Alan Smithee (also Allen Smithee ) is an official pseudonym used by film directors who wish to disown a project. Coined by the Directors Guild of America in 1968 and used until it was largely discontinued in 2000, it was the sole pseudonym used by DGA members when directors, dissatisfied with the final product, proved to the satisfaction of a guild panel that they had not been able to exercise creative control over a film. The director was also required by guild rules not to discuss the circumstances leading to the movie or even to acknowledge being the project's director. The Alan Smithee credit has also been adopted for direction credit disputes in television, music videos and other media.
68-398: Before 1968, DGA rules did not permit directors to be credited under a pseudonym. This was intended to prevent producers from forcing them upon directors, which would inhibit the development of their résumés. The guild also required that the director be credited, in support of the auteur theory , which posits that the director is the primary creative force behind a film. The Smithee pseudonym
136-519: A "Rotten" 11% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 63 reviews, with the consensus: "This is an insult to the Sci-fi genre with no excitement and bad FX." The New York Times reviewer Lawrence Van Gelder called it "light on originality and low on suspense though high on design and special effects." On Metacritic , which uses an average of critics' reviews, the film holds a 19/100, indicating "overwhelming dislike". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave
204-442: A 1954 essay, François Truffaut criticized the prevailing "Cinema of Quality" whereby directors, faithful to the script, merely adapt a literary novel. Truffaut described such a director as a metteur en scene , a mere "stager" who adds the performers and pictures. To represent the view that directors who express their personality in their work make better films, Truffaut coined the phrase "la politique des auteurs", or "the policy of
272-524: A bubble of zero-gravity water was never filmed. After principal photography was finished in July 1998, Hill spent a total of 24 weeks editing his director's cut of the film, which still did not have all the special effects scenes added into it. MGM decided to screen the film to a test audience. Hill told them that the screening would be a complete disaster because the film was still not finished, and because he wanted to shoot some more footage. MGM refused, saying
340-569: A few deleted scenes, including the one where Nick finds the real Troy on the Titan moon turned into a fetus and Troy begging Nick to help him, and a couple of shots of the original ending where Karl is killed by a dimensional jump. Four different endings were filmed. Dialogue by the ship's computer, Sweetie, in a theatrical ending where it tells Nick and Kaela that the Supernova will either destroy Earth or make it and humankind better, and that Kaela
408-465: A film as a collaboration, her 1971 essay " Raising Kane ", examining Orson Welles 's 1941 film Citizen Kane , finds extensive reliance on co-writer Herman J. Mankiewicz and on cinematographer Gregg Toland . Richard Corliss and David Kipen argued that a film's success relies more on screenwriting. In 2006, to depict the screenwriter as the film's principal author, Kipen coined the term Schreiber theory . To film historian Georges Sadoul ,
476-402: A film's main "author" can also be an actor, screenwriter, producer, or novel's author, although a film is a collective's work. Film historian Aljean Harmetz , citing classical Hollywood's input by producers and executives, held that auteur theory "collapses against the reality of the studio system ". In 2013, Maria Giese critiqued the lack of American women who are considered to be within
544-501: A film's putative "author" could potentially even be an actor, but a film is indeed collaborative. Aljean Harmetz cited major control even by film executives. David Kipen 's view of the screenwriter as indeed the main author is termed Schreiber theory . In the 1980s, large failures prompted studios to reassert control. The auteur concept has also been applied to non-film directors, such as record producers and video game designers , such as Hideo Kojima . Even before auteur theory,
612-558: A full-blown makeup effects film. "I hope that my experience in the film industry has helped improve the picture and rectified some of the problems that losing a director caused," said Coppola. By October 1999, MGM decided to sell the film. The film was eventually released on January 14, 2000, almost two years later than planned. The theatrical trailer of the film, featuring songs " Fly " by Sugar Ray and " Mama Told Me Not To Come " by Three Dog Night , shows many alternate takes of some scenes, extended versions of some others, parts of
680-522: A love scene. Coppola's re-edited version had poor results from test screening; it also did not get the PG-13 rating from the MPAA that the studio wanted. Creature designer Patrick Tatopoulos, whose special effects were mostly cut out from the film, said that Hill wanted the film to be much more grotesque, strange and disturbing, while MGM wanted to make it more of a hip, sexy film in space and they did not want
