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Albert Ayler

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65-471: Albert Ayler ( / ˈ aɪ l ər / ; July 13, 1936 – November 25, 1970) was an American avant-garde jazz saxophonist, singer and composer. After early experience playing R&B and bebop , Ayler began recording music during the free jazz era of the 1960s. However, some critics argue that while Ayler's style is undeniably original and unorthodox, it does not adhere to the generally accepted critical understanding of free jazz. In fact, Ayler's style

130-460: A dialectical approach to such political stances by avant-garde artists and the avant-garde genre of art. Sociologically, as a stratum of the intelligentsia of a society, avant-garde artists, writers, architects, et al. produce artefacts — works of art, books, buildings — that intellectually and ideologically oppose the conformist value system of mainstream society. In the essay " Avant-Garde and Kitsch " (1939), Clement Greenberg said that

195-487: A "virtuoso of the coarse and anomalous", and claims that Ayler aimed to break away from the constraints of playing notes and instead to "enter into a new realm in which the saxophone created " sound "." At no point in his career was Ayler allowed the comfort of a steady audience. Despite largely positive critical reception, he remained poor for his entire life and often sought financial support from his family and fellow musicians, including Coltrane. However, Ayler's influence

260-567: A Universal Man, through the power of the Creator..." At around this time, there were hints that Ayler was becoming emotionally unstable, blaming himself for his brother's breakdown. In 1969, he submitted an impassioned, rambling open letter to the Cricket magazine entitled "To Mr. Jones—I Had a Vision", in which he described startling apocalyptic spiritual visions. He "saw in a vision the new Earth built by God coming out of Heaven," and implored

325-548: A close friendship with John Coltrane , and the two influenced each other's playing. Coltrane said that Ayler "filled an area that it seems I hadn't got to. I think what he's doing, it seems to be moving music into even higher frequencies." Ayler stated: "when he [Coltrane] started playing, I had to listen just to his tone... To listen to him play was just like he was talking to me, saying, 'Brother, get yourself together spiritually. Just one sound - that's how profound this man was..." According to Val Wilmer , "the relationship between

390-482: A cry of joy to symbolize his friend and mentor's ascension into heaven. Ayler later recalled: "John was like a visitor to this planet. He came in peace and he left in peace; but during his time here, he kept trying to reach new levels of awareness, of peace, of spirituality. That's why I regard the music he played as spiritual music - John's way of getting closer and closer to the Creator." In the liner notes for Ayler's album Love Cry , Frank Kofsky wrote that Ayler said

455-475: A cultural term, avant-garde identified a genre of art that advocated art-as-politics, art as an aesthetic and political means for realising social change in a society. Since the 20th century, the art term avant-garde identifies a stratum of the Intelligentsia that comprises novelists and writers, artists and architects et al. whose creative perspectives, ideas, and experimental artworks challenge

520-409: A deconstructive approach to his music, which was characteristic of the free jazz era. Phil Hardy says that Ayler "dismantled" melody and harmony to more deeply explore "the physical properties" of his saxophone. Ayler wished to free himself and his bandmates to improvise, relate to one another, and relate to their instruments on a more raw, "primal" level. The intensely spiritual aspect of Ayler's music

585-464: A fan following. However, later in 1964, Ayler, Peacock, Murray, and Cherry were invited to travel to Europe for a brief Scandinavian tour, which too yielded some new recordings, including The Copenhagen Tapes , Ghosts (re-released later as Vibrations ), and The Hilversum Session . Ayler recorded Bells on May 1, 1965. It is a ferociously-paced 20-minute improvisation featuring his signature military-march influenced melodies. Spirits Rejoice

650-482: A month later, Coltrane "remained... in his hotel room, practicing as usual, playing along to a tape of an Ayler concert." The Swedish filmmaker Kasper Collin was so inspired by Ayler's music and life that he produced a documentary, My Name Is Albert Ayler , which includes interviews with ESP-Disk founder Bernard Stollman , along with interviews with Ayler's family, girlfriends and bandmates. The film includes footage of Albert Ayler (from 1962, 1964, 1966 and 1970) and

715-559: A more vocal-like sound with their instruments, and to that of brass players in New Orleans swing bands. Ayler attended John Adams High School on Cleveland's East Side, and graduated in 1954 at the age of 18. He later studied at Academy Music in Cleveland with jazz saxophonist Benny Miller . Ayler also played the oboe in high school. As a teenager, Ayler's understanding of bebop style and mastery of standard repertoire earned him

