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89-591: The company was formed in 1879 by Logan, Weber, Barnfield, Lawrance and others and installed American ice-making machinery at their premises, the old Ebenezer Chapel off the east end of Rundle Street . The company had offices in Gresham Chambers, King William Street (later Eagle Chambers, Pirie Street ), and a depot in Thebarton . They had ten carts delivering ice to all suburbs, also by paddle-steamer to River Murray towns as far as Wentworth . In 1881

178-462: A do-it-yourselfer . Demand for ice fluctuated wildly, from practically zero to peaks like in March 1930 when reserves (around 3,000 tons) were exhausted, demand exceeded manufacture and supplies had to be rationed. Ice storage capacity reached a peak around 1944 then became redundant as domestic refrigerators became commonplace and home delivery of ice ceased around 1960. Both companies are now defunct;

267-399: A fault . Water often lubricates faults, filling in fractures and jogs. About 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) below the surface, under very high temperatures and pressures, the water carries high concentrations of carbon dioxide, silica, and gold. During an earthquake, the fault jog suddenly opens wider. The water inside the void instantly vaporizes, flashing to steam and forcing silica, which forms

356-412: A "lantern" for the city to use as a dynamic cultural canvas. There has been controversy about crediting artists that have contributed to the lantern. The Lantern is completely solar-powered and carbon neutral , and there is a webcam via which anyone can view the changing digital art at night, or what it looks like at any time of day. More than 16 million colours can be projected onto the surfaces of

445-483: A dilute solution of gold(III) chloride or chlorauric acid . Unlike sulfur, phosphorus reacts directly with gold at elevated temperatures to produce gold phosphide (Au 2 P 3 ). Gold readily dissolves in mercury at room temperature to form an amalgam , and forms alloys with many other metals at higher temperatures. These alloys can be produced to modify the hardness and other metallurgical properties, to control melting point or to create exotic colors. Gold

534-787: A factory in Rundle Street in 1883; Edwin Ellis had a factory in Gouger Street, and was associated with Peters Ice Cream from 1914. Other early manufacturers were A. Williams with his "Snowdrop" factory in Rosa Street, Goodwood; Felice Maggi had the Imperial Ice Cream Factory in St. Vincent Street, Port Adelaide, then Excelsior Ice Cream factory on South Terrace , destroyed by fire, deliberately lit, in 1929; There

623-579: A gold-from-seawater swindle in the United States in the 1890s, as did an English fraudster in the early 1900s. Fritz Haber did research on the extraction of gold from sea water in an effort to help pay Germany 's reparations following World War I . Based on the published values of 2 to 64 ppb of gold in seawater, a commercially successful extraction seemed possible. After analysis of 4,000 water samples yielding an average of 0.004 ppb, it became clear that extraction would not be possible, and he ended

712-830: A golden hue to metallic caesium . Common colored gold alloys include the distinctive eighteen-karat rose gold created by the addition of copper. Alloys containing palladium or nickel are also important in commercial jewelry as these produce white gold alloys. Fourteen-karat gold-copper alloy is nearly identical in color to certain bronze alloys, and both may be used to produce police and other badges . Fourteen- and eighteen-karat gold alloys with silver alone appear greenish-yellow and are referred to as green gold . Blue gold can be made by alloying with iron , and purple gold can be made by alloying with aluminium . Less commonly, addition of manganese , indium , and other elements can produce more unusual colors of gold for various applications. Colloidal gold , used by electron-microscopists,

801-567: A large alluvial deposit. The mines at Roşia Montană in Transylvania were also very large, and until very recently, still mined by opencast methods. They also exploited smaller deposits in Britain , such as placer and hard-rock deposits at Dolaucothi . The various methods they used are well described by Pliny the Elder in his encyclopedia Naturalis Historia written towards the end of

890-461: A lengthy confrontation he was shot by a police sniper and taken to the nearby Royal Adelaide Hospital but was declared dead on arrival. The Garden East apartments were built during the 1990s as part of the redevelopment of old warehouse and office buildings in the East End. "Building D" was designed by Woods Bagot around 1999. The Palace Nova Eastend , a cinema complex which has hosted

979-520: A major venue for live music in the 1980s and 1990s. It became the first pub in South Australia to have Coopers beer on tap , and later underwent an extensive restoration in 2020. Grundy's Shoes has been in the shoe trade in the East End since 1868, first operating as Judd Shoes, a cobbler , and continuing as a family business which later imported and sold shoes. The Rundle Street store (built 1896) first traded as H. Grundy and Co making it