748-510: A name I'm not familiar with, allows his story to unfold naturally." Following its coinage, the pseudonym "Alan Smithee" was applied retroactively to Fade In (also known as Iron Cowboy ), a film starring Burt Reynolds and directed by Jud Taylor , which was first released before the release of Death of a Gunfighter . Taylor also requested the pseudonym for City in Fear (1980) with David Janssen . Taylor commented on its use when he received
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#1732801071293816-501: Is analyzed by the ship's computer and is said to contain nine-dimensional matter. It is ultimately discovered that the young man who called for rescue is actually Karl Larson, an old former lover of Kaela (it is implied that he was abusive). Karl came into contact with the nine-dimensional matter after recovering the artifact. It somehow enabled him to acquire super-strength and supernatural healing abilities, and made him younger (such that Kaela did not recognize him). Karl murders most of
884-422: Is pregnant, was added later in post-production during one of the re-edits of the film, most probably during the one supervised by Francis Ford Coppola. Original dialogue said only that the supernova will destroy Earth in 257 years and that it's unstoppable. When he took over the editing of the film, Francis Ford Coppola put together the zero-gravity sex scene between Angela Bassett and James Spader using outtakes of
952-567: Is quite good. It has its problems. I'm going to recut it, hopefully in the spirit of what Walter Hill wanted." However, Hill ultimately took his name from the film. DVD and Blu-ray versions include several deleted scenes as bonus features. These scenes are: Supernova opened on January 14, 2000 in 2,280 theaters, during the Martin Luther King weekend, alongside Next Friday and the wide releases of Girl, Interrupted and The Hurricane . Before its release, MGM predicted that
1020-455: Is so unbounded and personal that the director is likened to the "author" of the film, thus manifesting the director's unique style or thematic focus. As an unnamed value, auteurism originated in French film criticism of the late 1940s, and derives from the critical approach of André Bazin and Alexandre Astruc , whereas American critic Andrew Sarris in 1962 called it auteur theory . Yet
1088-403: Is treated as artwork while the auteur, as its creator, is the original copyright holder. Under European Union law , largely by influence of auteur theory, a film director is considered the film's author or one of its authors. The references of auteur theory are occasionally applied to musicians, musical performers, and music producers. From the 1960s, record producer Phil Spector is considered
1156-457: The Nova . Australian Geoffrey Wright was originally attached to direct but left the project two months before principal photography was to begin due to "creative differences." Apparently, he had an idea about shooting the entire film in zero gravity, but MGM disagreed. Vincent D'Onofrio was originally cast as the computer tech but when Wright was fired, D'Onofrio also walked out. James Spader
1224-407: The 2011 film Hidden 3D ). Historical uses of the "Alan Smithee" credit (or equivalent), in chronological order: The following films credit "Smithee"; the actual director is listed when known. Auteur An auteur ( / oʊ ˈ t ɜːr / ; French: [otœʁ] , lit. ' author ') is an artist with a distinctive approach, usually a film director whose filmmaking control
1292-479: The April 1998 start date, which left Hill only weeks to organize the production. He spent much of that time reworking the script, not knowing that the president of United Artists (Lindsay Doran) was very attached to the script. "Walter's vision of the film was different from the studio's. It's a shame that couldn't be resolved during production," screenwriter David Wilson said. Shooting began in April 1998. Hill said
1360-534: The DGA's Robert B. Aldrich Achievement Award in 2003: I had a couple of problems in my career having to do with editing and not having the contractually required number of days in the editing room that my agent couldn't resolve. So, I went to the Guild and said, "This is what's going on." The Guild went to bat for me. I got Alan Smithee on them both. It was a signal to the industry from a creative rights point of view that
1428-475: The French film critics André Bazin and Roger Leenhardt described that directors, vitalizing films, depict the directors' own worldviews and impressions of the subject matter, as by varying lighting, camerawork, staging, editing, and so on. As the French New Wave in cinema began, French magazine Cahiers du cinéma , founded in 1951, became a hub of discourse about directors' roles in cinema. In
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#17328010712931496-583: The United States. Giese argues women in the US are rarely allowed to direct unless they are already celebrities, and that they are rarely afforded proper budgets. She cites women as making up less than 5% of American feature film directors , while the Hollywood Reporter stated that only about 7% of directors were women among the 250 highest-grossing films in 2016. In some law references, a film