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780-458: A number of musicians, including Gary Lucas , David Moss , Crazy Backwards Alphabet , Lester Bowie , Eugene Chadbourne , and Gary Windo . Albert Ayler is the titular 'ghost of a jazzman' in Maurice G. Dantec 's 2009 science-fiction novel Comme le fantôme d'un jazzman dans la station Mir en deroute. Starting in 2018, Chicago saxophonist Mars Williams has recorded and released four CDs in

845-549: A post-modern time when the modernist ways of thought and action and the production of art have become redundant in a capitalist economy. Parting from the claims of Greenberg in the late 1930s and the insights of Poggioli in the early 1960s, in The De-Definition of Art: Action Art to Pop to Earthworks (1983), the critic Harold Rosenberg said that since the middle of the 1960s the politically progressive avant-garde ceased being adversaries to artistic commercialism and

910-506: A series called "Mars Williams Presents An Ayler Xmas", documenting annual Christmastime live concerts, recorded in Chicago, Vienna, Krakow, and New York City and featuring intertwined holiday standards and Albert Ayler music. (this list is incomplete) Biography, Holy Ghost by Richard Koloda. https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Ghost-Death-Pioneer-Albert/dp/1911036939?dplnkId=ad708e19-599f-4023-9da0-8b563c96548b&nodl=1 Avant-garde In

975-474: A teenager. However, this album was unsuccessful, scorned by Ayler fans and critics alike. Ayler staunchly asserted that he wanted to move in this R&B and rock-and-roll direction, and that he was not simply succumbing to the pressures of Impulse and the popular music of that day, and it is true that Ayler heavily emphasizes the spirituality that seems to define the bulk of his work. (However, according to Gary Giddins , "In interviews, Ayler left no doubt about who

1040-525: Is another definition of "Avant-gardism" that distinguishes it from "modernism": Peter Bürger, for example, says avant-gardism rejects the "institution of art" and challenges social and artistic values, and so necessarily involves political, social, and cultural factors. According to the composer and musicologist Larry Sitsky , modernist composers from the early 20th century who do not qualify as avant-gardists include Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern, and Igor Stravinsky; later modernist composers who do not fall into

1105-574: Is built around his music and recordings of his voice (from interviews made between 1963 and 1970). On his 1969 album Folkjokeopus , English guitarist/singer-songwriter Roy Harper , dedicated the song "One for All" (" One for Al ") to Albert Ayler, "who I knew and loved during my time in Copenhagen". Harper considered Ayler to be "one of the leading jazzmen of the age". In the Folkjokeopus liner notes , Harper states, "In many ways he [Ayler]

1170-455: Is difficult to categorize in any way, and it evoked incredibly strong and disparate reactions from critics and fans alike. His innovations have inspired subsequent jazz musicians. His trio and quartet records of 1964, such as Spiritual Unity and The Hilversum Session , show him advancing the improvisational notions of John Coltrane and Ornette Coleman into abstract realms where whole timbre , and not just mainly harmony with melody ,

1235-638: Is facilitated by mechanically produced art-products of mediocre quality displacing art of quality workmanship; thus, the profitability of art-as-commodity determines its artistic value. In The Society of the Spectacle (1967), Guy Debord said that the financial, commercial, and economic co-optation of the avant-garde into a commodity produced by neoliberal capitalism makes doubtful that avant-garde artists will remain culturally and intellectually relevant to their societies for preferring profit to cultural change and political progress. In The Theory-Death of

1300-546: Is not reducible to a kitsch style or reactionary orientation, but can instead be used to refer to artists who engage with the legacy of the avant-garde while maintaining an awareness that doing so is in some sense anachronistic. The critic Charles Altieri argues that avant-garde and arrière-garde are interdependent: "where there is an avant-garde, there must be an arrière-garde ." Avant-garde in music can refer to any form of music working within traditional structures while seeking to breach boundaries in some manner. The term

1365-402: Is still felt, and not only among jazz musicians. His wild sound foreshadowed contemporary hardcore, noise, and experimental rock styles. Albert Ayler is one of the most revered historical figures in the genre of free jazz along with the likes of Sun Ra , Cecil Taylor, John Coltrane, Ornette Coleman, and Milford Graves (who drummed with Ayler). To this day his albums are among the best selling in

