the long-distance shipping of wine and oil, grain and garum disintegrated, but extensive lands controlled in a single pair of hands still constituted power : it can be argued that the latifundia formed part of the economic basis of the European social feudal system , taking
4880-479: The local community, especially in rural communities. Regional traditional costumes are worn in respect to contemporary demands and needs for clothing. The background history of a certain region or location in the sense of "Heimat" as a cultural identity considers the history of "Heimat" or the ethnology (" Volkskunde "). This is documented in "Heimat" museums. Today, "Heimat" is considered a subjective emotion, not necessarily related to political or legal definitions. It
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#17327759384594960-526: The market, or it could yield a money rent." The last feudal dues in France were abolished at the French Revolution . In parts of eastern Germany, the Rittergut manors of Junkers remained until World War II . The common law of the leasehold estate relation evolved in medieval England . That law still retains many archaic terms and principles pertinent to a feudal social order. Under the tenant system,
5040-443: The nation's farmland, and account for 85 percent of the country's agricultural production value. However, that does not at all imply that corporate farming is a small presence in U.S. agriculture; rather, it simply reflects the fact that many corporations are closely held . In contrast, in Brazilian agriculture , the official definition of a family farm ( agricultura familiar ) is limited to small farms worked primarily by members of
5120-571: The number of "family farms" cannot be inferred closely, because of the nature of census data, which do not distinguish family and non-family farm partnerships. In 2011, of Canada's 205,730 farms, 55 percent were sole proprietorships, 25 percent were partnerships, 17 percent were family corporations, 2 percent were non-family corporations and <1 percent were other categories. Because some but not all partnerships involve family members, these data suggest that family farms account for between about 73 and 97 percent of Canadian farms. The family farm percentage
5200-486: The occasion of the celebration of peace in Augsburg was: "Homeland? Never been there!” („Heimat? Da war ich noch nie!“) The concept of "Heimat" first emerged in a literary context that was neither religious nor poetic during the period of Industrialization and Romanticism. People moved from the country to the cities to an increasing degree in order to find employment in a factory, which eventually led to urban expansion and
5280-415: The office of President of the United States , held rural rallies together and spoke for measures to preserve the so-called family farm. On other economic matters they were seen as generally opposed, but found common ground on this one. The social roles of family farms are much changed today. Until recently, staying in line with traditional and conservative sociology, the heads of the household were usually
5360-448: The oldest man followed closely by his oldest sons. The wife generally took care of the housework, child rearing, and financial matters pertaining to the farm. However, agricultural activities have taken on many forms and change over time. Agronomy , horticulture , aquaculture , silviculture , and apiculture , along with traditional plants and animals, all make up aspects of today's family farm. Farm wives often need to find work away from
5440-1316: The past few years, however, American agriculture has suffered huge losses, and family farmers have seen their way of life threatened by economic forces beyond their control." However, by 1981 Ingolf Vogeler argued it was too late—the American family farm had been replaced by large agribusiness corporations pretending to be family operated. A USDA survey conducted in 2011 estimated that family farms account for 85 percent of US farm production and 85 percent of US gross farm income. Mid-size and larger family farms account for 60 percent of US farm production and dominate US production of cotton, cash grain and hogs. Small family farms account for 26 percent of US farm production overall, and higher percentages of production of poultry, beef cattle, some other livestock and hay. Several kinds of US family farms are recognized in USDA farm typology: Small family farms are defined as those with annual gross cash farm income (GCFI) of less than $ 350,000; in 2011, these accounted for 90 percent of all US farms. Because low net farm incomes tend to predominate on such farms, most farm families on small family farms are extremely dependent on off-farm income. Small family farms in which
5520-419: The place of birth or the current residence is not required for this form of "Heimatlosigkeit". The feeling of being uprooted can arise due to a changing landscape in a once familiar environment, through new- or reconstruction of buildings and streets, through societal changes and by devaluation of one's acquired competences throughout life. In the 1950s and the first half of the 1960s, many so-called movies about
5600-413: The principal operator was mostly employed off-farm accounted for 42 percent of all farms and 15 percent of total US farm area; median net farm income was $ 788. Retirement family farms were small farms accounting for 16 percent of all farms and 7 percent of total US farm area; median net farm income was $ 5,002. The other small family farm categories are those in which farming occupies at least 50 percent of
