183-669: Albanian Australians ( Albanian : Shqiptarë Australian ) are residents of Australia who have Albanian heritage or descent; many are from Albania and North Macedonia but some are from Kosovo, Montenegro, Greece, Turkey, Bosnia and Italy. Albanian Australians are a geographically dispersed community; the largest concentrations are in the Melbourne suburb Dandenong and in the regional city Shepparton , both of which are in Victoria . The Albanian community has been present in Australia for
366-435: A "potential danger" to society; some were detained on political grounds because they said they were "anti-British"; some were considered suspects,;and a few were interned due to interpersonal rivalries, for possessing letters in a foreign language and for having an allegiance to a foreign country—Albania or Italy—and not being naturalised. Muslim Albanians in Australia felt they were victims of government internment policies and
549-678: A Latinis, Grecis et Sclauis ita quod in nullo se intelligunt cum aliis nationibus. (Namely, the above-mentioned Albanians have a language that is different from the languages of Latins, Greeks and Slavs, so that they do not understand each other at all.) The oldest attested document written in Albanian dates to 1462, while the first audio recording in the language was made by Norbert Jokl on 4 April 1914 in Vienna . However, as Fortson notes, Albanian written works existed before this point; they have simply been lost. The existence of written Albanian
732-418: A blind eye as there were no other accommodation available. For Australians, the decade of the 1930s began with problems of huge unemployment, because the fall of the stock markets on Wall Street reduced confidence throughout the world. Most governments reacted to the crisis with similar policies, aimed at slashing back government spending and paying back loans. The Australian government could do little to change
915-472: A cage to prevent arrest. Overall campaigning was successful in terms of gaining improved welfare and relief as well as in disrupting and preventing housing evictions across Australia. Extraordinary sporting successes did something to alleviate the spirits of Australians during the economic downturn. In a Sheffield Shield cricket match at the Sydney Cricket Ground in 1930, Don Bradman ,
1098-905: A common branch in the current phylogenetic classification of the Indo-European language family. The first written mention of Albanian was in 1284 in a witness testimony from the Republic of Ragusa , while a letter written by Dominican Friar Gulielmus Adea in 1332 mentions the Albanians using the Latin alphabet in their writings. The oldest surviving attestation of modern Albanian is from 1462. The two main Albanian dialect groups (or varieties ), Gheg and Tosk , are primarily distinguished by phonological differences and are mutually intelligible in their standard varieties, with Gheg spoken to
1281-573: A common period of prehistoric coexistence of several Indo-European dialects in the Balkans prior to 2000 BC. To this group would belong Albanian, Ancient Greek , Armenian , Phrygian , fragmentary attested languages such as Macedonian , Thracian , or Illyrian , and the relatively well-attested Messapic in Southern Italy. The common features of this group appear at the phonological, morphological, and lexical levels, presumably resulting from
1464-593: A community integrated in Australia. These efforts were acknowledged in Australia and admired by the press, although media representations and political stances remained unchanged toward Albanians. Shepparton Albanians founded the Free Albanian Association (1943-1946), which raised money for the Australian Red Cross and supported the integration of the Albanian community into Australian society and their acceptance as Australians. During
1647-559: A conference in Melbourne where he recommended a traditional deflationary response of balanced budgets to combat Australia's high levels of debt and insisted that interest on loans be met. It entailed the balancing of the budget through expenditure and wage cuts, without additional overseas borrowing, necessitating reductions in social welfare programs, defence spending and other sweeping cutbacks. The Premiers and Prime Minister Scullin agreed to this Melbourne Plan , which would go on to form
1830-588: A consequence of the Albanian migratory outflow from the region, the Prespa diaspora communities in Australia and the US are larger than the remaining Albanian Prespa population in Macedonia. According to the 1996 Australian census, in that year, Albanian Australians were mainly employed in the agriculture, services and production industries as labourers and tradespeople, and smaller numbers as professionals, with less than
2013-612: A couple of days later, Black Thursday would mark the start of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent global onset of the Great Depression. From the outset the Scullin administration was buffeted by the effects of the global economic crisis. Throughout Scullin's term, commodity prices continued to fall, unemployment rose, and Australia's big cities were depopulated as thousands of unemployed men took to
SECTION 10
#17327988107452196-551: A couple of days later, "Black Thursday" would mark the start of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent global onset of the Great Depression. From the outset the government was buffeted by the effects of the global economic crisis. With the government unable to implement the deflationary Premiers' Plan , Labor had split by 1931 over how to deal with the crisis, with Treasurer Ted Theodore failing to implement his Keynesian inflationary plans, and New South Wales Premier Jack Lang losing office over his plans to boost
2379-535: A dairy farm—and others such as Sabri Drive, Sam Crescent and Sali Drive. In Queensland, Albanians purchased land in the tobacco-growing region around Mareeba and others in the corn-growing region of the Atherton Tablelands. In Mareeba, the older community was joined by post-war Albanian refugees, and other Albanians settled in Brisbane and sugar-cane-growing areas such as Cairns and Babinda . From
2562-830: A devoted Australian public went into shock. The 1938 British Empire Games were held in Sydney at the Cricket Ground from 5–12 February, timed to coincide with Sydney's sesqui-centenary (150 years since the foundation of British settlement in Australia). Unlike the United States, where Franklin Roosevelt 's inflationary New Deal attempted to stimulate the American economy, New Zealand where Michael Savage 's pioneering welfare state tried to reduce hardship, or
2745-717: A fiery left-wing populist , campaigned vigorously against the provisions of the Melbourne Agreement. He was elected in a landslide in the NSW state election of 1930 . Scullin departed for an Imperial economic conference in London, necessitating an absence of five months, during which time he managed to secure reduced interest payments for Australia. With James Fenton as acting Prime Minister and Joseph Lyons as acting treasurer in his absence, Labor continued to negotiate Australia's economic response, with Fenton and Lyons advocating
2928-472: A large amount (or the majority) of their sea environment lexicon. A similar phenomenon could be observed with agricultural terms. While the words for 'arable land', 'wheat', 'cereals', 'vineyard', 'yoke', 'harvesting', 'cattle breeding', etc. are native, the words for 'ploughing', 'farm' and 'farmer', agricultural practices, and some harvesting tools are foreign. This, again, points to intense contact with other languages and people, rather than providing evidence of
3111-474: A lighter European complexion. The Australian government's position was they were "required white settlers who were willing to dwell in remote and solitary surroundings and who have the experience in agricultural and pastoral pursuits, such as the Albanian possessed". The Albanians' arrival revived the Australian Muslim community, whose aging demographic had been in decline, and Albanians became some of
3294-431: A long period, and its presence in the country is unproblematic and peaceful. In 1885, Naum Konxha settled in Brisbane, Queensland, becoming the first-recorded Albanian to settle in Australia. Other Orthodox Christians from southern Albania followed; Spiro Jani to Queensland (1908), Kristo Zafiri and Dhimitër Ikonomi to Townsville (1913); these were followed by Jan Konomi (1914), and Vasil and Thomas Kasneci (1920). After
3477-415: A major influence on the white paper. Between 1947 and 1949 Chifley also attempted to nationalise the banking sector, arguing that public control over the finance industry would assist in preventing further depressions. These plans saw bitter and protracted opposition from the media, conservative parties and the banks themselves. The High Court of Australia ruled that the proposed nationalisation of banks
3660-1050: A majority of Albanians in Australia live in Victoria. At Shepparton, the Albanian community numbers around 3,000, the overwhelming majority of whom have origins in or around Korçë, Albania. In Dandenong, the Albanian community numbers between 4,000 and 6,000, most of whom originated from Kišava and its surrounding area in North Macedonia. In both places, some Albanians have origins in Montenegro and Kosovo, and in Dandenong some have origins in Albania. Most Albanians in Shepparton and Dandenong are Muslims. Albanian language Albanian ( endonym : shqip [ʃcip] , gjuha shqipe [ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ] , or arbërisht [aɾbəˈɾiʃt] )
3843-412: A monthly basis by Albanians. During the late 1920s and the early 1930s, Albanian chain migration resulted in the arrival of family and friends in Australia. Friendship networks provided assistance to new arrivals who often originated from the same place or neighbouring villages as previous migrants from Albania. Albanians also made long-term friendships with non-Albanians. From a life of hardship in Albania,
SECTION 20
#17327988107454026-530: A more conservative fiscal approach and the unions and caucus calling for repudiation of debts. In 1931 at an economic crisis conference in Canberra , Jack Lang issued his own programme for economic recovery. The Lang Plan advocated the repudiation of interest payments to overseas creditors until domestic conditions improved, the abolition of the Gold Standard to be replaced by a Goods Standard where
4209-677: A new destination, and was seen as a land of economic opportunity where success could be attained. Albanian migrants arrived in Australia while the White Australia Policy , a series of laws that curtailed the migration of non-white populations and attempted to remove people of non-white origin already present, was in force. Due to the White Australia Policy, during the interwar period, many Muslims were restricted from migrating whereas Albanians were accepted in Australia because they were considered Europeans and had