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1430-419: Is the most defining aspect of his sound. His style is characterized by timbre variations, including squeaks, honks, and improvisation in very high and very low registers. He possessed a deep blistering tone—achieved by using the stiff plastic Fibrecane no. 4 reeds on his tenor saxophone —and used a broad, pathos-filled vibrato . Ayler experimented with microtonality in his improvisations, seeking to explore

1495-519: Is the music's backbone. His ecstatic music of 1965 and 1966, such as "Spirits Rejoice" and "Truth Is Marching In", has been compared by critics to the sound of a brass band , and involved simple, march-like themes which alternated with wild group improvisations and were regarded as retrieving jazz's pre- Louis Armstrong roots. Born in Cleveland , Ohio, and raised in Shaker Heights , Ayler

1560-615: Is used loosely to describe the work of any musicians who radically depart from tradition altogether. By this definition, some avant-garde composers of the 20th century include Arnold Schoenberg , Richard Strauss (in his earliest work), Charles Ives , Igor Stravinsky , Anton Webern , Edgard Varèse , Alban Berg , George Antheil (in his earliest works only), Henry Cowell (in his earliest works), Harry Partch , John Cage , Iannis Xenakis , Morton Feldman , Karlheinz Stockhausen , Pauline Oliveros , Philip Glass , Meredith Monk , Laurie Anderson , and Diamanda Galás . There

1625-405: The arts and literature , the term avant-garde (from French meaning ' advance guard ' or ' vanguard ' ) identifies an experimental genre or work of art , and the artist who created it, which usually is aesthetically innovative, whilst initially being ideologically unacceptable to the artistic establishment of the time. The military metaphor of an advance guard identifies

1690-522: The American Language poets (1960s–1970s). The French military term avant-garde (advanced guard) identified a reconnaissance unit who scouted the terrain ahead of the main force of the army. In 19th-century French politics, the term avant-garde (vanguard) identified Left-wing political reformists who agitated for radical political change in French society. In the mid-19th century, as

1755-497: The Avant-Garde ( Teoria dell'arte d'avanguardia , 1962), the academic Renato Poggioli provides an early analysis of the avant-garde as art and as artistic movement. Surveying the historical and social, psychological and philosophical aspects of artistic vanguardism, Poggioli's examples of avant-garde art, poetry, and music, show that avant-garde artists share some values and ideals as contemporary bohemians . In Theory of

1820-473: The Avant-Garde ( Theorie der Avantgarde , 1974), the literary critic Peter Bürger looks at The Establishment 's embrace of socially critical works of art as capitalist co-optation of the artists and the genre of avant-garde art, because "art as an institution neutralizes the political content of the individual work [of art]". In Neo-avantgarde and Culture Industry: Essays on European and American Art from 1955 to 1975 (2000), Benjamin H. D. Buchloh argues for

1885-697: The Avant-Garde (1991), Paul Mann said that the avant-garde are economically integral to the contemporary institutions of the Establishment, specifically as part of the culture industry . Noting the conceptual shift, theoreticians, such as Matei Calinescu , in Five Faces of Modernity: Modernism, Avant-garde, Decadence, Kitsch, Postmodernism (1987), and Hans Bertens in The Idea of the Postmodern: A History (1995), said that Western culture entered

1950-675: The US and settled in New York City, where he continued to develop his personal style and occasionally played alongside free jazz pianist Cecil Taylor. 1964 was the most well-documented year of Ayler's career, during which he recorded many albums, the first of which was Spirits (re-released later as Witches and Devils ) in March of that year. Ayler also began his rich relationship with ESP-Disk Records in 1964, recording his breakthrough album (and ESP's very first jazz album) Spiritual Unity for

2015-404: The aptly titled Spiritual Unity , and his album of spirituals, Goin' Home , which features "meandering" solos that are meant to be treated as meditations on sacred texts, and at some points as "speaking in tongues" with his saxophone. Ayler's experience in the church and exposure to swing jazz artists also impacted his sound: his wide vibrato was similar to that of gospel saxophonists, who sought

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2080-458: The artistic vanguard oppose high culture and reject the artifice of mass culture , because the avant-garde functionally oppose the dumbing down of society — be it with low culture or with high culture . That in a capitalist society each medium of mass communication is a factory producing artworks, and is not a legitimate artistic medium; therefore, the products of mass culture are kitsch , simulations and simulacra of Art. Walter Benjamin in