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1068-462: A novel type of metal-halide perovskite material consisting of Au and Au cations in its crystal structure has been found. It has been shown to be unexpectedly stable at normal conditions. Gold pentafluoride , along with its derivative anion, AuF − 6 , and its difluorine complex , gold heptafluoride , is the sole example of gold(V), the highest verified oxidation state. Some gold compounds exhibit aurophilic bonding , which describes

1157-401: A sheet of 1 square metre (11 sq ft), and an avoirdupois ounce into 28 square metres (300 sq ft). Gold leaf can be beaten thin enough to become semi-transparent. The transmitted light appears greenish-blue because gold strongly reflects yellow and red. Such semi-transparent sheets also strongly reflect infrared light, making them useful as infrared (radiant heat) shields in

1246-520: A solution of Au(OH) 3 in concentrated H 2 SO 4 produces red crystals of gold(II) sulfate , Au 2 (SO 4 ) 2 . Originally thought to be a mixed-valence compound, it has been shown to contain Au 4+ 2 cations, analogous to the better-known mercury(I) ion, Hg 2+ 2 . A gold(II) complex, the tetraxenonogold(II) cation, which contains xenon as a ligand, occurs in [AuXe 4 ](Sb 2 F 11 ) 2 . In September 2023,

1335-456: A survey of the whole group was undertaken. The signage is still retained today. The hotel on the corner of Bent Street was opened as Cohen's Family Hotel, in 1898 being renamed to the Astral. The Austral Hotel, which was heritage-listed on 5 April 1984, was held by licensees William and Edith Garrett in 1929. It became known for its illegal betting in the 1950s, undergoing a transformation as

1424-682: A year of Reid and his family having been in England for several years. The accommodation behind the Austral and the four adjoining shops remain representative of 19th-century terrace development, with large bluestone walls along with brickwork . The facade of the Malcolm Reid Emporium, occupying nos. 187-195, was heritage-listed on the South Australian Heritage Register on 5 June 1986, after

1513-470: Is Au with a half-life of 2.27 days. Gold's least stable isomer is Au with a half-life of only 7 ns. Au has three decay paths: β decay, isomeric transition , and alpha decay. No other isomer or isotope of gold has three decay paths. The possible production of gold from a more common element, such as lead , has long been a subject of human inquiry, and the ancient and medieval discipline of alchemy often focused on it; however,

1602-696: Is Au , which decays by proton emission with a half-life of 30 μs. Most of gold's radioisotopes with atomic masses below 197 decay by some combination of proton emission , α decay , and β decay . The exceptions are Au , which decays by electron capture, and Au , which decays most often by electron capture (93%) with a minor β decay path (7%). All of gold's radioisotopes with atomic masses above 197 decay by β decay. At least 32 nuclear isomers have also been characterized, ranging in atomic mass from 170 to 200. Within that range, only Au , Au , Au , Au , and Au do not have isomers. Gold's most stable isomer

1691-788: Is Miss Gladys Sym Choon, owned by a company which retained the name of one of the Sym Choon family 's businesses, in existence since the 1920s, when they bought the business in 1985. Pubs in Rundle Street include the Exeter Hotel ; The Austral ; The Elephant British Pub (in Cinema Place, near the Palace Nova); The Stag Public House (at the junction with East Terrace); and the Belgian Beer Cafe (on Ebenezer Place). The Malcolm Reid & Co. Ltd building

1780-648: Is also known, an example of a mixed-valence complex . Gold does not react with oxygen at any temperature and, up to 100 °C, is resistant to attack from ozone: Au + O 2 ⟶ ( no reaction ) {\displaystyle {\ce {Au + O2 ->}}({\text{no reaction}})} Au + O 3 → t < 100 ∘ C ( no reaction ) {\displaystyle {\ce {Au{}+O3->[{} \atop {t<100^{\circ }{\text{C}}}]}}({\text{no reaction}})} Some free halogens react to form

1869-520: Is also used in infrared shielding, the production of colored glass , gold leafing , and tooth restoration . Certain gold salts are still used as anti-inflammatory agents in medicine. Gold is the most malleable of all metals. It can be drawn into a wire of single-atom width, and then stretched considerably before it breaks. Such nanowires distort via the formation, reorientation, and migration of dislocations and crystal twins without noticeable hardening. A single gram of gold can be beaten into

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1958-427: Is always richer at the exposed surface of gold-bearing veins, owing to the oxidation of accompanying minerals followed by weathering; and by washing of the dust into streams and rivers, where it collects and can be welded by water action to form nuggets. Gold sometimes occurs combined with tellurium as the minerals calaverite , krennerite , nagyagite , petzite and sylvanite (see telluride minerals ), and as