4392-475: A number of isoglosses with Albanian. Other linguists linked the Albanian language with Latin , Greek and Armenian , while placing Germanic and Balto-Slavic in another branch of Indo-European. In current scholarship there is evidence that Albanian is closely related to Greek and Armenian, while the fact that it is a satem language is less significant. Armenian Greek Phrygian (extinct) Messapic (extinct) Gheg Tosk Messapic
4575-862: A perceived loss of freedom like the situation in Albania. Community members felt such actions were needed so the state would accept them as loyal Australian citizens. Prior to the 1960s, most of the Albanian population in Australia had been born in Albania. As a result of the influx of Albanian refugees, Australia's Albanian-born population increased until 1976. From 1945 to the 1990s, the political environment in Albania interrupted and affected marriage customs among Albanian Australians, such as finding Albanian spouses and organising Albanian weddings. Some Albanian Australians resorted to marrying people from Albanian-populated areas of Yugoslavia and Turkey. Other Albanians in Australia married partners from different Muslim communities or non-Muslims. Post-war Albanian migration, as with other Muslim immigrant communities, occurred during
4758-467: A political party active in Albania during the war. Other Albanian refugees from Yugoslavia moved to Australia from Kosovo and from south-western Macedonia's Prespa region. Albanians from Prespa settled in Melbourne and Perth, and travel to Albania only became possible with the conclusion of the Cold War decades later. In the immediate post-war period, political differences of royalists and democrats among
4941-547: A possible linguistic homeland (also known as a Urheimat ). The centre of Albanian settlement remained the Mat River. In 1079, the Albanians were recorded farther south in the valley of the Shkumbin River. The Shkumbin, a 181 km long river that lies near the old Via Egnatia , is approximately the boundary of the primary dialect division for Albanian, Tosk and Gheg . The characteristics of Tosk and Gheg in
5124-581: A primary producer within the British Empire , and Australia's important export industries, particularly primary products such as wool and wheat , suffered significantly from the collapse in international demand. Unemployment reached a record high of around 30% in 1932, and gross domestic product declined by 10% between 1929 and 1931. There were also incidents of civil unrest , particularly in Australia's largest city, Sydney . Though Australian Communist and far right movements were active in
5307-519: A quarter being unemployed. The Albanian language was spoken by 6,212 people in Australia in 1996, a five-fold increase over people born in Albania. Of that number, 1,299 were born in the Republic of Macedonia, and 60 in Serbia and Montenegro. The Albanian community in Australia has mostly attracted little attention to itself, only coming to national attention during the disintegration of Yugoslavia and
5490-600: A result of economic rivalries, hearsay and gossip. Queensland had the largest concentration of Albanians in the country, numbering 434 in 1941, only 55 of whom naturalised as British subjects. In 1942, 415 Albanians in Queensland were unnaturalised and only 43 were British subjects. A majority of Albanian Queenslanders, 242, lived north of Ingham ; these were a mix of Muslims and Christians. Albanian Queenslanders were most affected by state actions; according to anecdotal evidence, some Italians spread anti-Allied propaganda among
5673-966: A result of them being accepted in Australia at certain points in Australian history. In Australian scholarship, reasons are given for the allowance of Albanians and their gradual acceptance in Anglo-Celtic Australia while still considered somewhat different or as "ethnics". They range from the Albanian presence being tolerated due to their small numbers, compatibility with the White Australia policy due to their light European complexion, filling labour shortages and not being of Asian origin. The Australian census of 1947 recorded 227 Shepparton Muslims, most of whom were from an Albanian background. In local media, negativity toward post-war Shepparton Albanians sharply decreased and they were depicted as hard-working people with civic participation in
Albanian Australians - Misplaced Pages Continue
5856-442: A role in their wartime treatment. The Albanian community were concerned they may be viewed in Australia as having dual loyalties and often made contributions to show their support for the war effort. Throughout the war, Albanians donated money to the war effort as an ethnic bloc because the community viewed Albanian and Australian interests as one. Albanians felt their contribution was one of changing their status from migrant group to
6039-634: A row. Famous victories included the 1930 Melbourne Cup , following an assassination attempt and carrying 9 stone 12 pounds weight. Phar Lap sailed for the United States in 1931, going on to win North America's richest race, the Agua Caliente Handicap in Tijuana , Mexico, in 1932. Soon after, on the cusp of US success, Phar Lap developed suspicious symptoms and died. Theories swirled that the champion race horse had been poisoned and
6222-449: A seven-week voyage and arrived at Fremantle; they often became casual labourers, mainly working in the grain-growing industry. Later, Albanian migrants sought better employment options and relocated to rural areas of Western Australia, Queensland and Victoria. The migrants' English-language skills were poor or non-existent, and some others were illiterate; as a result, Albanian migrants had difficulties gaining employment. Albanians arriving in
6405-460: A short period. Unlike the usual two-or-three years Albanian migrants spent in parts of Europe or the Middle East, Australia's distance resulted in decade-long stints and made return trips to Albania difficult. The greatest number of Albanian arrivals occurred in 1928. Despite Albanians being considered "white" the federal government preferred mainly British Christian migrants, and laws to limit
6588-404: A sizable number are housewives focusing on child rearing. Following the opening of the borders of Albania in 1991, there was a rise in marriages by Dandenong Albanians mainly from Macedonia to Albanians from Albania. The Albanian presence in Dandenong has been honoured with a street called Keshava Grove and the creation of a public park named Keshava Reserve in 2020. Because these migrants are from
6771-546: A slow recovery. Unemployment, which peaked at 32% in 1932, was 11% at the start of the Second World War compared to 17.2% in the United States. Following Lyons' death in 1939, Robert Menzies assumed the United Australia Party leadership and the prime ministership, however the 1940 federal election resulted in a hung parliament . A year later, Menzies' minority government was brought down in
6954-418: A small number of Catholics were also interned. Families of interned Albanians experienced psychological trauma and humiliation. Albanian men felt they were allies of Australia because Albania was occupied by Italy. The internment created difficulties for married men with families in Albania, and those who were farmers had their crops confiscated by the government. Fear of Albanians from the wider Australian public
7137-468: A small section of the Australian community and wider society did not consider Albanians "white". Some Albanian migrants often carried large amounts of remittance cash and pistols to protect it and their properties. For some single men, isolation became a problem and some violent incidents occurred between Albanians; these incidents later decreased as families outnumbered singletons. Local press stereotyped Albanians as prone to lawlessness and violence. Most of
7320-870: A strong sense of identity and are unique in that they speak an archaic dialect of Tosk Albanian called Arbëresh . In the United States and Canada, there are approximately 250,000 Albanian speakers. It is primarily spoken on the East Coast of the United States, in cities like New York City, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Detroit, as well as in parts of the states of New Jersey, Ohio, and Connecticut. In Argentina, there are nearly 40,000 Albanian speakers , mostly in Buenos Aires. Approximately 1.3 million people of Albanian ancestry live in Turkey , with more than 500,000 recognizing their ancestry, language and culture . There are other estimates, however, that place
7503-498: A union to better serve their interests in selling produce. In the 1930s, an Albanian migrant-turned-landowner Golë Feshti established an Albanian club in Shepparton. As Shepparton went from being a town to a significant regional city, Albanians became an important part of its expanding population, and were involved in its economy and growth of the urban centre. Other Albanian migrants settled in Melbourne because of its manufacturing industry. Albanians were employed in manufacturing and at
Albanian Australians - Misplaced Pages Continue
7686-500: A young New South Welshman of just 21 years of age wrote his name into the record books by smashing the previous highest batting score in first-class cricket with 452 runs not out in just 415 minutes. The rising star's world-beating cricketing exploits were to provide much needed joy to Australians through the emerging Great Depression and Post World War One recovery. Between 1929 and 1931 the racehorse Phar Lap dominated Australia's racing industry, at one stage winning fourteen races in
7869-728: A ‘no confidence’ and the government fell. At the 1931 federal election , the ALP were left with just 14 seats after losing 32 seats, though an extra 4 seats were won by NSW Lang Labor. The Lyons-led United Australia Party in Coalition with the Country Party commenced its first term of government in January 1932. Before being voted out of office, the Scullin government had covered NSW's debt default. The federal government had paid NSW's bond installments and intended to recoup this money from
8052-667: Is also spoken by 450,000 Albanian immigrants in Greece, making it one of the commonly spoken languages in the country after Greek. Albanian is the third most common mother tongue among foreign residents in Italy . This is due to a substantial Albanian immigration to Italy. Italy has a historical Albanian minority of about 500,000, scattered across southern Italy, known as Arbëreshë . Approximately 1 million Albanians from Kosovo are dispersed throughout Germany , Switzerland and Austria . These are mainly immigrants from Kosovo who migrated during