1564-591: The actor", so all the creature footage was cut and re-shot with Karl being only partially mutated in the final cut. Many promotional stills come from deleted scenes which were not included on DVD/Blu-ray versions of the film. These include Kaela and Danika dressing up the Flyboy robot, Nick investigating the Titan mining colony and more areas of it, Nick finding more cocooned dead bodies of miners and examining them, Karl's original monstrous look, and Karl's original death sequence. Hill said in an interview some years after
1632-411: The additional footage would cost another $ 1.5 million. Hill would not return to work until Mancuso met with him, and Mancuso would not meet with Hill until the director returned to work. MGM screened the film and, just as Hill had predicted, the test screening audience hated it. Hill later said: We limped in, in post we had a tremendous amount of effect stuff to do. They decided they wanted to preview
1700-761: The authors". He named eight writer-directors, Jean Renoir , Robert Bresson , Jean Cocteau , Jacques Becker , Abel Gance , Max Ophüls , Jacques Tati , and Roger Leenhardt , as examples of these "authors". Jerry Lewis , an actor from the Hollywood studio system, directed his own 1960 film The Bellboy . Lewis's influence on it spanned business and creative roles, including writing, directing, lighting, editing, and art direction. French film critics, publishing in Cahiers du Cinéma and in Positif , praised Lewis's results. For his mise-en-scene and camerawork, Lewis
1768-407: The auto-pilot saved the ship from the crash but Sholder wanted to give Spader's character something more to do), added some scenes with more focus on humor, changed the original voice of the ship's computer Sweetie and added a new one which had "more emotion", removed all the dialogue from another computer called George who was on Titan and who gave Nick some information about the mining colony, removed
1836-422: The blue giant supernovas, the ship engages in a dimensional jump which brings Nick and Kaela back to Earth. As a result of their being in the same pod, the two of them each have one eye of the other person's original eye color . The ship's computer also reveals that Kaela is pregnant, which may be the result of them being in the pod together during the jump, or the result of their copulation hours earlier. The film
1904-433: The blue giant. With moments left before the dimension jump activates, Kaela and Nick place themselves into the only remaining dimensional stabilization chamber (Karl had destroyed all but one), which is the only thing that enables human beings to survive the ship's dimensional jump drive. The pods are meant to hold only one person; two subjects might be genetically mixed during the dimensional jump. Before Nick and Kaela enter
1972-496: The budget of the film was cut halfway through production. Special-effects house Digital Domain was once considering a production partnership with MGM. Under such a deal, the special effects would be delivered below market rates, since Digital, as a partial owner of some MGM films, would have an incentive to keep costs down. However, this partnership fell through and the production had to pay for "the full spa treatment," according to producer Daniel Chubas. MGM had to scrap about half of
2040-654: The concept first appeared in French in 1955 when director François Truffaut termed it policy of the authors , and interpreted the films of some directors, like Alfred Hitchcock , as a body revealing recurring themes and preoccupations. American actor Jerry Lewis directed his own 1960 film The Bellboy via sweeping control, and was praised for "personal genius". By 1970, the New Hollywood era had emerged with studios granting directors broad leeway. Pauline Kael argued, however, that "auteurs" rely on creativity of others, like cinematographers. Georges Sadoul deemed
2108-438: The crew except Kaela and strands Nick on the mining platform. Karl fails to romantically reconcile with Kaela. Nick finds his way back to the medical ship through a rescue pod left on the mining platform, and a battle ensues between Nick and Karl. Karl is ultimately killed by Kaela using explosives placed near the alien artifact which Karl was obsessed with retrieving. The explosion ejects the artifact into space, hurtling it towards
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2176-490: The director was considered the most important influence on a film. In Germany, an early film theorist, Walter Julius Bloem , explained that since filmmaking is an art geared toward popular culture, a film's immediate influence, the director, is viewed as the artist, whereas an earlier contributor, like the screenwriter, is viewed as an apprentice. James Agee , a leading film critic of the 1940s, said that "the best films are personal ones, made by forceful directors". Meanwhile,
2244-408: The entire time. When the film was finished, Siegel did not want to take the credit for it and Totten refused to take credit in his place. The DGA panel hearing the dispute agreed that the film did not represent either director's creative vision. The original proposal was to credit the fictional "Al Smith", but the name was deemed too common and was already in use within the film industry. The last name