2047-517: Is attributed to wind-blown dust or rivers. At 10 parts per quadrillion, the Earth's oceans would hold 15,000 tonnes of gold. These figures are three orders of magnitude less than reported in the literature prior to 1988, indicating contamination problems with the earlier data. A number of people have claimed to be able to economically recover gold from sea water , but they were either mistaken or acted in an intentional deception. Prescott Jernegan ran

2136-470: Is found in ores in rock formed from the Precambrian time onward. It most often occurs as a native metal , typically in a metal solid solution with silver (i.e. as a gold/silver alloy ). Such alloys usually have a silver content of 8–10%. Electrum is elemental gold with more than 20% silver, and is commonly known as white gold . Electrum's color runs from golden-silvery to silvery, dependent upon

2225-472: Is most often called the oldest since this treasure is the largest and most diverse. Gold artifacts probably made their first appearance in Ancient Egypt at the very beginning of the pre-dynastic period, at the end of the fifth millennium BC and the start of the fourth, and smelting was developed during the course of the 4th millennium; gold artifacts appear in the archeology of Lower Mesopotamia during

2314-542: Is now questioned. The gold-bearing Witwatersrand rocks were laid down between 700 and 950 million years before the Vredefort impact. These gold-bearing rocks had furthermore been covered by a thick layer of Ventersdorp lavas and the Transvaal Supergroup of rocks before the meteor struck, and thus the gold did not actually arrive in the asteroid/meteorite. What the Vredefort impact achieved, however,

2403-485: Is one of Adelaide's most popular streets for cafés and fashion. Most of the street has a heritage façade, but has been redeveloped for modern use, with some buildings converted to residences, such as the East End Markets. Bent Street and Union Street run through to Grenfell Street on the southern side, Ebenezer Place runs south leading to a pedestrianised precinct and turns westwards into Union Street, while

2492-536: Is part of a group at no. 187-207 originally built for the South Australian Company in the early 1880s. The company commissioned architect William McMinn to design a set of buildings in stages from east to west. The first building, comprising 14 shops and a hotel to provide accommodation in the three storeys above, were completed in January 1880. The section later occupied by Malcolm Reid & Co.

2581-427: Is red if the particles are small; larger particles of colloidal gold are blue. Gold has only one stable isotope , Au , which is also its only naturally occurring isotope, so gold is both a mononuclidic and monoisotopic element . Thirty-six radioisotopes have been synthesized, ranging in atomic mass from 169 to 205. The most stable of these is Au with a half-life of 186.1 days. The least stable

2670-553: Is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in aqua regia (a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid ), forming a soluble tetrachloroaurate anion . Gold is insoluble in nitric acid alone, which dissolves silver and base metals , a property long used to refine gold and confirm the presence of gold in metallic substances, giving rise to the term ' acid test '. Gold dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide , which are used in mining and electroplating . Gold also dissolves in mercury , forming amalgam alloys, and as

2759-484: Is similarly unaffected by most bases. It does not react with aqueous , solid , or molten sodium or potassium hydroxide . It does however, react with sodium or potassium cyanide under alkaline conditions when oxygen is present to form soluble complexes. Common oxidation states of gold include +1 (gold(I) or aurous compounds) and +3 (gold(III) or auric compounds). Gold ions in solution are readily reduced and precipitated as metal by adding any other metal as

Adelaide Crystal Ice Company - Misplaced Pages Continue

2848-589: Is the soluble form of gold encountered in mining. The binary gold halides , such as AuCl , form zigzag polymeric chains, again featuring linear coordination at Au. Most drugs based on gold are Au(I) derivatives. Au(III) (referred to as auric) is a common oxidation state, and is illustrated by gold(III) chloride , Au 2 Cl 6 . The gold atom centers in Au(III) complexes, like other d compounds, are typically square planar , with chemical bonds that have both covalent and ionic character. Gold(I,III) chloride

2937-657: Is thought to have been delivered to Earth by asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment , about 4 billion years ago. Gold which is reachable by humans has, in one case, been associated with a particular asteroid impact. The asteroid that formed Vredefort impact structure 2.020 billion years ago is often credited with seeding the Witwatersrand basin in South Africa with the richest gold deposits on earth. However, this scenario

3026-511: Is thought to have been produced in supernova nucleosynthesis , and from the collision of neutron stars , and to have been present in the dust from which the Solar System formed. Traditionally, gold in the universe is thought to have formed by the r-process (rapid neutron capture) in supernova nucleosynthesis , but more recently it has been suggested that gold and other elements heavier than iron may also be produced in quantity by