2145-472: The artists and writers whose innovations in style, form, and subject-matter challenge the artistic and aesthetic validity of the established forms of art and the literary traditions of their time; thus, the artists who created the anti-novel and Surrealism were ahead of their times. As a stratum of the intelligentsia of a society, avant-garde artists promote progressive and radical politics and advocate for societal reform with and through works of art. In

2210-490: The avant-garde push the aesthetic boundaries of societal norms , such as the disruptions of modernism in poetry, fiction, and drama, painting, music, and architecture, that occurred in the late 19th and in the early 20th centuries. In art history the socio-cultural functions of avant-garde art trace from Dada (1915–1920s) through the Situationist International (1957–1972) to the postmodernism of

2275-416: The category of avant-gardists include Elliott Carter , Milton Babbitt , György Ligeti , Witold Lutosławski , and Luciano Berio , since "their modernism was not conceived for the purpose of goading an audience." The 1960s saw a wave of free and avant-garde music in jazz genre, embodied by artists such as Ornette Coleman , Sun Ra , Albert Ayler , Archie Shepp , John Coltrane and Miles Davis . In

2340-416: The cultural values of contemporary bourgeois society . In the U.S. of the 1960s, the post–WWII changes to American culture and society allowed avant-garde artists to produce works of art that addressed the matters of the day, usually in political and sociologic opposition to the cultural conformity inherent to popular culture and to consumerism as a way of life and as a worldview . In The Theory of

2405-520: The end of "Love Cry" from the album of the same name ); however, his singing on later albums such as New Grass and Music Is the Healing Force of the Universe has been the subject of some derision. Val Wilmer referred to his singing as "tortuous", and critics have stated that "his words and vocal delivery are truly frightening", describing him as having "a bellowing, untrained voice that

2470-514: The essay " The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction " (1939) and Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer in the Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947) said that the artifice of mass culture voids the artistic value (the aura ) of a work of art. That the capitalist culture industry (publishing and music, radio and cinema, etc.) continually produces artificial culture for mass consumption, which

2535-596: The essay "The Artist, the Scientist, and the Industrialist" (1825), Benjamin Olinde Rodrigues 's political usage of vanguard identified the moral obligation of artists to "serve as [the] avant-garde" of the people, because "the power of the arts is, indeed, the most immediate and fastest way" to realise social, political, and economic reforms. In the realm of culture, the artistic experiments of

2600-420: The following concerning Coltrane's album Meditations : "The father, son, and holy ghost. What Coltrane was talking about there - maybe it was a biblical term: he was the father, Pharoah was the son, and I was the holy ghost. And only he could tell me things like that." For the next two-and-a-half years Ayler began to move from a mostly improvisatory style to one that focused more closely on compositions. This

2665-621: The free jazz period in the 1960s, perform in the installation, a recreation of 1960s French television. In 1990, pianist Giorgio Gaslini released Ayler's Wings , a CD consisting entirely of solo interpretations of Ayler's compositions. In 1999, John Lurie of the Lounge Lizards released a piece titled "The Resurrection of Albert Ayler". Composer and guitarist Marc Ribot recorded an album dedicated to Ayler's Spiritual Unity in 2005 with former Ayler bassist and free jazz leader Henry Grimes . Ayler's tune "Ghosts" has been recorded by

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2730-535: The mediocrity of mass culture , which political disconnection transformed being an artist into "a profession, one of whose aspects is the pretense of overthrowing [the profession of being an artist]." Avant-garde is frequently defined in contrast to arrière-garde , which in its original military sense refers to a rearguard force that protects the advance-guard. The term was less frequently used than "avant-garde" in 20th-century art criticism. The art historians Natalie Adamson and Toby Norris argue that arrière-garde

2795-405: The members of this trio, along with trumpet player Don Cherry , alto saxophonist John Tchicai , and trombonist Roswell Rudd , collaborated in recording New York Eye and Ear Control , a freely improvised soundtrack to Canadian artist and filmmaker Michael Snow 's film of the same name. During this time, Ayler began to garner some attention from critics, although he was not able to foster much of

2860-534: The narrow genre of "free jazz", along with the aforementioned legends. The so-called "titans" of free jazz in the 21st century who play saxophone, such as Charles Gayle , Ken Vandermark , Peter Brötzmann , and the late David S. Ware , were all heavily influenced by Albert Ayler. Ayler was also a crucial influence on some of his renowned contemporaries such as Frank Lowe , Rev. Frank Wright , Charles Tyler (on Ayler's album Bells ), Marion Brown , and Frank Smith (on ESP-Disk Burton Greene Quartet ). Ayler developed