8235-709: Is also spoken in Greece and by the Albanian diaspora , which is generally concentrated in the Americas , Europe and Oceania . Albanian is estimated to have as many as 7.5 million native speakers. Albanian and other Paleo-Balkan languages had their formative core in the Balkans after the Indo-European migrations in the region. Albanian in antiquity is often thought to have been an Illyrian language for obvious geographic and historical reasons, or otherwise an unmentioned Balkan Indo-European language that
8418-601: Is an Indo-European language and the only surviving representative of the Albanoid branch , which belongs to the Paleo-Balkan group . It is the native language of the Albanian people . Standard Albanian is the official language of Albania and Kosovo , and a co-official language in North Macedonia and Montenegro , as well as a recognized minority language of Italy , Croatia , Romania and Serbia . It
8601-608: Is considered the closest language to Albanian, grouped in a common branch titled Illyric in Hyllested & Joseph (2022). Hyllested & Joseph (2022) in agreement with recent bibliography identify Greco-Phrygian as the IE branch closest to the Albanian-Messapic one. These two branches form an areal grouping – which is often called "Balkan IE" – with Armenian. The hypothesis of the " Balkan Indo-European " continuum posits
8784-687: Is explicitly mentioned in a letter attested from 1332, and the first preserved books, including both those in Gheg and in Tosk, share orthographic features that indicate that some form of common literary language had developed. By the Late Middle Ages , during the period of Humanism and the European Renaissance , the term lingua epirotica ' Epirotan language ' was preferred in the intellectual, literary, and clerical circles of
8967-734: Is maintained for its financial contribution to the World War Two effort and its Australian war veterans. Through their community organisations, Albanians have participated in annual ANZAC Day commemorations at the war memorial. After the end of the Second World war, some Muslim migrants from Albania went to live in Western Australia, in particular to Fremantle and in Perth, settling near the old city mosque alongside other Muslims. In Perth, Albanians were involved in establishing
9150-598: Is spoken in North-western Greece, while Arvanitika is spoken by the Arvanites in southern Greece. In addition, Arbëresh is spoken by the Arbëreshë people, descendants of 15th and 16th century migrants who settled in southeastern Italy, in small communities in the regions of Sicily and Calabria . These settlements originated from the (Arvanites) communities probably of Peloponnese known as Morea in
9333-486: Is spoken in the south, and Gheg spoken in the north. Standard Albanian is based on the Tosk dialect. The Shkumbin River is the rough dividing line between the two dialects. Gheg is divided into four sub-dialects: Northwest Gheg, Northeast Gheg, Central Gheg and Southern Gheg. It is primarily spoken in northern Albania, Kosovo , and throughout Montenegro and northwestern North Macedonia . One fairly divergent dialect
SECTION 50
#17327988107459516-576: Is the Upper Reka dialect , which is however classified as Central Gheg. There is also a diaspora dialect in Croatia , the Arbanasi dialect . Tosk is divided into five sub-dialects, including Northern Tosk (the most numerous in speakers), Labërisht , Cham , Arvanitika , and Arbëresh . Tosk is spoken in southern Albania, southwestern North Macedonia and northern and southern Greece. Cham Albanian
9699-399: Is the most probable. Although Albanian shares lexical isoglosses with Greek , Germanic , and to a lesser extent Balto-Slavic , the vocabulary of Albanian is quite distinct. In 1995, Taylor, Ringe , and Warnow used quantitative linguistic techniques that appeared to obtain an Albanian subgrouping with Germanic, a result which the authors had already reasonably downplayed. Indeed,
9882-569: Is the official language of Albania and Kosovo and a co-official language in North Macedonia and Montenegro . Albanian is a recognised minority language in Croatia , Italy , Romania and in Serbia . Albanian is also spoken by a minority in Greece , specifically in the Thesprotia and Preveza regional units and in a few villages in Ioannina and Florina regional units in Greece. It
10065-597: The 1929 federal election . Scullin was elected Prime Minister in a landslide which saw Stanley Bruce voted out as the Member for Flinders , the only time until the 2007 federal election that a sitting Prime Minister lost his seat. The James Scullin Labor Government had just assumed power with the commencement of the Scullin Ministry on 22 October following the 1929 federal election , however just
10248-690: The 1946 federal election , before their defeat at the 1949 federal election by the Menzies-led Liberal Party of Australia in Coalition with the Country Party . The comprehensive economic and social reforms and reformist nature of the Chifley Labor government was such that between 1946 and 1949, the Australian Parliament passed 299 Acts , a record until then, well beyond Labor's Andrew Fisher 's 113 Acts from 1910 to 1913. Curtin and Chifley, who often used
10431-406: The City of London at an average of £30 million per annum. In 1910, the federal government introduced a national currency, the Australian pound , which it pegged to the pound sterling . In effect, Australia was on the gold standard through the British peg. In 1914, Britain removed the pound sterling from the gold standard, creating inflation pressures. Britain returned the pound sterling to
10614-408: The Congress of Dibra decided that Albanian schools would finally be allowed. Albanian is an isolate within the Indo-European language family; no other language has been conclusively linked to its branch . The only other languages that are the sole surviving members of a branch of Indo-European are Armenian and Greek. The Albanian language is part of the Indo-European language family and
10797-528: The House of Representatives when the two independents crossed the floor and switched their support to Labor, bringing John Curtin to power during World War II . At the 1943 federal election , Curtin led Labor to their greatest House of Representatives victory both in terms of proportion of seats and their strongest national two-party vote. Curtin died in 1945 however, and was succeeded as Labor leader and prime minister by Ben Chifley , who would lead Labor to their first successful federal re-election attempt at
10980-517: The Janissary of Muhammad Ali Pasha , an Albanian who became Wāli , and self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan . In addition to the dynasty that he established, a large part of the former Egyptian and Sudanese aristocracy was of Albanian origin. In addition to the recent emigrants, there are older diasporic communities around the world. Albanian is also spoken by Albanian diaspora communities residing in Australia and New Zealand . The Albanian language has two distinct dialects, Tosk which
11163-458: The Korçë District , Kamnik in Kolonja , Kolsh in the Kukës District , Rashtan in Librazhd , and Nezir in the Mat District . As in other parts of Europe, these PreIE people joined the migratory Indo-European tribes that entered the Balkans and contributed to the formation of the historical Paleo-Balkan tribes. In terms of linguistics, the pre-Indo-European substrate language spoken in the southern Balkans probably influenced pre-Proto-Albanian ,
SECTION 60
#173279881074511346-422: The Lake Prespa region, and the villages Kišava and Ostrec in Bitola municipality , all of which are now part of south-western North Macedonia . Many left Yugoslavia due to discrimination against the ethnic Albanian minority and Muslim population, and the deteriorating economy and rise in unemployment. In 1963, Jakup Rustemi and later the brothers Tahir and Vefki Rasimi became the first Albanians to settle in
11529-401: The Lang Plan in February 1931, which included a temporary cessation of interest repayments on debts to Britain and that interest on all government borrowings be reduced to 3% to free up money for injection into the economy. In 1929, as an emergency measure, Australia took the Australian pound off the gold standard, resulting in a devaluation relative to sterling. Starting in September 1930,
11712-704: The League of Prizren and culminated with the Congress of Manastir held by Albanian intellectuals from 14 to 22 November 1908, in Manastir (present day Bitola ), which decided on which alphabet to use, and what the standardised spelling would be for standard Albanian. This is how the literary language remains. The alphabet is the Latin alphabet with the addition of the letters ⟨ ë ⟩ , ⟨ ç ⟩ , and ten digraphs : dh , th , xh , gj , nj , ng , ll , rr , zh and sh . According to Robert Elsie : The hundred years between 1750 and 1850 were an age of astounding orthographic diversity in Albania. In this period,
11895-968: The Melbourne docks , others operated small businesses like shops, cafés and boarding houses. In Queensland, Muslim Albanians established themselves in Mareeba and mainly Christian Albanians settled in Brisbane. Other Albanians went to live in Cairns . A smaller group of Albanians from Gjirokastër , who were speakers of the Tosk dialect group, settled mainly in urban centres such as Perth, Sydney and Melbourne, and later established small catering businesses. Some Albanians established orchards and market gardens in Werribee . The 1933 Australian Census recorded 770 Albania-born individuals—mostly men—living in Australia; most of them were based in Queensland, with smaller concentrations in Victoria (249), Western Australia, South Australia and New South Wales. During this time, some Albanians who had sufficient finances sponsored family members, including brides for single men, in Albania to move to Australia. Marriage partners were often from
12078-489: The Middle East and the Pacific theatre; they were stationed in combat divisions and fought in Papua New Guinea and elsewhere; a few of them died oversees. Some Albanian men were decorated for their war service. In the early decades of their migration to Australia, the lives of migrant Albanians were based on hard work in isolated conditions with simple living standards. After the war ended in August 1945, previous economic and social difficulties, and their wartime treatment by
12261-477: The conciliation and arbitration system of judicially supervised collective bargaining which had been the cornerstone of Australia's industrial relations system since the 1900s, which would allow employers alone to increase or decrease employee wages in response to economic and market conditions. The opposition Australian Labor Party , led by James Scullin , successfully depicted Stanley Bruce as wanting to destroy Australia's high wages and working conditions in