3115-416: Is unaffected by most acids. It does not react with hydrofluoric , hydrochloric , hydrobromic , hydriodic , sulfuric , or nitric acid . It does react with selenic acid , and is dissolved by aqua regia , a 1:3 mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid . Nitric acid oxidizes the metal to +3 ions, but only in minute amounts, typically undetectable in the pure acid because of the chemical equilibrium of

3204-724: The Adelaide Film Festival , as well as continuing to host series of other annual film festivals created by other organisations, such as the Alliance Française 's French Film Festival, along with regular screenings of other films in their 12 cinemas, including the Eximax, the largest screen in Adelaide. Radio station Fresh 92.7 has its studios and office adjacent to Palace Nova Eastend. There are many high-end fashion retailers in Rundle Street. Among these

3293-666: The Chu (state) circulated the Ying Yuan , one kind of square gold coin. In Roman metallurgy , new methods for extracting gold on a large scale were developed by introducing hydraulic mining methods, especially in Hispania from 25 BC onwards and in Dacia from 106 AD onwards. One of their largest mines was at Las Medulas in León , where seven long aqueducts enabled them to sluice most of

3382-529: The East End of the city centre of Adelaide , the capital of South Australia . It runs from Pulteney Street to East Terrace , where it becomes Rundle Road through the East Park Lands . The street is close to Adelaide Botanic Gardens , Rundle Park , Rymill Park , Hindmarsh Square and North Terrace . The street contains numerous cafés, restaurants, shops, cinemas, clubs , and hotels . It

3471-602: The Old Testament , starting with Genesis 2:11 (at Havilah ), the story of the golden calf , and many parts of the temple including the Menorah and the golden altar. In the New Testament , it is included with the gifts of the magi in the first chapters of Matthew. The Book of Revelation 21:21 describes the city of New Jerusalem as having streets "made of pure gold, clear as crystal". Exploitation of gold in

3560-481: The River Torrens ) with completely new machinery, imported from Halle . This plant, comprising three independent machines of different capacities, could produce 40 tons of ice per day, and more efficiently, so the price could be reduced by a third. In 1910 the old ice storage room, which was used as sleeping quarters for some of the workers, was destroyed by fire; some equipment was damaged but prompt action by

3649-658: The Varna Necropolis near Lake Varna and the Black Sea coast, thought to be the earliest "well-dated" finding of gold artifacts in history. Several prehistoric Bulgarian finds are considered no less old – the golden treasures of Hotnitsa, Durankulak , artifacts from the Kurgan settlement of Yunatsite near Pazardzhik , the golden treasure Sakar, as well as beads and gold jewelry found in the Kurgan settlement of Provadia – Solnitsata ("salt pit"). However, Varna gold

Adelaide Crystal Ice Company - Misplaced Pages Continue

3738-638: The Verran ( Labor ) South Australian Government. The venture immediately proved troublesome, and after two independent enquiries, the Light Square factory was turned by the Peake government from a derided competitor to a contractor for the supply of ice to Crystal. Crystal started making "Alaska" ice cream in 1915. It was by no means the first ice cream manufacturer in South Australia: S. Albert had

3827-553: The cul de sac Synagogue Place, and pedestrianised Vaughan Place (next to the Exeter and leading to The Elephant and Palace Nova ) run off the northern side. The street is two-lane, with parking on both sides plus bicycle lanes . It is one of the narrower streets of the Adelaide grid, at 1 chain (66 ft; 20 m) wide. A separate Rundle Street continues from Rundle Road through Kent Town . The western extent of Rundle Street, which originally ran to King William Street ,

3916-611: The noble metals . It is one of the least reactive chemical elements, being the second-lowest in the reactivity series . It is solid under standard conditions . Gold often occurs in free elemental ( native state ), as nuggets or grains, in rocks , veins , and alluvial deposits . It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver (as in electrum ), naturally alloyed with other metals like copper and palladium , and mineral inclusions such as within pyrite . Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium ( gold tellurides ). Gold

4005-470: The reducing agent . The added metal is oxidized and dissolves, allowing the gold to be displaced from solution and be recovered as a solid precipitate. Less common oxidation states of gold include −1, +2, and +5. The −1 oxidation state occurs in aurides, compounds containing the Au anion . Caesium auride (CsAu), for example, crystallizes in the caesium chloride motif; rubidium, potassium, and tetramethylammonium aurides are also known. Gold has

4094-521: The Council in early 2007. A minimal design called the Rundle Lantern – a 748-panel LED lighting display wrapping around the façade of the Rundle Street carpark, Upark, – was eventually selected, with the Council deciding that video screens were inappropriate for the location. The Rundle Lantern was designed and developed by a local company, Fusion, with the design strategy focused on creating