2925-599: The nickname of "Little Bird", after Charlie "Bird" Parker , in the small Cleveland jazz scene. In 1952, at the age of 16, Ayler began playing bar-walking, honking, R&B -style tenor with blues singer and harmonica player Little Walter , spending two summer vacations with Walter's band. In 1958, after graduating from high school, Ayler joined the United States Army, where he switched from alto to tenor sax and jammed with other enlisted musicians, including tenor saxophonist Stanley Turrentine . Ayler also played in

2990-525: The readers to share the message of Revelations, insisting that "This is very important. The time is now." Noah Howard recalled seeing Ayler that summer, wearing gloves and a full-length fur coat despite the heat, his face covered in Vaseline, and saying "Got to protect myself." His final album, Music Is the Healing Force of the Universe , featured rock musicians such as Henry Vestine of Canned Heat alongside jazz musicians like pianist Bobby Few . This

3055-506: The recording of Ascension in June 1965 (after Ayler had sent him copies of his albums Ghosts and Spiritual Unity ), Coltrane "called Ayler and told him, 'I recorded an album and found that I was playing just like you.' Albert's reply: 'No man, don't you see, you were playing like yourself. You were just feeling what I feel and were just crying out for spiritual unity." While in Antibes

3120-709: The regiment band, along with future composer Harold Budd . In 1959 he was stationed in France, where he was further exposed to the martial music that would be a core influence on his later work. After his discharge from the army, Ayler tried to find work in Los Angeles and Cleveland, but his increasingly iconoclastic playing, which had moved away from traditional harmony, was not welcomed by traditionalists. Ayler relocated to Sweden in 1962, where his recording career began, leading Swedish and Danish groups on radio sessions and jamming as an unpaid member of Cecil Taylor 's band in

3185-593: The rock music of the 1970s, the "art" descriptor was generally understood to mean "aggressively avant-garde" or "pretentiously progressive". Post-punk artists from the late 1970s rejected traditional rock sensibilities in favor of an avant-garde aesthetic. Whereas the avant-garde has a significant history in 20th-century music, it is more pronounced in theatre and performance art, and often in conjunction with music and sound design innovations, as well as developments in visual media design. There are movements in theatre history that are characterized by their contributions to

3250-576: The same room. Various recollections have placed Coltrane watching Ayler and Cecil Taylor at the Take 3 Coffeehouse in the West Village in the fall of 1963; watching Ayler and Eric Dolphy together at the Half Note sometime that year; inviting Ayler onstage at the Half Note in March 1964; hearing Ayler's group with Rashied Ali at a little performance space at 27 Cooper Square in early 1965." Following

3315-399: The sounds that fall between the notes in a traditional scale. This technique was best showcased when he played, as he often did, without a piano, backed only by bass and drums. Ayler also resisted the standard swing beat, and instead built momentum through the frenetic speed of his improvisatory lines, which he forcefully overblew from his saxophone. Jazz historian Ted Gioia describes Ayler as

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3380-518: The then-fledgling record label. ESP-Disk came to play an integral role in recording and disseminating free jazz. Spiritual Unity featured the trio that Ayler had just assembled that summer, including bassist Gary Peacock and drummer Sunny Murray . The liner notes of Spiritual Unity include a brief description of the musicians on that day, July 10, 1964, in the Variety Arts Recording Studio: On July 17, 1964,

3445-617: The trumpet. Donald played with Albert until he experienced a debilitating nervous breakdown in 1967. In 1966 Ayler was signed to Impulse Records at the urging of Coltrane, the label's star attraction at that time. But even on Impulse, Ayler's radically different music never found a sizable audience. Ayler's first set for Impulse was recorded a few weeks before Christmas in 1966, entitled Albert Ayler in Greenwich Village . Ayler performed with his brother, Michel Samson, Beaver Harris , Henry Grimes , and Bill Folwell, while Coltrane

3510-622: The two men was a very special one. They talked to each other constantly by telephone and by telegram and Coltrane was heavily influenced by the younger man." Coltrane first heard Ayler in 1962, after which he told Ayler that "he had heard himself playing like that in a dream once." In February of the following year, Ayler sat in with Coltrane's group for the first time during a gig at the Jazz Temple in Cleveland, Ohio . Beginning that year, "Coltrane and Ayler, when both in New York, were often in