12444-530: The 14th century, but they failed to cite specific words. The oldest surviving documents written in Albanian are the " formula e pagëzimit " (Baptismal formula), Un'te paghesont' pr'emenit t'Atit e t'Birit e t'Spertit Senit . ("I baptize thee in the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit ") recorded by Pal Engjelli, Bishop of Durrës in 1462 in the Gheg dialect, and some New Testament verses from that period. The linguists Stefan Schumacher and Joachim Matzinger (University of Vienna) assert that
12627-598: The 1920s left urban centres and settled in rural areas, working in the agriculture industry as horticulturalists, sugarcane workers, tobacco farmers, and market gardeners, mainly at orchards and farms. Albanians were also employed in mining, scrub clearing, road works and fishing. As with other Southern European migrants, most Albanians who arrived in Australia in the 1920s were single males between ages 15 and 30, numbering 1,000, who worked, earned money and returned to Albania to reinvest in their properties. Women remained in Albania because Albanian men planned to be in Australia for
12810-617: The 1920s, including the Sydney Harbour Bridge and Sydney's underground railway system in addition to the Commonwealth government beginning to fund major highways. New dams and grain elevators were built, and the rural railway network was expanded in nearly every state. Large sums of government money were made available to provide returned First World War servicemen with farmland and agricultural equipment under soldier settlement schemes. All these publicly funded projects were paid for by loans raised by both state and federal governments. Most of these loans were raised on capital markets in
12993-507: The 1940s to the 1960s, some Albanians moved to live and work in forest-and-farm areas Kenilworth , Caboolture , Jimna , Beerwah and the Glasshouse Mountains . Apart from individual Albanians, work on tobacco and sugar cane farms often involved whole families. Albanians took their experience of working in rural environments and significantly contributed to the state's farming sector. Newly arrived Albanians in Mareeba sought to preserve traditions suppressed under communism in Albania. As such,
13176-530: The 1990s, small numbers of Albanians had settled in Darwin, Northern Territory . In New South Wales, soon after 1945, a small number of Albanians settled in Sydney. Others went to live in Wollongong , where over 200 people are of Albanian descent. The majority of Albanian-speaking arrivals in Australia migrated from Yugoslavia beginning in the 1950s. During the 1960s and 1970s, most of these migrants were from
13359-466: The 1990s. In Switzerland , the Albanian language is the sixth most spoken language with 176,293 native speakers. Albanian became an official language in North Macedonia on 15 January 2019. There are large numbers of Albanian speakers in the United States, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Canada . Some of the first ethnic Albanians to arrive in the United States were the Arbëreshë. The Arbëreshë have
13542-560: The Albanian and Germanic branches share a relatively moderate number of lexical cognates. Many shared grammatical elements or features of these two branches do not corroborate the lexical isoglosses. Albanian also shares lexical linguistic affinity with Latin and Romance languages. Sharing linguistic features unique to the languages of the Balkans , Albanian also forms a part of the Balkan linguistic area or sprachbund . The place and
13725-470: The Albanian community expressed their concerns over the situation to authorities but because of Albania' wartime status, the Australian government did not object to alleged actions toward Albanians. Many Albanians concerned over their status in Shepparton applied for naturalisation, and protested at an Italian community event to show loyalty to Australia. Most Albanians in Australia rejected the imposition of Italian citizenship. The Australian government enacted
13908-494: The Albanian community reflected political divisions of inter-war Albania and were at times expressed as separate gatherings and cultural events of the two groups. There were tensions between some Albanians who supported the Albanian communist government and others who opposed it. Over time, political differences subsided. Previous pro-union stances changed as the Cold War affected Albanians in rural areas, who opposed joining unions because they wanted to support individualism and prevent
14091-459: The Albanian community. Most Albanian migrants were Muslims; an academic estimate placed the number of Orthodox Christians at around 40 percent. Until the start of World War Two in 1939, most Albanians in Australia had no interest in becoming naturalised; many of them planned to return to Albania. With the threat of conflict in Europe, some Albanians returned there to retrieve their families. During
14274-560: The Albanian language was on 14 July 1284 in Ragusa in modern Croatia ( Dubrovnik ) when a crime witness named Matthew testified: "I heard a voice crying on the mountain in the Albanian language" ( Latin : Audivi unam vocem, clamantem in monte in lingua albanesca ). The Albanian language is also mentioned in the Descriptio Europae Orientalis dated in 1308: Habent enim Albani prefati linguam distinctam
14457-435: The Albanian language was put to writing in at least ten different alphabets – most certainly a record for European languages. ... the diverse forms in which this old Balkan language was recorded, from the earliest documents to the beginning of the twentieth century ... consist of adaptations of the Latin, Greek, Arabic, and Cyrillic alphabets and (what is even more interesting) a number of locally invented writing systems. Most of
14640-527: The Albanian language. Some features of Albanian life in Dandenong are the speaking of Albanian, the playing of Balkan music, Albanian cuisine and local Albanian businesses. Albanians in Dandenong consider themselves to be integrated and accepted in Australia. Dandenong Albanians are employed in the flower-growing industry, working in nearby flower farms. Dandenong Albanians own over 40 flower and vegetable farms on Dandenong's suburban outskirts and 100 businesses in Dandenong itself. Many women also employed, although
14823-599: The Australian Federal and State governments to cut spending by 20%, including cuts to wages and pensions and was to be accompanied by tax increases, reductions in interest on bank deposits and a 22.5% reduction in the interest the government paid on internal loans. The policy contrasted with the approach put forward by the British economist John Maynard Keynes and which was pursued by the United States, which held that governments needed to spend their way out of
15006-682: The Australian banks began to slowly devalue the Australian pound, and a year later it had been devalued 30% against the Pound Sterling. This had the economic effect of increasing the cost of imported goods and increasing the cost of servicing government overseas debts, which were denominated in the overseas currency, typically in sterling. Jack Lang , the Labor Party Leader of the Opposition in New South Wales and
15189-427: The Australian government and refugees. After the war ended, most Albanian refugees were returned to Kosovo in 2000; 500 of them were able to permanently remain in Australia after attaining refugee status, increasing the numbers of Albanian Australian community. It was the last main phase of immigration to Australia by Albanians. Albanian Australians, in areas where they are concentrated, and their organisations, assisted
15372-583: The Civil Aliens Corps. Due to labour shortages in the countryside and after Italy's surrender in late 1943, the internment of Albanian Queenslanders ended and an exemption was granted for continued service in the Civil Aliens Corps. Wartime treatment in Queensland made many Albanians in a post-war environment leave the state for other parts of Australia. Government policies in Victoria were more lenient; some Albanians were made to report weekly to police and others were involved in road construction under
15555-481: The Dandenong Albanian community became settled and grew, they lacked a voice and representation, and their interests were not a focus of local and state government until the mid-2000s. Over time, Dandenong became a centre for arriving Albanian migrants from southern Yugoslavia, and the suburb attracted Albanians from other parts of Australia who wanted to be in an Albanian community. Albanians also live in
15738-574: The Depression had attracted the support of prominent Australian conservatives, known as "the Group", whose number included future prime minister Robert Menzies . In parliament on 13 March 1931, though still a member of the ALP, Lyons supported a no confidence motion against the Scullin Labor government. The United Australia Party was then formed from a coalition of citizens’ groups and with
15921-418: The Depression, they remained largely on the periphery of Australian politics, failing to achieve the power shifts obtained in Europe, and the democratic political system of the young Australian Federation survived the strain of the period. The James Scullin Labor Government had just assumed power with the commencement of the Scullin Ministry on 22 October following the 1929 federal election , however just
16104-677: The Depression. The plan was signed by New South Wales Labor Premier Jack Lang , but he was a notable critic of its underlying philosophy and went on to pursue his own policy of defaulting on debt repayments, which led to confrontation with the Federal Scullin and Lyons governments and resulted in the Lang Dismissal Crisis of 1932. The Labor Party soon split into three separate factions. Jack Lang and his supporters, mainly in New South Wales, were expelled from
16287-496: The First World War, concerns rural labour shortages and the readiness of Australia's small population to resist possible invasion made authorities accept European non-British migrants. The first major phase of Albanian emigration to Australia began in 1924 after the United States implemented quota restrictions on people from southern Europe. For Albanian men who were unable to re-enter the US from 1925 onward, Australia became
16470-486: The Goulburn Valley to aid with Albanian family reunifications and the sponsoring of migrants. An estimated 100 Albanian families migrated to Shepparton after the collapse of communism in Albania . Coming from the same region in Albania, they joined the older Shepparton Albanian community which, as family contacts, sponsored their work visas, and gave them support through social networks and often employment. Some of