4183-607: The Hindmarsh voluntary fire brigade averted a catastrophe. The company was in the happy situation of being the major supplier in a seller's market , and although highly seasonal, the company made a healthy profit for its shareholders in most years. Crystal's main competition was the Adelaide Ice and Cold Storage Works in Light Square , and in an attempt to control the price of ice, it was purchased in 1910 for £36,000 by

4272-591: The Ice Manufacturers' Association and the Clear Ice Service. He was an officer with the 43rd Battalion, 1st AIF , was wounded near Armentières and was awarded an MC . He followed A. S. Blackburn VC as president of the RSL and of the 43rd Battalion Club. Rundle Street, Adelaide Rundle Street , often referred to as "Rundle Street East" as distinct from Rundle Mall , is a street in

4361-471: The Lantern. [REDACTED] Australian Roads portal Gold#Specimens of crystalline native gold Gold is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Au (from Latin aurum ) and atomic number 79. In its pure form, it is a bright , slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable , and ductile metal . Chemically, gold is a transition metal , a group 11 element , and one of

4450-439: The building, formerly used as a warehouse by Charles Segar, was extensively refurbished in 1909, to create a continuous frontage and almost complete reconstruction of the rear. As part of the renovation, a large basement was excavated, measuring 66 ft (20 m) by 120 ft (37 m), and the total accommodation doubled, according to The Advertiser of 14 September 1909. The expansion and opening took place within around

4539-675: The business in 1921. It continued to perform strongly through a downturn in the industry in 2019. In late 2006, the Adelaide City Council proposed to transform Rundle Street's western approach, the Pulteney Street-Rundle Mall junction, into a Piccadilly Circus or Times Square -type meeting place at a cost of around $ 1.5 million. The proposal, based on ideas expressed in mid-2005 for neon billboards and video screens, included an initial nine design concepts, which were narrowed to two for consideration by

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4628-1409: The corresponding gold halides. Gold is strongly attacked by fluorine at dull-red heat to form gold(III) fluoride AuF 3 . Powdered gold reacts with chlorine at 180 °C to form gold(III) chloride AuCl 3 . Gold reacts with bromine at 140 °C to form a combination of gold(III) bromide AuBr 3 and gold(I) bromide AuBr, but reacts very slowly with iodine to form gold(I) iodide AuI: 2 Au + 3 F 2 → Δ 2 AuF 3 {\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+3F2->[{} \atop \Delta ]2AuF3}}} 2 Au + 3 Cl 2 → Δ 2 AuCl 3 {\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+3Cl2->[{} \atop \Delta ]2AuCl3}}} 2 Au + 2 Br 2 → Δ AuBr 3 + AuBr {\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+2Br2->[{} \atop \Delta ]AuBr3{}+AuBr}}} 2 Au + I 2 → Δ 2 AuI {\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+I2->[{} \atop \Delta ]2AuI}}} Gold does not react with sulfur directly, but gold(III) sulfide can be made by passing hydrogen sulfide through

4717-424: The densest element, osmium , is 22.588 ± 0.015 g/cm . Whereas most metals are gray or silvery white, gold is slightly reddish-yellow. This color is determined by the frequency of plasma oscillations among the metal's valence electrons, in the ultraviolet range for most metals but in the visible range for gold due to relativistic effects affecting the orbitals around gold atoms. Similar effects impart

4806-689: The early 4th millennium. As of 1990, gold artifacts found at the Wadi Qana cave cemetery of the 4th millennium BC in West Bank were the earliest from the Levant. Gold artifacts such as the golden hats and the Nebra disk appeared in Central Europe from the 2nd millennium BC Bronze Age . The oldest known map of a gold mine was drawn in the 19th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt (1320–1200 BC), whereas

4895-652: The factory complex at Hindmarsh was taken over as part of University Research Park; one building has become "Alaska Towers". Vinrace Lawrance (16 January 1833 – 5 September 1922) was a prominent Adelaide accountant, member of the Stock Exchange and secretary of A.C.I.C. He was heavily involved in the mining industry and had a fine collection of minerals including prize samples of crystalline gold . He married Elizabeth Binney (c. 1839 – 19 July 1919) on 22 August 1861, lived at "Lopen", Mill Terrace, North Adelaide. Wilhelm "William" Weber JP (c. 1837 – 17 December 1909)

4984-591: The first written reference to gold was recorded in the 12th Dynasty around 1900 BC. Egyptian hieroglyphs from as early as 2600 BC describe gold, which King Tushratta of the Mitanni claimed was "more plentiful than dirt" in Egypt. Egypt and especially Nubia had the resources to make them major gold-producing areas for much of history. One of the earliest known maps, known as the Turin Papyrus Map , shows