2312-399: The film an average grade of "D" on an A+ to F scale. Film Comment praised Hill's directing and writing work for giving the action "an extraordinary vividness and sense of grim veracity", and touted the cinematography and visual effects, but strongly criticized Coppola and the cuts he made for weakening the characters and disconnecting the film's relationships and stylistic unity, resulting in
2380-499: The film was released that his version was much darker, had a very different setup and that ending was much different. He also expressed a strong dislike for the way the studio changed the film, but said that James Spader did a great job with his role. Lou Diamond Phillips, who plays Yerzy, turned down the role the first few times it was offered to him, but after Hill was hired as director, Hill called Phillips and sent him 40 pages of his re-written script, which Phillips liked and accepted
2448-580: The film would not perform well at the box office. The film opened with $ 6.7 million over the four day Martin Luther King Jr. Weekend , ranking eighth at the US box office; by the end of its run, the film had grossed only $ 14.2 million in the United States and Canada and $ 598,000 in other territories, for a worldwide gross of $ 14.8 million. Against a budget of $ 90 million, the film was a box-office bomb , with an estimated loss of $ 83 million. Supernova received negative reviews from critics and holds
2516-437: The first auteur among producers of popular music. Author Matthew Bannister named him the first "star" producer. Journalist Richard Williams wrote: Spector created a new concept: the producer as overall director of the creative process, from beginning to end. He took control of everything, he picked the artists, wrote or chose the material, supervised the arrangements, told the singers how to phrase, masterminded all phases of
2584-506: The journal Film Culture , American film critic Andrew Sarris translated the French term la politique des auteurs , by François Truffaut in 1955, into Sarris's term auteur theory . Sarris applied it to Hollywood films, and elaborated in his 1968 book, The American Cinema: Directors and Directions 1929–1968 , which helped popularize the English term. Via auteur theory, critical and public scrutiny of films shifted from their stars to
2652-430: The last pod, the computer warns them that the nine-dimensional matter is reacting with the gravity of the blue giant sun and will cause a nine-dimensional reaction that will spread in all directions, such that the reaction's resulting supernova will reach Earth within 51 years. The computer hypothesizes that the reaction will either destroy life on Earth or "enable humankind to achieve a new level of existence". Just before
2720-458: The late 1960s, performers typically had little input on their own records. Wilson, however, employed the studio like an instrument, as well as a high level of studio control that other artists soon sought. According to The Atlantic ' s Jason Guriel, the Beach Boys' 1966 album Pet Sounds , produced by Wilson, anticipated later auteurs such as Kanye West , as well as "the rise of
2788-477: The medical ship Nightingale 229 in deep space in the early 22nd century and its six-member crew, which includes captain and pilot A.J. Marley, co-pilot Nick Vanzant, medical officer Kaela Evers, medical technician Yerzy Penalosa, search and rescue paramedic Danika Lund and computer technician Benjamin Sotomejor. Aboard their vessel, they receive an emergency distress signal coming from an ice mining operation on
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2856-470: The moon Titan 37, more than 3,000 light-years away. The crew answers the call and dimension-jumps—during which Captain Marley suffers fatal injuries due to a malfunction of the ship's equipment—arriving in the path of Titan 37's debris cloud, some of which damages the ship and causes the loss of 82 percent of its maneuvering fuel. Worse still, Titan 37 orbits a blue giant , and its high gravity field will pull
2924-560: The movie without the effects. I said this was insane, it's a science fiction movie. The effects had to be added. They wanted to see how it played. I told them it would be like shit, terrible, very bad preview, you will give up on the movie. These previews under these conditions are political. "Are you saying you won't preview the movie?" I said "You own the God damn thing. If you want to preview it, I can't prevent you, but I won't go." They saw this as defiance. After more arguments with MGM, Hill quit
2992-401: The name and its purpose became more widely known. Some directors violated the embargo on discussing their use of the pseudonym. In 1997, the film An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn was released, in which a man named Alan Smithee (played by Eric Idle ) wishes to disavow a film he directed, but is unable to do so because the only pseudonym he is permitted to use is his own name. The film
3060-464: The original rocklike/electronic score by Burkhard Dallwitz, and added a new one by David C. Williams. After Sholder's cut was test screened and got a better reaction from a test audience, new executives took over MGM/UA: Alex Yemenidjian, and Chris McGurk. They were unhappy with the reaction that Supernova got from the test screening of Sholder's cut. The studio went back to Hill, who proposed $ 5 million of reshoots and wanted more time for filming. When