5680-1028: The principal operator's working time. These are: Low-sales small family farms (with GCFI less than $ 150,000); 26 percent of all US farms, 18 percent of total US farm area, median net farm income $ 3,579. Moderate-sales small family farms (with GCFI of $ 150,000 to $ 349,999); 5.44 percent of all US farms, 13 percent of total US farm area, median net farm income $ 67,986. Mid-size family farms (GCFI of $ 350,000 to $ 999,999); 6 percent of all US farms, 22 percent of total US farm area; median net farm income $ 154,538. Large family farms (GCFI $ 1,000,000 to $ 4,999,999); 2 percent of all US farms, 14 percent of total US farm area; median net farm income $ 476,234. Very large family farms (GCFI over $ 5,000,000); <1 percent of all US farms, 2 percent of total US farm area; median net farm income $ 1,910,454. Family farms include not only sole proprietorships and family partnerships, but also family corporations. Family-owned corporations account for 5 percent of all farms and 89 percent of corporate farms in
5760-570: The region is. Cultural possessions, traditional clothing for instance, are oftentimes worn in front of a paying audience, but not in a private environment. In Germany, most of the "Heimat" associations dealing with the authentic display of specific regional clothing are connected to the German society for traditional costumes based in Munich. More than 2 Million members belong to this association, among them also 200.000 young adults and children. Their (financial) supporters often play an active part within
5840-515: The sacred Heimat of the unified Volk community—the national slogan was One Reich , One Volk , One Führer . Those who were taken to Nazi concentration camps were those who were officially declared by the SS to be "enemies of the volk community" and thus a threat to the integrity and security of the heimat. The contemporary conception of Heimat is most readily seen in the Heimatfilm from
5920-552: The suffix *-ōt(i)- expressing a state or condition also found in Monat = month , which became somewhat productive in medieval German (c.f Heirat , Zierat , Kleinod , Einöde ). There is a close Gothic cognate haimōþli (for ἀγρός "lands, homestead" in Mark 10 , reflected in OHG heimōdili ). The semantic distinction from simple "home" ( Heim ) at least by the 16th century
6000-410: The title of yeoman was applied to such land-owning commoners from the 15th century. In the early modern and modern period, the dissolution of manoralism went parallel to the development of intensive farming parallel to the Industrial Revolution . Mechanization enabled the cultivation of much larger areas than what was typical for the traditional estates aimed at subsistence farming , resulting in
6080-559: The trinity of community, space and tradition ; because only there human desires for identity, safety and an active designing of life can be pleased. In any case "heimat", or even better: the examination thereof, is one of several identification sectors creating self-awareness . In terms of ethnology and anthropology , "heimat" reflects the need for spatial orientation and the first "territory" that can offer identity, stimulation and safety for one's own existence ( Paul Leyhausen ). From an existentially philosophical perspective, home provides
6160-718: The value of agricultural production. In sub-Saharan Africa, 80% of the farms were family owned and worked by 2014. Sub-Saharan agriculture was mostly defined by slash-and-burn subsistence farming , historically spread by the Bantu expansion . Permanent farming estates were established during colonialism , in the 19th to 20th century. After decolonisation, white farmers in some African countries have tended to be attacked, killed or evicted, notably in South Africa and Zimbabwe . In southern Africa, "On peasant family farms ..., cash input costs are very low, non‐household labour
6240-819: The world's [estimated] 570 million farms are managed by families, making family farms predominant in global agriculture. An "informal discussion of the concepts and definitions" in a working paper published by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in 2014 reviewed English, Spanish and French definitions of the concept of "family farm". Definitions referred to one or more of labor, management, size, provision of family livelihood, residence, family ties and generational aspects, community and social networks, subsistence orientation, patrimony, land ownership and family investment. The disparity of definitions reflects national and geographical differences in cultures, rural land tenure, and rural economies, as well as
6320-527: Was not alienable . Much of Germanic Europe has a history of overlap or conflict between the feudal system of manoralism, where the estate is owned by noblemen and leased to the tenants or worked by serfs, and the Germanic system of free farmers working landed estates heritable within their clan or family. Historical prevalence of the Germanic system of independent estates or Höfe resulted in dispersed settlement ( Streusiedlung ) structure, as opposed to
6400-427: Was shrinking and there were more industry workers, as something "unheim(at)lich" (literal German translation in the sense of something "unfamiliar" and disconcerting.). The so-called "Heimat-movement" was primarily concerned with a fear of loss of "the good old days" as well as the opposed glorification and idealization of rural life. The "Heimat-movement" thereby sharply opposed the ideas of progress and Enlightenment. In
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