5073-403: The gold acts simply as a solute, this is not a chemical reaction . A relatively rare element, gold is a precious metal that has been used for coinage , jewelry , and other works of art throughout recorded history . In the past, a gold standard was often implemented as a monetary policy . Gold coins ceased to be minted as a circulating currency in the 1930s, and the world gold standard

5162-563: The highest electron affinity of any metal, at 222.8 kJ/mol, making Au a stable species, analogous to the halides . Gold also has a –1 oxidation state in covalent complexes with the group 4 transition metals, such as in titanium tetraauride and the analogous zirconium and hafnium compounds. These chemicals are expected to form gold-bridged dimers in a manner similar to titanium(IV) hydride . Gold(II) compounds are usually diamagnetic with Au–Au bonds such as [ Au(CH 2 ) 2 P(C 6 H 5 ) 2 ] 2 Cl 2 . The evaporation of

5251-465: The longest continuous trader in the street. The company expanded to include Grundy's and Barlows shoe stores across greater Adelaide and Victor Harbor . In March 2018, the store celebrated 150 years in operation by a ceremonial transportation of goods by horse and cart from their Glenelg store to their Rundle Street store. As of 2023 Grundy's is owned by the Judd and Whittenbury families, who bought

5340-435: The machinery was moved to Thebarton, where their production capacity was 50 tons a week. In 1880 the company bought out a rival company and sold its refrigeration plant to a Queensland meat processing business. A second machine was purchased in 1881. Almost from the outset, the company diversified into other products, some of which seem to bear little relation to the core business of ice-making. The motive behind this decision

5429-547: The mineral quartz, and gold out of the fluids and onto nearby surfaces. The world's oceans contain gold. Measured concentrations of gold in the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific are 50–150 femtomol /L or 10–30 parts per quadrillion (about 10–30 g/km ). In general, gold concentrations for south Atlantic and central Pacific samples are the same (~50 femtomol/L) but less certain. Mediterranean deep waters contain slightly higher concentrations of gold (100–150 femtomol/L), which

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5518-411: The noble metals, it still forms many diverse compounds. The oxidation state of gold in its compounds ranges from −1 to +5, but Au(I) and Au(III) dominate its chemistry. Au(I), referred to as the aurous ion, is the most common oxidation state with soft ligands such as thioethers , thiolates , and organophosphines . Au(I) compounds are typically linear. A good example is Au(CN) − 2 , which

5607-576: The plan of a gold mine in Nubia together with indications of the local geology . The primitive working methods are described by both Strabo and Diodorus Siculus , and included fire-setting . Large mines were also present across the Red Sea in what is now Saudi Arabia . Gold is mentioned in the Amarna letters numbered 19 and 26 from around the 14th century BC. Gold is mentioned frequently in

5696-464: The project. The earliest recorded metal employed by humans appears to be gold, which can be found free or " native ". Small amounts of natural gold have been found in Spanish caves used during the late Paleolithic period, c.  40,000 BC . The oldest gold artifacts in the world are from Bulgaria and are dating back to the 5th millennium BC (4,600 BC to 4,200 BC), such as those found in

5785-690: The r-process in the collision of neutron stars . In both cases, satellite spectrometers at first only indirectly detected the resulting gold. However, in August 2017, the spectroscopic signatures of heavy elements, including gold, were observed by electromagnetic observatories in the GW170817 neutron star merger event, after gravitational wave detectors confirmed the event as a neutron star merger. Current astrophysical models suggest that this single neutron star merger event generated between 3 and 13 Earth masses of gold. This amount, along with estimations of

5874-620: The rare bismuthide maldonite ( Au 2 Bi ) and antimonide aurostibite ( AuSb 2 ). Gold also occurs in rare alloys with copper , lead , and mercury : the minerals auricupride ( Cu 3 Au ), novodneprite ( AuPb 3 ) and weishanite ( (Au,Ag) 3 Hg 2 ). A 2004 research paper suggests that microbes can sometimes play an important role in forming gold deposits, transporting and precipitating gold to form grains and nuggets that collect in alluvial deposits. A 2013 study has claimed water in faults vaporizes during an earthquake, depositing gold. When an earthquake strikes, it moves along

5963-420: The rate of occurrence of these neutron star merger events, suggests that such mergers may produce enough gold to account for most of the abundance of this element in the universe. Because the Earth was molten when it was formed , almost all of the gold present in the early Earth probably sank into the planetary core . Therefore, as hypothesized in one model, most of the gold in the Earth's crust and mantle