16653-529: The Kosovars with resettlement. Small numbers of Kosovo-and-Montenegro-born Albanians settled in Mareeba, where Albanian Australians form most of its Muslim population. In Queensland, Kosovo Albanians form one third of its Albanian population, and are employed as carpenters and painters or in other labour trades, while the youth pursue professions in law, health and engineering. In the early twenty-first century,
16836-550: The Lyons period gave Australia "stability and eventual growth" between the drama of the Depression and the outbreak of the Second World War. A lowering of wages was enforced and industry tariff protections maintained, which together with cheaper raw materials during the 1930s saw a shift from agriculture to manufacturing as the chief employer of the Australian economy - a shift which was consolidated by increased investment by
17019-580: The Manpower authorities, which oversaw what work they did. Authorities restricted the movement of some Albanians, and a few internees challenged those provisions. Some Albanians protested their innocence and a National Security Regulations Department investigation showed some Albanians were victims of personal rivalries. Albanian sentiment about the situation ranged from reluctant cooperation to acceptance, and some considered their internment conditions good while others performed poorly in tasks assigned to them by
17202-418: The Melbourne suburb Dandenong after migrating from Kišava. Chain migration by Albanians from Kišava led to other friends and family migrating to Australia. Migrating Albanians with mainly agricultural skills chose to settle in Dandenong because it had industry and farms nearby. Local Albanians formed an Albanian soccer club in the suburb in 1984. A mosque was built by the Dandenong Albanian community in 1985. As
17385-521: The Middle Ages. Among them the Arvanites call themselves Arbëror and sometime Arbëresh. The Arbëresh dialect is closely related to the Arvanites dialect with more Italian vocabulary absorbed during different periods of time. The Albanian language has been written using many alphabets since the earliest records from the 15th century. The history of Albanian language orthography is closely related to
17568-543: The Muslim Society of Australia in the late 1940s. Other post-war Muslim Albanian migrants went to live in Northam and York , the state's wheat-and-sheep-farming regions, and worked as gardeners and farmers. In South Australia, the postwar Albanian community became interconnected with other Muslim migrants through Islamic community societies. The state had 150 Albania-born people and 300 of Albanian descent in 1993. By
17751-574: The NSW Government. A dramatic episode in Australian history followed Lyons first electoral victory. When NSW Premier Jack Lang refused to pay interest on overseas State debts, the Lyons government stepped in and paid the debts and then passed the Financial Agreement Enforcement Act to recover the money it had paid. In an effort to frustrate this move, Lang ordered State departments to pay all receipts directly to
17934-498: The National Security Act, 1939-1940, which outlined internment regulations. Anyone suspected of Fascist associations or political membership were liable for internment. The legislation excluded from internment Albanians who had naturalised as British subjects. Albanians in Australia did not pose an imminent threat but by 1942, fears of an Axis invasion were high. In that year, there were 1,086 Albanians in Australia, and
18117-480: The Second World War, as both groups share a similar rural lifestyle and interests. In 1976, there were 98 adult Muslims with an Albanian origin in Mareeba. A few local Albanians have risen to leadership roles such as becoming directors of North Queensland Tobacco Growers' Co-operative Association, which campaigned for tobacco growers' interests. Young people among the community have preferred employment in urban centres. Among Albanian communities within Australia, reverence
18300-403: The Shepparton area and at Portsea , south from Dandenong. Local Albanians from both areas provided the refugees with support, and assisted them with interpreting and translation. Some Albanian community organisations and networks in Australia were involved assisting Kosovo Albanian refugees. Erik Lloga , a Melbourne-based Albanian community leader, led efforts and was the main interlocutor between
18483-501: The Shepparton population, however, welcomed and accepted Albanians and other migrants into the community. Albanian songs were included in concerts held by primary schools, the Country Women's Association held functions for Albanian migrants, and Shepparton inhabitants held English classes that were attended by some Albanians. Alongside other local farmers, some Shepparton Albanian tomato growers were prominently involved in creating
18666-718: The Shkumbin river since the Post-Roman and Pre-Slavic period, straddling the Jireček Line . Centuries-old communities speaking Albanian dialects can be found scattered in Greece (the Arvanites and some communities in Epirus , Western Macedonia and Western Thrace ), Croatia (the Arbanasi ), Italy (the Arbëreshë ) as well as in Romania , Turkey and Ukraine . The Malsia e Madhe Gheg Albanian and two varieties of
18849-412: The Tosk dialect, Arvanitika in Greece and Arbëresh in southern Italy, have preserved archaic elements of the language. Ethnic Albanians constitute a large diaspora , with many having long assimilated in different cultures and communities. Consequently, Albanian-speakers do not correspond to the total ethnic Albanian population, as many ethnic Albanians may identify as Albanian but are unable to speak
19032-593: The Treasury instead of into Government bank accounts. The New South Wales Governor , Sir Philip Game , intervened on the basis that Lang had acted illegally in breach of the state Audit Act and sacked the Lang Government , who then suffered a landslide loss at the subsequent 1932 state election . Australia would recover relatively quickly from the global financial downturn, with recovery beginning around 1932. Lyons pursued an orthodox fiscal policy, favouring
19215-590: The United Kingdom where rearmament (from 1936) increased deficit spending, there was no significant mechanism for inflationary Keynesian economic policy responses in Australia. Australia's recovery during the 1930s was led by the manufacturing sector. Federation in 1901 had granted only limited power to the federal government. For example, income taxes were collected by the State governments. Some argued that Australia's protectionist high tariffs worked to hurt
19398-466: The United Kingdom's terms of trade . A sluggish economy in Britain naturally reduced British demand for imports from Australia throughout the 1920s and this had affected Australia's balance of payments. Throughout the 1920s the Australian unemployment rate floated between 6% and 11%. The Great War had also caused many necessary infrastructure projects to be delayed or abandoned, many of which began in
19581-465: The United States, did not embark on a significant Keynesian program of spending to recover from the Depression. Nevertheless, the Australian recovery began around 1932. Australians took consolation from sporting achievements through the Depression, with cricketer Don Bradman and race horse Phar Lap achieving long-lasting fame. The Great War ( World War I ) had depleted Britain's savings and foreign investments, and wartime inflation had deeply upset
19764-955: The Yarra Valley in Victoria. In Victoria, most Albanians settled on rural properties around Shepparton in the Goulburn Valley and became one of the region's earliest Muslim communities. Migrants chose farm work and other agricultural employment because the work required little skill in English and resembled work they did in Korçë. Albanian migrants chose Shepparton because it reminded them of Korçë and its terrain, and prospective migrants among relatives in Albania were told it would be like home if they came. The community grew through chain migration from Albania; migrants sponsored relatives to move to Australia. By pooling resources, migrants bought businesses and established farms, and some families from
19947-494: The amount of money in circulation was linked to the amount of goods produced, and the immediate injection of £18 million of new money into the economy in the form of Commonwealth Bank of Australia credit. The Prime Minister and all other state Premiers refused. With the rejection of the Theodore and Lang inflationary plans, the governments of Australia met to negotiate a compromise in 1931. The resulting Premiers' Plan required
20130-502: The ancestor idiom of Albanian. The extent of this linguistic impact cannot be determined with precision due to the uncertain position of Albanian among Paleo-Balkan languages and their scarce attestation. Some loanwords, however, have been proposed, such as shegë ' pomegranate ' or lëpjetë ' orach '; compare Pre-Greek λάπαθον , lápathon ' monk's rhubarb '. Great Depression in Australia Australia
20313-458: The basis of the Premiers' Plan . Ted Theodore , Treasurer in Scullin's Government, supported an inflationary policy of increased government spending in times of a recession, a view espoused in 1936 by John Maynard Keynes . The Senate and Commonwealth Bank (then also acting as the country's central bank) rejected Theodore's spending plans. The Labor Premier of New South Wales meanwhile announced
20496-608: The budget through a temporary cessation of interest repayments on debts to Britain and that interest on all government borrowings be reduced by 3% to free up money for injection into the economy. Labor defector Joseph Lyons helped to form the United Australia Party through the ending of the Nationalist Party of Australia and succeeded Scullin as Prime Minister of Australia from the 1931 federal election until his death in 1939. Thus Australia, unlike
20679-575: The city's first mosque in the late 1960s. In the same decade, a multicultural Muslim women's association was established in Carlton North ; its membership included Albanian women. Albanian radio was established in Melbourne by Bahri Bregu and Luk Çuni. In 1974, an Albanian Catholic Society was established and in 1993, the Australian Albanian Women's Association was created. During the 1990s, migration programmes were set up in