3575-450: The winter of 1962–63. (Long-rumored tapes of Ayler performing with Taylor's group were released by Revenant Records in 2004, as part of a 10-CD set .) The album My Name Is Albert Ayler is a session of standards recorded for a Copenhagen radio station with local musicians including Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen and drummer Ronnie Gardiner, with Ayler playing tenor and soprano on tracks such as " Summertime ". In 1963, Ayler returned to

3640-521: Was a return to his blues-roots with very heavy rock influences, but did feature more of Ayler's signature timbre variations and energetic solos than the unsuccessful New Grass . In July 1970, Ayler returned to the free jazz idiom for a group of shows in France (including at the Fondation Maeght , documented on Nuits de la Fondation Maeght ), but the band he was able to assemble (Call Cobbs, bassist Steve Tintweiss and drummer Allen Blairman )

3705-471: Was clearly aligned with the beliefs of jazz saxophonist John Coltrane , who was profoundly affected by the "otherworldly" sounds of Ayler's music. This effect is especially evident in Coltrane's albums Meditations and Stellar Regions . (Coltrane served as a mentor throughout Ayler's life, providing financial and professional support.) This intensity, the extremes to which Ayler took his tenor saxophone,

3770-426: Was first taught alto saxophone by his father Edward, who was a semiprofessional saxophonist and violinist. Edward and Albert played alto saxophone duets in church and often listened to jazz records together, including swing era jazz and then-new bop albums. Ayler's upbringing in the church had a great impact on his life and music, and much of his music can be understood as an attempt to express his spirituality, including

3835-477: Was in attendance. For a tune titled "For John Coltrane", Ayler returned to the alto saxophone for the first time in years. Ayler first sang on a recording in a version of "Ghosts" performed in Paris in 1966, in which his vocal style was similar to that of his saxophone, with an eerie disregard for pitch. Ayler continued to experiment with vocals for the rest of his career (see, for example, the wordless vocalising near

3900-479: Was largely a result of pressures from Impulse who, unlike ESP-Disk, placed heavier emphasis on accessibility than artistic expression. In 1967 and 1968, Ayler recorded three LPs that featured the lyrics and vocals of his girlfriend Mary Maria Parks and introduced regular chord changes, funky beats, and electronic instruments. Ayler himself sang on his album New Grass , which hearkened back to his roots in R&;B as

3965-699: Was not regarded as being of the caliber of his earlier groups. Ayler disappeared on November 5, 1970, and he was found dead in New York City's East River on November 25, a presumed suicide. For some time afterwards, rumors circulated that Ayler had been murdered, with a long-standing urban legend that the Mafia had tied him to a jukebox. Ayler routinely showcased his highly untraditional personal saxophone style in very conventional musical contexts, including children's songs, march melodies, and gospel hymns. However, Ayler's wild energy and intense improvisations transformed them into something nearly unrecognizable. Ayler took

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4030-461: Was recorded on September 23, 1965, at Judson Hall in New York City, and features a much larger band than the sparse trio of his earlier album Spiritual Unity . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music describes Spirits Rejoice as a "riotous, hugely emotional and astonishingly creative celebration of the urge to make noise." Both albums feature Albert's brother, trumpet player Donald Ayler , who translated his brother's expansive approach to improvisation to

4095-472: Was responsible for New Grass : 'They told me to do this. Bob Thiele . You think I would do that? He said, "Look Albert, you gotta get with the young generation now. " ' " ) New Grass begins with the track "Message from Albert", in which Ayler speaks directly to his listener, explaining that this album was nothing like his ones before it, that was of "a different dimension in [his] life." He claims that, "through meditation, dreams, and visions, [he has] been made

4160-403: Was the king". Canadian artist Stan Douglas 's video installation Hors-champs (meaning "off-screen") addresses the political context of free jazz in the 1960s, as an extension of black consciousness . Improvising Ayler's "Spirits Rejoice", four American musicians, George E. Lewis (trombone), Douglas Ewart (saxophone), Kent Carter (bass) and Oliver Johnson (drums), who lived in France during

4225-406: Was wavering at its most controlled," and delivering lyrics in "a manic wail". In 1967, John Coltrane died of liver cancer, and Ayler was asked to perform at his funeral. (One of Coltrane's last wishes was that Ayler and Ornette Coleman should play at his funeral.) It is said that during his performance, Ayler ripped his saxophone from his mouth at two points: once, to emit a cry of anguish, the other

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