6052-935: The reaction. However, the ions are removed from the equilibrium by hydrochloric acid, forming AuCl − 4 ions, or chloroauric acid , thereby enabling further oxidation: 2 Au + 6 H 2 SeO 4 → 200 ∘ C Au 2 ( SeO 4 ) 3 + 3 H 2 SeO 3 + 3 H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+6H2SeO4->[{} \atop {200^{\circ }{\text{C}}}]Au2(SeO4)3{}+3H2SeO3{}+3H2O}}} Au + 4 HCl + HNO 3 ⟶ HAuCl 4 + NO ↑ + 2 H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {Au{}+4HCl{}+HNO3->HAuCl4{}+NO\uparrow +2H2O}}} Gold

6141-473: The rest of the gold on Earth is thought to have been incorporated into the planet since its very beginning, as planetesimals formed the mantle . In 2017, an international group of scientists established that gold "came to the Earth's surface from the deepest regions of our planet", the mantle, as evidenced by their findings at Deseado Massif in the Argentinian Patagonia . On Earth, gold

6230-486: The same result and showing that the isotopes of gold produced by it were all radioactive . In 1980, Glenn Seaborg transmuted several thousand atoms of bismuth into gold at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Gold can be manufactured in a nuclear reactor, but doing so is highly impractical and would cost far more than the value of the gold that is produced. Although gold is the most noble of

6319-567: The section occupied by Malcolm Reid were later painted. The group bordered Foy & Gibson's to the west, with Malcolm Reid opening next door in September 1909. At this time, number 195 Rundle Street was occupied by W. Storrie and Company , "Importers of British & Foreign Merchandise", with F. Weller & Son leather shop next door. Malcolm Reid premises are located between Wellers shop and Foy and Gibson. By 1929, Both Storrie and Weller had gone. Storrie closed in 1916. This part of

6408-486: The silver content. The more silver, the lower the specific gravity . Native gold occurs as very small to microscopic particles embedded in rock, often together with quartz or sulfide minerals such as " fool's gold ", which is a pyrite . These are called lode deposits. The metal in a native state is also found in the form of free flakes, grains or larger nuggets that have been eroded from rocks and end up in alluvial deposits called placer deposits . Such free gold

6497-450: The south-east corner of the Black Sea is said to date from the time of Midas , and this gold was important in the establishment of what is probably the world's earliest coinage in Lydia around 610 BC. The legend of the golden fleece dating from eighth century BCE may refer to the use of fleeces to trap gold dust from placer deposits in the ancient world. From the 6th or 5th century BC,

6586-436: The tendency of gold ions to interact at distances that are too long to be a conventional Au–Au bond but shorter than van der Waals bonding . The interaction is estimated to be comparable in strength to that of a hydrogen bond . Well-defined cluster compounds are numerous. In some cases, gold has a fractional oxidation state. A representative example is the octahedral species {Au( P(C 6 H 5 ) 3 )} 2+ 6 . Gold

6675-403: The transmutation of the chemical elements did not become possible until the understanding of nuclear physics in the 20th century. The first synthesis of gold was conducted by Japanese physicist Hantaro Nagaoka , who synthesized gold from mercury in 1924 by neutron bombardment. An American team, working without knowledge of Nagaoka's prior study, conducted the same experiment in 1941, achieving

6764-417: The visors of heat-resistant suits and in sun visors for spacesuits . Gold is a good conductor of heat and electricity . Gold has a density of 19.3 g/cm , almost identical to that of tungsten at 19.25 g/cm ; as such, tungsten has been used in the counterfeiting of gold bars , such as by plating a tungsten bar with gold. By comparison, the density of lead is 11.34 g/cm , and that of

6853-843: Was Wattle ice cream, made at the Mile End Cold Stores and P. Smyth had a factory in Murray Bridge , later known for "Freesia" ice cream. Rivals AMSCOL and Golden North did not appear until 1923 and 1953 respectively. In 1930 Crystal combined with the Government Produce Depot and Amscol as the "Clear Ice Service" under chairman W. D. Price, and acted as a government-controlled monopoly supplier of an essential commodity, producing standard sized blocks of ice, and making available suitable icechests made in Unley by Chittleborough and Company, or could be produced by

6942-719: Was a son of Frank Richards (who may have been a driver for the company) and his wife Matilda, née Weber, (c. 1850 – 21 August 1913), sister of Wilhelm Weber. He was manager of A.C.I.C. from around 1910 and was largely responsible for diversification into ice cream and introduction of the "Eskimo Pie", both following trips to America. He had been both president and vice-president of Hindmarsh Bowls Club. He married Gertrude Ruby Reid (c. 1888 – 15 December 1933) on 26 September 1908; they lived at "Coonvrai", Beaufort street, Woodville. Thomas Barnfield (c. 1848 – 19 August 1931) married Mary Ann Thomson (c. 1846 – 12 June 1927) on 4 April 1889; they lived at Wasleys , then Nottage Terrace, Medindie . He