20862-607: The commonwealth government into defence and armaments manufacture. Lyons saw restoration of Australia's exports as the key to economic recovery. A devalued Australian currency assisted in restoring a favourable balance of trade. During the Great Depression, different parts of Australian society experienced different hardships, challenges and opportunities. There was increased movement of many people to and from country areas in search of work. City and urban people planted gardens to produce fruit and vegetables. In some urban areas co-operatives were formed based on barter systems to share what
21045-484: The community and two Albanians joined a pro-Fascist Italian group. The Queensland government's security service interned 84 Albanians and was concerned about many others who remained free. In 1942, the 84 men were held in camps at Cowra in New South Wales and Enoggera in Queensland. Albanians deemed enemy aliens and not interned were made to regularly report to police and were placed under special call-up provisions. Reasons for internment varied; some internees were seen as
21228-495: The community were the first to set up orchards in the region, assisting Shepparton to establish a reputation as "the fruit-bowl of Victoria". In the late 1930s, the Shepparton Albanian community numbered between 300 and 500; they were a mix of Muslims and Orthodox Christians, with some Orthodox Albanians self-identifying as Greeks. Tensions arose over the purchase of land in the Shepparton area by southern Europeans;
21411-457: The contact between the various languages. The concept of this linguistic group is explained as a kind of language league of the Bronze Age (a specific areal-linguistics phenomenon), although it also consisted of languages that were related to each other. A common prestage posterior to PIE comprising Albanian, Greek, and Armenian, is considered as a possible scenario. In this light, due to
21594-463: The country. Families of migrants who tried and failed to leave were punished or subjected to hardship by the communist government, as were others with connections in the West . Unmarried Albanian migrants were no longer able to take prospective marriage partners from Albania to Australia. By 1947, the number of Albanian migrants in Australia had doubled from that of 1933, and Victoria became the state with
21777-528: The countryside in search of menial agricultural work. The stagnant economy had reduced economic activity and therefore tax revenues. However, the debt commitments of both state and federal governments remained the same. Australia became severely at risk of defaulting on its foreign debt which had been accumulated during the relative prosperity and infrastructure-building frenzy of the 1920s. The Great Depression in Australia saw huge levels of unemployment and economic suffering amid plummeting export income. Although
21960-796: The cultural orientation and knowledge of certain foreign languages among Albanian writers. The earliest written Albanian records come from the Gheg area in makeshift spellings based on Italian or Greek. Originally, the Tosk dialect was written in the Greek alphabet and the Gheg dialect was written in the Latin script . Both dialects had also been written in the Ottoman Turkish version of the Arabic script , Cyrillic , and some local alphabets ( Elbasan , Vithkuqi , Todhri , Veso Bey, Jan Vellara and others, see original Albanian alphabets ). More specifically,
22143-426: The deflationary economic measures of the Premiers' Plan , and refused to accept NSW Premier Jack Lang's proposals to default on overseas debt repayments. Australia entered the Depression with a debt crisis and a credit crisis. According to author Anne Henderson of the conservative Sydney Institute [1] , Lyons held a steadfast belief in "the need to balance budgets, lower costs to business and restore confidence" and
22326-771: The direction of Manpower authorities or the Allied Works Council. In Shepparton, as a result of Albanian employment in primary production, the whole community was exempted from internment, although restrictions on travel and a firearms ban were enforced upon them due to their status as enemy aliens. In York, Western Australia, Albanians were the only group employed as market gardeners in the town; they received special treatment regarding internment regulations. In Western Australia, two Albanian individuals were listed as interned in 1942; because of labour demands, they claimed an exemption due to their employment as market gardeners. A few other Albanians in Western Australia came under
22509-516: The earliest Muslim groups to establish themselves in post-colonial Australia. Albanian migrants ( Albanian : Kurbetxhi ), originating from a rural background, followed a migration tradition ( Kurbet ) in which sons temporarily left for another country to earn enough funds to purchase property once back in Albania. In October 1924, the first five Albanian migrants Bejxhet Emini, Bektash Muharem, Musa Ibrahimi, Rexhep Mustafa and Riza Ali arrived from Korçë region. They, and others who followed, embarked on
22692-615: The economic downturn was a product of international events, Australian governments grappled with how to respond. Conventional economists said governments should pursue deflationary policies. Radicals proposed inflationary responses and increased government spending. Division emerged within the Labor Party over how to respond. In August 1930, Scullin invited Sir Otto Niemeyer of the Bank of England to come to Australia to advise on economic policy. Niemeyer met with Federal and State leaders at
22875-404: The economy and that influential interest groups sought no change in this aspect of policy. Additionally, there was no significant banking reform or nationalisation of private businesses. The devaluation of the Australian pound, abandonment of the Gold Standard, recovery of major trading partners like the United Kingdom and public works projects instituted by State and local governments led to
23058-466: The effects of the depression strongly. Because of the severe economic contraction, the reduction of purchasing goods, employers couldn’t afford to keep excessive workers. A five-year unemployment average for 1930-34 was 23.4%, with a peak of approximately 30% of the nation being unemployed in 1932. This was one of the most severe unemployment rates in the industrialised world, exceeded only by Germany. Many hundreds of thousands of Australians suddenly faced
23241-416: The effects of the slump and the tough economic times ahead. This affected the country in many ways. Because of economic downturn, people’s lives changed drastically. Australia had supplied huge amounts of wool for uniforms during World War 1, and many exports helped Australia achieve a high standard of living in the 1920s. The majority of the people of Australia lived very well prior to the fall, so they felt
23424-405: The establishment of a communist government in the country. Some Albanian men with Australian citizenship initially persuaded their spouses or fiancés to migrate from Albania to Australia but Albania's post-war communist government implemented a policy of non-emigration, and families in Albania and Australia became separated. Border closures meant some of the men became trapped, though a few did escape
23607-708: The federal government designated the Albanian community " enemy aliens " due to the Italian-controlled Albanian government's war declaration against the Allies. Personal information was collected and the movements of people were tracked. Australian authorities viewed parts of the Albanian community as a Fascist threat; some individuals were arrested and interned, and others were subjected to restrictions. These actions were seen as essential for security. The Australian government interned Albanians whom they suspected supported Fascism; some people were detained as
23790-459: The first literary records of Albanian date from the 16th century. The oldest known Albanian printed book, Meshari , or "missal", was written in 1555 by Gjon Buzuku , a Roman Catholic cleric. In 1635, Frang Bardhi wrote the first Latin–Albanian dictionary. The first Albanian school is believed to have been opened by Franciscans in 1638 in Pdhanë . One of the earliest Albanian dictionaries
23973-411: The gold standard in 1925 at pre-1913 parity, effectively revaluing both currencies significantly and unleashing crushing deflationary pressures and falling export demand. This had the immediate effect of making British and Australian exports far less competitive in non-British markets, and affected Australia's terms of trade. In 1931, as an emergency measure during the Great Depression, Australia left
24156-484: The gold standard, resulting in a devaluation relative to sterling. A variety of pegs to sterling applied until December 1931, when the government set a rate of £1 Australian = 16 shillings sterling. This was intended to ease entry of Australian goods into the British and other linked markets. Falling export demand and commodity prices placed massive downward pressures on wages, particularly in industries such as coal mining. Due to falling prices, bosses were unable to pay
24339-424: The goldfields between some Anglo-Celtic Australians and Southern Europeans like Albanians made many Albanian men move to Queensland and Victoria in the 1930s. Albanians became labourers on tobacco and cotton farms in Queensland. On Queensland sugar cane farms, they worked as cutters in an industry subjected to racial tests because British Preference Leagues wanted all workers to be of an Anglo-Celtic background. News of
24522-468: The government prompted some migrants to leave Australia and return to Albania. Most men remained in Australia and naturalisation became a goal to prevent any recurrence of their wartime experience. At the war's conclusion, the communist takeover of Albania was positively received by the Albanian community but that stance changed with the onset of the Cold War . Australia was preferred over Albania due to
24705-456: The government, joining the opposition Nationalist Party to form the United Australia Party . The Australian Labor Party would remain in government through the parliamentary term however, with Scullin as Prime Minister, and except for a brief stint by Scullin, Theodore as Treasurer. The stance of Joseph Lyons and James Fenton against the far more radical proposals of the Labor movement to deal with
24888-443: The humiliation of poverty and unemployment. This was still the era of traditional social family structure, where the man was expected to be the sole bread winner. Soup kitchens and charity groups made brave attempts to feed the many starving and destitute. The male suicide rate spiked in 1930 and it became clear that Australia had limits to the resources for dealing with the crisis. The depression's sudden and widespread unemployment hit