3128-458: The overall creation. In the 1960s and the 1970s, a new generation of directors, revitalizing filmmaking by wielding greater control, manifested the New Hollywood era, when studios granted directors more leeway to take risks. Yet in the 1980s, upon high-profile failures like Heaven's Gate , studios reasserted control, muting the auteur theory. Pauline Kael , an early critic of auteur theory, debated Andrew Sarris in magazines. Defending
3196-400: The pantheon of auteur directors. She argues that there is no shortage of non-American women directors that could be considered auteurs, and lists Andrea Arnold , Jane Campion , Liliana Cavani , Claire Denis , Marleen Gorris , Agnieszka Holland , Lynne Ramsay , Agnes Varda, and Lina Wertmuller as being among them, but goes on to say that women are rarely afforded financing for films in
3264-482: The planned effects shots. A weightless sex scene between Robin Tunney and Peter Facinelli was shot in seats mounted on a rotating pole that was digitally removed in post-production. The script also involved a cutting-edge robot—remotely operated by someone's manipulating gloves—that performs long-distance medical examinations. This became an actor dressed as an android. Finally, a sequence where Spader rescued someone inside
3332-496: The producer" and "the modern pop-centric era, which privileges producer over artist and blurs the line between entertainment and art. ... Anytime a band or musician disappears into a studio to contrive an album-length mystery, the ghost of Wilson is hovering near." Supernova (2000 film) Supernova is a 2000 science fiction horror film written by David C. Wilson , William Malone and Daniel Chuba and directed by Walter Hill , credited as "Thomas Lee." "Thomas Lee"
3400-527: The product credited to Stephen Greene. Meanwhile, the name had been used outside of the film industry, and it continues to be used in other media and on film projects not under the purview of the DGA. Although the pseudonym was intended for use by directors, the Internet Movie Database lists several uses as writer credits as well. Variations of the name have also occasionally been used, such as "Alan Smithee and Alana Smithy" (screenwriters for
3468-413: The project. After test screenings went badly MGM hired another director, Jack Sholder , to re-edit Hill's footage and do some re-shoots to try to save the film. Sholder deleted a lot of the scenes from Hill's version, including many scenes of character development, added the scene where James Spader's character is piloting the ship to safety after they jump into the supernova high-gravity field (originally
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#17328010712933536-419: The recording process with the most painful attention to detail, and released the result on his own label. Another early pop music auteur was Brian Wilson , mentored by Spector. In 1962, Wilson's band, the Beach Boys , signed to Capitol Records and swiftly became a commercial success, whereby Wilson was an early recording artist who was also an entrepreneurial producer. Before the " progressive pop " of
3604-442: The role. However, when the filming began, Hill was forced to keep rewriting the script while studio executives were on the set watching over him. Hill also heavily rewrote the original script because he wanted to distance the film from Alien (1979), a film which he produced. Phillips also said that once Francis Ford Coppola was called in to re-edit the film, he sent everyone from the cast a letter saying, "All of your work in this film
3672-405: The script. MGM bought the project and a series of writers were put on the script, including David Campbell Wilson, Daniel Chuba, Cathy Rabin and Thomas Wheeler. By 1997 the story had changed to be about a deep space medical ship called the Nova which answers a distress signal and finds an aging cargo vessel about to be sucked into a black hole. The sole survivor of the sinking ship comes on board
3740-493: The ship to the point where it will be incinerated in 17 hours, 12 minutes—which happens to be almost the same amount of time that the Nightingale 229 will need to recharge its jump drive, their only possible hope for escape. With only an 11-minute window for escape, the surviving crew soon find themselves in danger from the disturbing young man they rescue, and the mysterious alien artifact he has smuggled aboard. This artifact
3808-478: The shows had been tampered with. The spelling "Alan Smithee" became standard, and the Internet Movie Database lists about two dozen feature films and many more television features and series episodes credited to this name. A persistent urban legend suggests that this particular spelling was chosen because it is an anagram of the phrase "the alias men", but this is apocryphal. Over the years
3876-523: The studio refused, Hill quit the project for good and MGM then shelved the film. In August 1999, MGM board member Francis Ford Coppola was brought in by MGM to supervise another re-editing of the film, at the cost of $ 1 million, at his American Zoetrope facility in Northern California. This work included digitally placing Bassett's and Spader's faces on the bodies of (a computer-tinted) Tunney and Facinelli so that their characters could have