7031-807: Was a son of Premier Tom Price and a brother of J. L. Price MHR. He joined the Lands Department of the SA Government in 1903 and in 1907 transferred to the Government Produce Department. He was appointed manager of the newly acquired Light Square iceworks in 1920 and general manager of the Department in 1941. He was first president of the SA division of the Australian Institute of Refrigeration, chairman of

7120-787: Was abandoned for a fiat currency system after the Nixon shock measures of 1971. In 2020, the world's largest gold producer was China, followed by Russia and Australia. As of 2020 , a total of around 201,296 tonnes of gold exist above ground. This is equal to a cube, with each side measuring roughly 21.7 meters (71 ft). The world's consumption of new gold produced is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments , and 10% in industry . Gold's high malleability, ductility, resistance to corrosion and most other chemical reactions, as well as conductivity of electricity have led to its continued use in corrosion-resistant electrical connectors in all types of computerized devices (its chief industrial use). Gold

7209-625: Was born in Darmstadt and arrived in Australia in 1855. He founded an icemaking business in Bendigo in 1876 and another in Adelaide with J. M. Wendt , J. B. Neales, Jnr , T. Barnfield, W. K. Simms and J. Allison in 1878, then founded A.C.I.C. with those men and other investors. He never married, living at Southwark with his widowed sister Matilda Richards, and was three times mayor of Thebarton. George Frank Richards (c. 1883 – 7 January 1924)

7298-602: Was chairman of the Crystal Ice Company board. Hugh Logan was propounder and first manager of A.C.I.C. He arrived in Adelaide from America in February 1878 and signed the ten-year lease on the Ebenezer Chapel. A search of contemporary newspapers reveals nothing about his previous or later activities. William B. Neales was secretary in 1878. Walter Davies Price MC (24 March 1886 – 29 July 1944)

7387-610: Was closed in 1972 to form the pedestrian street of Rundle Mall. The street was named after John Rundle , a director of the South Australian Company and member of the British House of Commons , by the Street Naming Committee on 23 May 1837. It was installed with the first electric street lighting in South Australia in 1895 at the former intersection of Rundle, King William and Hindley streets. The Malcolm Reid & Co. Ltd building at no. 187-207

7476-461: Was completed last, around 1883. The completed group occupies almost two town acres , and is unusual in Adelaide in South Australia on account of its extent. The group is solidly constructed, made of sandstone with stucco decoration. The original composition was altered slightly by chamfering the corner with Bent Street, and adding a tiered balcony to the hotel (the Austral), and the hotel and

7565-616: Was demolished in 1975 and the Rundle Street UPark was built there. The Grand Central in its turn replaced the elegant and exclusive two-storey York Hotel , but despite some high-profile guests (the Prince of Wales in 1920, Arthur Conan Doyle in 1922), it never prospered, and around 1925 was absorbed into the emporium. The building was sold to the Electricity Trust for showrooms and offices, then in 1975–1976

7654-402: Was demolished to make way for a multi-level car park, an open, austere structure of concrete slabs and iron railings. In September 1976, a Victorian man, Michael O'Connor, entered Hambly Clark's gun shop (now closed) at 182 Rundle Street, between Pulteney Street and Synagogue Place, and stole two shotguns which he loaded with his own ammunition. He then began shooting indiscriminately. After

7743-468: Was extensively refurbished in 1909. (See below for further details.) A tramline ran through the street in the early 20th century. The Grand Central Hotel was a magnificent heritage building which was located on the corner of Rundle Street and Pulteney Street, a six-storey Victorian-style building opened in 1911. It was later concerted into a Foy & Gibson retail store, designed to complement their adjacent furniture emporium adjacent. The building

7832-424: Was the desirability of retaining workers during winter months, when their only occupation was maintenance and overhauling of machinery. A trial batch of starch which previously had to be imported, was well received at the 1884 Exhibition; production began in 1885, closely followed by cornflour . In 1898 a new building was constructed at their premises, Queen Street, West Thebarton (between West Thebarton Road and

7921-621: Was to distort the Witwatersrand basin in such a way that the gold-bearing rocks were brought to the present erosion surface in Johannesburg , on the Witwatersrand , just inside the rim of the original 300 km (190 mi) diameter crater caused by the meteor strike. The discovery of the deposit in 1886 launched the Witwatersrand Gold Rush . Some 22% of all the gold that is ascertained to exist today on Earth has been extracted from these Witwatersrand rocks. Much of

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