25071-563: The importance of the Albanian contribution to its growth and development. They include accounts of tomato farmer Sam Dhosi, landowner Golë Feshti, orchardist Sam Sali, and Ridvan (Riddy) Ahmet and his brother who founded a business transporting fresh produce to Melbourne and later dominating the market. Notable figures from the local Albanian community have been honoured in Shepparton for their achievements with streets named after them. These are Feshti Street for Golë Feshti, Asim Drive for Ismet Asim—a young Albanian migrant who later owned orchards and
25254-849: The internment system in 1943; these people were given forestry, labour and farming jobs to do by the Allied Works Council. Some Albanians without citizenship were not interned and sought to become naturalised. Many Albanians from Shepparton abandoned the idea of returning to Europe and sought naturalisation as British subjects. During the war, the federal government placed restrictions on enemy aliens and their naturalisation. Applications took time to process because authorities investigated whether applicants had broken any laws. By 1943, immigration restrictions were eased for certain Albanians who had proven to be "pro-British" and some were naturalised. In 1944, communist partisans took control of Albania from Axis German forces and Australia redesignated its Albanian community from "enemy aliens" to "friendly aliens". That year,
25437-541: The language. Standard Albanian is a standardised form of spoken Albanian based on Tosk . The language is spoken by approximately 6 million people in the Balkans, primarily in Albania, Kosovo , North Macedonia , Serbia , Montenegro and Greece . However, due to old communities in Italy and the large Albanian diaspora , the worldwide total of speakers is much higher than in Southern Europe and numbers approximately 7.5 million. The Albanian language
25620-601: The larger number of possible shared innovations between Greek and Armenian, it appears reasonable to assume, at least tentatively, that Albanian was the first Balkan IE language to branch off. This split and the following ones were perhaps very close in time, allowing only a narrow time frame for shared innovations. Albanian represents one of the core languages of the Balkan Sprachbund . Glottolog and Ethnologue recognize four Albanian languages. They are classified as follows: The first attested written mention of
25803-435: The largest Albanian population. A gender imbalance persisted; women formed only 10 percent of the Albanian population in 1947, increasing to 16 percent in 1954. From 1949 to 1955, 235 Albanian refugees escaping communist Albania migrated to Australia and became part of the Shepparton community. The refugees fled Albania to escape persecution; they were supporters of the anti-communist, royalist Legality Party and Balli Kombëtar ,
25986-547: The last Albanians held in internment were freed. Unlike the Germans or Italians , who were considered a major wartime threat in Australia, government authorities treated Albanians in a fair and mainly even-handed manner regarding internment and later naturalisation. This was due to demand for Albanian labour, their status as European stock who did not pose a direct threat to the British Empire, and religion did not play
26169-465: The latter alphabets have now been forgotten and are unknown, even to the Albanians themselves. Albanian constitutes one of the eleven major branches of the Indo-European language family , within which it occupies an independent position. In 1854, Albanian was demonstrated to be an Indo-European language by the philologist Franz Bopp . Albanian was formerly compared by a few Indo-European linguists with Germanic and Balto-Slavic , all of which share
26352-438: The local press said Albanians were "buying land at inflated prices, hoarding the land and distributing it among relatives and fellow countrymen", and "stealing" prime irrigated land from locals. Other depictions in the metropolitan Sydney press said a quarter of Shepparton's inhabitants were "aliens" and the town was becoming a "second Albania", whereas local media said that was an exaggeration. Some Albanians experienced racism from
26535-634: The main areas of Albanian settlement for Bitola Albanians—most of whom live in Dandenong—and Prespa Albanians, most of whom live in Yarraville , St Albans , Altona , Preston , Lalor and Thomastown . Within the context of migration, maintaining identity and adapting to a new homeland, Albanians from the Lake Prespa region refer to Australia as Australia shqiptare (Albanian Australia) or Australia prespane (Prespan Australia). As
26718-503: The migrants took with them values that encompassed mutual support, respect and friendship, and a readiness to work and adapt to new surroundings in Australia. The Great Depression (1929) impacted the majority of Albanians in Australia. Rural jobs became scarce and many men, including those from the Albanian community, sought employment in the Western Australian goldfields. By 1934, competition, disputes and riots over work at
26901-499: The migrants' difficult circumstances reached the Albanian government, which as a result discounted return fares for those who wanted to return to Albania. Most Albanian migrants remained in Australia and sought opportunities in other parts of the country; only a minority took the government offer and returned to Albania. In the 1920s, most migrants came from around the city of Korçë in southern Albania, and engaged in agriculture, especially fruit growing. Other rural Muslim Albanians from
27084-429: The names for fish and for agricultural activities (such as ploughing ) are borrowed from other languages. A deeper analysis of the vocabulary, however, shows that could be a consequence of a prolonged Latin domination of the coastal and plain areas of the country, rather than evidence of the original environment in which the Albanian language was formed. For example, the word for 'fish' is borrowed from Latin, but not
27267-424: The neighbouring small suburb Dandenong South; they comprise much of its population and supply much of the kindergarten and school populations in the Dandenong area. Two-story houses are a common feature among many Albanian homeowners in Dandenong, and often they make up most of the population in some streets. Many Albanian households are extended or multigenerational families that contribute to preserving traditions and
27450-468: The new Albanian arrivals were able to gain Australian citizenship through descent from earlier migrant forebears with Australian citizenship who had been unable to leave Albania following the Second World War. Shepparton Albanians became a well-integrated and financially successful community, with many employed as market gardeners and orchardists. The Albanian presence in Shepparton is "well known and well regarded". Some history books about Shepparton document
27633-456: The north and Tosk spoken to the south of the Shkumbin river . Their characteristics in the treatment of both native words and loanwords provide evidence that the split into the northern and the southern dialects occurred after Christianisation of the region (4th century AD), and most likely not later than the 6th century AD, hence possibly occupying roughly their present area divided by
27816-518: The number of people in Turkey with Albanian ancestry and or background upward to 5 million. However, the vast majority of this population is assimilated and no longer possesses fluency in the Albanian language, though a vibrant Albanian community maintains its distinct identity in Istanbul to this day. Egypt also lays claim to about 18,000 Albanians, mostly Tosk speakers. Many are descendants of
27999-443: The number of visas given to southern Europeans were sought. The move was driven by government concerns over job competition, migrant integration within society and disruption of Australian society's Anglo-Celtic character. In 1928, a quota was established, making it more difficult for groups like Albanians to enter Australia unless they had £40 as an insurance guarantee or a document from a sponsor. By 1929, only 24 visas were obtained on
28182-412: The only surviving representative of its own branch , which belongs to the Paleo-Balkan group . Although it is still uncertain which ancient mentioned language of the Balkans it continues, or where in the region its speakers lived. In general, there is insufficient evidence to connect Albanian with one of those languages, whether Illyrian , Thracian , or Dacian . Among these possibilities, Illyrian
28365-588: The party and formed a left-wing splinter party officially known as the New South Wales Labor Party , commonly known as Lang Labor . The Minister for Public Works and Railways, Joseph Lyons , led a conservative faction, which believed in the deflationary approach of balanced budgets and cuts in spending and opposed defaulting on debt repayments. When the more radical Ted Theodore was reinstated as Treasurer by Scullin on 29 January, Joseph Lyons and James Fenton along with three others resigned from
28548-475: The plan for a white paper on full employment. This white paper served a variety of roles; to establish the priority of full employment; to ensure the depression would not recur; and to propose ways to make these objectives possible. Dr H C 'Nugget' Coombs as director-general of the Reconstruction Ministry had major input into this policy. The economic theories proposed by J M Keynes in 1936 were
28731-664: The race to arrive first at the place of employment (the first person to turn up was usually hired.) This is depicted in the Australian film Caddie . Many Australians campaigned at a community level through organisations such as the Unemployed Workers Movement to demand improved welfare and relief. Authorities often attempted to repress protest through the use of repressive laws including bans on street marches and free speech. These in turn were resisted by campaigns of civil resistance, with Melbourne social realist artist Noel Counihan famously speaking from inside
28914-622: The resulting Kosovo crisis of the 1990s. During the Kosovo War (1999), the Australian government conducted Operation Safe Haven and gave temporary asylum to 4,000 Kosovo Albanians by housing them in military facilities, although Albanian Australians offered to house the refugees. The event provoked change in Australian government policy toward refugees by offering temporary asylum rather than permanent settlement. In Victoria, 1,250 Kosovo Albanians were housed at army bases at Puckapunyal in
29097-535: The same Tosk dialect group, they were able to integrate with earlier immigrants from the Korçë area. The Albanian migrants shared historical, social and cultural connections, and intermarriage that allowed the forming of strong bonds of community in Australia. The Albanian Prespa community and Albanians from the Bitola region form the majority of the Albanian community in Victoria and Australia. In 1991, they numbered 5,401. Industrial, working-class suburbs in Melbourne are