3944-535: The zero gravity sex scene between Robin Tunney and Peter Facinelli that happens later in the film, with Tunney's skin color being digitally darkened. He did this to add more to the relationship between Bassett's and Spader's characters. Originally, main villain Karl mutated into a demonic monster during the final part of the film. Although much time and effort was spent on special make-up effects for these scenes, MGM decided that they didn't like it because they "couldn't see
4012-419: Was brought in for editing purposes. Various sources suggest that little of Hill's work remains in the theatrical cut of the film. The film shares several plot similarities with the film Event Horizon , released in 1997, and Alien Cargo , released in 1999. The cast features James Spader , Angela Bassett , Robert Forster , Lou Diamond Phillips , Peter Facinelli , Robin Tunney , and Wilson Cruz . The film
4080-558: Was cast in the lead. Wright was replaced by Jack Sholder . However, MGM head Frank Mancuso was reluctant to use him. James Spader campaigned for Hill, who had written and produced the three Alien films. Hill says he "was interested in doing a science fiction thing"; he thought the script "had fixable problems" and he wanted to work with James Spader. MGM were worried that the Screen Actors Guild would strike that summer (which ended up being averted). They did not delay
4148-416: Was chosen as a directorial pseudonym for release in lieu of Alan Smithee , as the latter had become too well known as a badge of a film being disowned by its makers. It was originally developed in 1988 by Malone as "Dead Star," with paintings by H. R. Giger and a plot that had been called " Hellraiser in outer space." Jack Sholder was hired for substantial uncredited reshoots, and Francis Ford Coppola
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#17328010712934216-500: Was created for use on the film Death of a Gunfighter , released in 1969. During its filming, lead actor Richard Widmark was unhappy with director Robert Totten and arranged to have him replaced by Don Siegel . Siegel later estimated that he had spent 9 to 10 days filming, while Totten had spent 25 days. Each had roughly an equal amount of footage in Siegel's final edit, but Siegel made clear that Widmark had effectively been in charge
4284-461: Was directed by Arthur Hiller , who reported to the DGA that producer Joe Eszterhas had interfered with his creative control. He successfully removed his own name from the film, so Alan Smithee was credited instead. The film was a commercial and critical failure, released in only 19 theaters, grossing only $ 45,779 in the United States with a budget of about $ 10 million. Rotten Tomatoes reports an aggregate critical rating of only 8% positive. The film
4352-451: Was first changed to "Smithe", then "Smithee", which was thought to be distinctive enough to avoid confusion with similar names but without drawing attention to itself. Critics praised the film and its "new" director, with The New York Times commenting that the film was "sharply directed by Allen Smithee who has an adroit facility for scanning faces and extracting sharp background detail," and Roger Ebert commenting, "Director Allen Smithee,
4420-427: Was likened to Howard Hawks , Alfred Hitchcock , and Satyajit Ray . In particular, Jean-Luc Godard credited Lewis's "personal genius" for making him "the only one in Hollywood doing something different, the only one who isn't falling in with the established categories, the norms, the principles", "the only one today who's making courageous films". As early as his 1962 essay "Notes on the auteur theory", published in
4488-437: Was nominated for eight Golden Raspberry Awards at the following year's ceremony, and won five, including Worst Picture. The harsh negative publicity that surrounded the film drew unwanted mainstream attention to the pseudonym. Following this, the DGA retired the name; for the film Supernova (2000), dissatisfied director Walter Hill was instead credited as "Thomas Lee", and Accidental Love director, David O. Russell, left
4556-472: Was originally pitched by William Malone in 1990 as Dead Star . Malone envisioned it as a modestly budgeted film which would cost around $ 5–6 million and be like " Dead Calm in space". The original script was about a space expedition that discovers artifacts from an alien civilization and brings them back to Earth; one of the artifacts unleashes an evil force. Malone and producer Ash R Shah asked H. R. Giger to produce some conceptual sketches to help promote
4624-431: Was shot by cinematographer Lloyd Ahern II and scored by composers David C. Williams and Burkhard Dallwitz . The film was released on January 14, 2000, and received negative reviews from critics. It was also a box-office bomb , only grossing $ 14.8 million over its budget between $ 60‒90 million during its theatrical release, with an estimated loss of $ 83 million. Supernova chronicles the search-and-rescue patrol of
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