29280-403: The settlement of Muslim Albanians during the White Australia policy period made them straddle classifications of White due to skin colour, and they were considered as "Other". Islam was not an impediment for Albanians migrating to Australia and undergoing the naturalisation process. Albanians built Mosques during the White Australia era. Later, with the official implementation of multiculturalism,
29463-441: The soldiers who had just returned from war the hardest as they were in their mid-thirties and still suffering the trauma of their wartime experiences. At night many slept covered in newspapers at Sydney’s Domain or at Salvation Army refugees. The limited jobs that did arise were viciously fought for. The job vacancies were advertised in the daily newspaper, which formed massive queues to search for any job available. This then caused
29646-437: The spectre of another depression in their campaign rhetoric, utilised emergency wartime powers to introduce a command economy in Australia based on Keynesian principles. Unemployment was virtually eliminated in this period, being reduced to a record low of 1.1%. In 1942, income tax became federally controlled with the states conceding that the war effort needed a centrally controlled financial basis. In 1944, Curtin announced
29829-491: The support of the Nationalist Party of Australia . Lyons quit the ALP to become parliamentary leader of the newly established United Australia Party, with John Latham, Nationalist Leader of the Opposition, becoming the new party's deputy leader. In November 1931, Lang Labor dissidents chose to challenge the Scullin Labor government and align with the United Australia Party Opposition to pass
30012-662: The surrounding Bilisht area emigrated to Australia. In Western Australia, early centres of Albanian settlement were Northam and York , where Albanians worked as wheat and sheep farmers, and other migrants settled in Moora . The first Albanian migrants in Northam were Sabri Sali and Ismail Birangi, who later, with their families and friends Fethi Haxhi and Reshit Mehmet, settled in Shepparton. Being seasonal labourers, some Albanians left Queensland and its sugar cane industry and others left Western Australia to work on farms in Shepparton and
30195-415: The term "ethnic" was used to describe groups like Muslim Albanians as being "non-Anglo" or "other" in discourses about the policy by the majority Anglo-Australian population. Some in the Albanian community see their light-coloured skin and European heritage as factors that allowed them to integrate. Australian Albanians are at times deemed "invisible ethnics" and are mobile within the spectrum of "whiteness" as
30378-478: The time that the Albanian language was formed are uncertain. The American linguist Eric Hamp has said that during an unknown chronological period a pre-Albanian population (termed as "Albanoid" by Hamp) inhabited areas stretching from Poland to the southwestern Balkans. Further analysis has suggested that it was in a mountainous region rather than on a plain or seacoast. The words for plants and animals characteristic of mountainous regions are entirely original, but
30561-564: The time, and used as a synonym for the Albanian language. Published in Rome in 1635, by the Albanian bishop and writer Frang Bardhi, the first dictionary of the Albanian language was titled Latin : Dictionarium latino-epiroticum ' Latin-Epirotan dictionary ' . During the five-century period of the Ottoman presence in Albania , the language was not officially recognised until 1909, when
30744-558: The town. In the early 1950s, Shepparton Albanians established their own Albanian Muslim Society and fund-raised in their community, and built Victoria's first mosque in the late 1950s. In the 1950s, Albanians partook in the revival of Islamic life within Australia, creating networks and institutions for the community. Religious and social survival prompted Albanians, like other Muslims of different ethnic backgrounds who were geographically dispersed, to co-operate on social projects through Muslim associations. The Islamic Society of Victoria (ISV)
30927-434: The transition from the White Australia Policy to a multicultural immigration policy; this shift was due to the arrival of post-war migrants of non-Anglo-Celtic origins. Multiculturalism was intended to deal with population influx, and allowed migrants to retain their culture and address difficulties migrants encountered in Australia regarding resources and services. In the Australian context of notions about race and ethnicity,
31110-462: The treatment of the native words and loanwords from other languages are evidence that the dialectal split preceded the Slavic migrations to the Balkans , which means that in that period (the 5th to 6th centuries AD), Albanians were occupying nearly the same area around the Shkumbin river, which straddled the Jireček Line . References to the existence of Albanian as a distinct language survive from
31293-470: The wages that workers wanted. The result was a series of strikes in many sectors of the economy in the late 1920s. Coal miners' strikes in the winter of 1929 brought much of the economy to its knees. A riot at a picket line in the Hunter Region mining town of Rothbury saw police shoot one teenage coal miner dead. The conservative Prime Minister of Australia , Stanley Bruce , wished to dismantle
31476-528: The war, Albanians in Australia were able to maintain contact with family in Albania, mainly through the Red Cross. Displays of loyalty by Albanians resulted in authorities allowing over 30 Albanian-born men to enlist and serve in the Australian army during the war, a majority of whom were Muslim. Some Albanians served in Australia in combat-support roles and in the Battle of Darwin . Other Albanians were sent to
31659-467: The war, Italy occupied and annexed Albania, and the British government recognised Albania as an "autonomous" political entity. In mid 1941, the designation was rescinded after the puppet government in Albania declared war on the Allied powers, adversely affecting Albanians with Albanian citizenship in Australia. Some rural media circulated rumours and reports stating the Italian consul was pressurring Albanians to declare themselves citizens of Italy. Members of
31842-435: The wider Mareeba Albanian community established their own local Muslim Society and built a mosque dedicated to Australian soldiers who had died in wars. A few Albanians in Brisbane helped establish a multicultural Muslim organisation, the Islamic Society of Queensland, in the late 1950s. From their arrival, the Albanian Mareeba community has maintained good relations with the local Anglo-Celtic Australian population, even during
32025-421: The word for 'gills' which is native. Indigenous are also the words for 'ship', 'raft', 'navigation', 'sea shelves' and a few names of fish kinds, but not the words for 'sail', 'row' and 'harbor'; objects pertaining to navigation itself and a large part of sea fauna. This rather shows that Proto-Albanians were pushed away from coastal areas in early times (probably after the Latin conquest of the region) and thus lost
32208-415: The writers from northern Albania and under the influence of the Catholic Church used Latin letters, those in southern Albania and under the influence of the Greek Orthodox church used Greek letters, while others throughout Albania and under the influence of Islam used Arabic letters. There were initial attempts to create an original Albanian alphabet during the 1750–1850 period. These attempts intensified after
32391-427: Was affected badly during the period of the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Depression began with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and rapidly spread worldwide. As in other nations, Australia had years of high unemployment, poverty, low profits, deflation , plunging incomes, and lost opportunities for economic growth and personal advancement. The Australian economy and foreign policy largely rested upon its place as
32574-425: Was available. Single unemployed men had to make do in illegal camps or makeshift hostels in disused buildings, such as the old Redfern Fish Market . Shacks were built on the outskirts of large cities to house some who lost their homes, for example near the beach at Garie in the Royal National Park south of Sydney. There has been anecdotal evidence of families resorting to living in caves with authorities turning
32757-409: Was closely related to Illyrian and Messapic . The Indo-European subfamily that gave rise to Albanian is called Albanoid in reference to a specific ethnolinguistically pertinent and historically compact language group. Whether descendants or sisters of what was called ' Illyrian ' by classical sources, Albanian and Messapic , on the basis of shared features and innovations, are grouped together in
32940-403: Was established in the late 1950s; its first head was an Albanian and during the early 1960s Albanians comprised most of its membership. The multicultural organisation laid foundations for Muslim groups like the Albanians to individually create Muslim facilities and infrastructure for their growing communities. Albanians based in Melbourne established their own Albanian Muslim Society and constructed
33123-406: Was linked to Albanians' dual identities in regard to nationality rather than concerns over religion. Part of the wider Australian community viewed naturalised Albanians as a "potential threat". Some interned Albanians whom the federal government considered physically able were placed in the Civil Alien Corps, part of the Allied Works Council ; others with medical conditions came under the control of
33306-441: Was unconstitutional. The government unsuccessfully appealed the decision in the Privy Council . In 1949, the combined perceived threats of international and domestic communism and industrial unrest along with the public's waning support for extended rationing and intervention following the close of the War saw the return of Menzies to the prime ministership. Though Menzies was a conservative, his sixteen subsequent years in power saw
33489-453: Was written in 1693; it was the Italian manuscript Pratichae Schrivaneschae authored by the Montenegrin sea captain Julije Balović and includes a multilingual dictionary of hundreds of the most frequently used words in everyday life in Italian, Slavic, Greek, Albanian, and Turkish . Pre-Indo-European (PreIE) sites are found throughout the territory of Albania. Such PreIE sites existed in Maliq , Vashtëmi , Burimas , Barç , Dërsnik in
#744255