Albert Katz ( Hebrew : אברהם אלברט כ״ץ ; 17 July 1858 – 16 December 1923), also known by the pen name Ish ha-Ruaḥ ( Hebrew : איש הרוח ), was a Polish -born rabbi, writer, and journalist.
101-683: Albert Katz was born in Lodz , and studied at the yeshivot of Lublin and Vilna before moving to Berlin in 1881. He served as a rabbi in Fürstenwalde from April 1883 to 1886, and for Congregation Ohel Yitzḥak in Berlin from April 1886 to 1887. From 1887 he devoted himself exclusively to writing. Together with Willy Bambus [ de ] , Katz founded the periodical Serubabel (1886–88), which promoted Jewish settlement in Israel. In 1890 he
202-485: A shiur , a lecture delivered as a discursive-review. At some institutions, the Talmud is directly studied, as at men's yeshivot , if less intensively; others treat Talmud similar to seminaries, as below. Regardless, Halachah will generally be studied with practice in view, as opposed to the yeshiva approach , where the derivation is from Talmudic sources through codification . At Matan , Nishmat and Lindenbaum,
303-505: A Mesivta or Bais Yaakov ; see Torah Umesorah . Modern Orthodox typically spend a year, often two, post-high school in a yeshiva (sometimes Hesder ) or Midrasha in Israel. Many thereafter, or instead, attend Yeshiva University , undertaking a dual curriculum, combining academic education with Torah study; see Torah Umadda , and S. Daniel Abraham Israel Program . (A percentage stay in Israel, "making Aliyah "; many also go on to higher education in other American colleges.) Semikha
404-691: A Talmud Torah or cheder , post-bar mitzvah-age students learn in a yeshiva ketana (Hebrew: ישיבה קטנה , lit. 'small yeshiva' or 'minor yeshiva'), and high-school-age students learn in a yeshiva gedola . A kollel is a yeshiva for married men, in which it is common to pay a token stipend to its students. Students of Lithuanian and Hasidic yeshivot gedolot (plural of yeshiva gedola ) usually learn in yeshiva until they get married. Historically, yeshivas were for men only. Today, all non-Orthodox yeshivas are open to women. Although there are separate schools for Orthodox women and girls, ( midrasha or "seminary" ) these do not follow
505-509: A community kollel . Many Hasidic sects have their own yeshivas, such as Satmar and Bobov , while Chabad operates its Tomchei Temimim nationwide. The first Sephardic yeshiva in the Americas was Yeshivat Mikdash Melech, established in 1972 by Rabbi Haim Benoliel. (In 1988, the yeshiva opened a branch in Israel, Mikdash Melech Jerusalem, to serve English-speaking Sephardic students.) There are over today 600 junior and high schools, typically
606-588: A pluralistic ordination to both men and women. In the United States , the term Midrasha is relatedly used for programs where high school students can continue their Jewish education post bar / bat mitzvah . Within the Orthodox community, continuing-education programs for women, similar to these, are also commonly offered. Many (diaspora) synagogues host a "campus midrasha" or suchlike, offering scheduled daily classes on various topics; many also host
707-728: A " Community Kollel ", which has a corresponding function, and offers adult education to both men and women (usually separately). In Israel, popular offerings are those of Matan and Emunah , while Midreshet Afikim is a program for high-school students; Mizrachi's "Lapidot" program, among others, comprises weekly training for teachers in Mishna, Gemara and Halacha, and Machshava . The London School of Jewish Studies ' Women's Midrasha series similarly provides regular text-based classes; other UK based programs include "Ma'ayan", emphasizing Tahara , and "Bradfield", preparing community educators and leaders. In South Africa , " Isha Bekia "
808-785: A "yeshiva". World War II and the Holocaust brought the yeshivot of Eastern and Central Europe to an end; although many scholars and rabbinic students who survived the war established yeshivot in Israel as well a number of Western countries. The Yeshiva of Nitra was the last surviving in occupied Europe. Many students and faculty of the Mir Yeshiva were able to escape to Siberia, with the Yeshiva ultimately continuing to operate in Shanghai ; see Yeshivas in World War II . From
909-686: A Haredi track; there are several colleges of education associated with Hesder and the Midrashot (these often offer specializations in Tanakh and Machshavah – discussed below ). See Religious Zionism § Educational institutions . The first Orthodox yeshiva in the U.S. was Etz Chaim of New York (1886), modeled after Volozhin. It developed into the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary (1896; "RIETS") and eventually Yeshiva University in 1945. It
1010-569: A Rabbinic Judge). The certification in question is often conferred by the Rosh Yeshiva. Mercaz Harav , the foundational and leading Religious-Zionist yeshiva was established in 1924 by Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook . Many in the Religious Zionist community today attend a Hesder yeshiva (discussed below ) during their national service ; these offer a kollel for Rabbinical students. (Students generally prepare for
1111-542: A college degree for their yeshiva studies. Yeshiva University in New York provides a year's worth of credit for yeshiva studies. Institutions with similar arrangements in place include Lander College for Men , Yeshivas Ner Yisroel and Hebrew Theological College . As above , some American yeshivot in fact award the degrees Bachelor of Talmudic Law (4 years cumulative study), Master of Rabbinic Studies / Master of Talmudic Law (six years), and (at Ner Yisroel )
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#17327941443901212-436: A duration of five months (six in a Jewish leap year ). Summer zman starts after Passover and lasts until Rosh Chodesh Av or Tisha B'Av , a duration of about three months. Yeshiva students prepare for and review the shiur (lecture) with their chavruta during a study session known as a seder . In contrast to conventional classroom learning, in which a teacher lectures to the student, chavruta -style learning requires
1313-401: A kollel. (In 2018, there were 133,000 in full-time learning . ) Kollel studies usually focus on deep analysis of Talmud, and those Tractates not usually covered in the standard "undergraduate" program; see § Talmud study below. Some Kollels similarly focus on halacha in total, others specifically on those topics required for Semikha (Rabbinic ordination) or Dayanut (qualification as
1414-593: A means to the end of inspiring emotional devekut (spiritual attachment to God) and mystical enthusiasm. In this context, the personal pilgrimage of a Hasid to his Rebbe is a central feature of spiritual life, in order to awaken spiritual fervour. Often, such paths will reserve the Shabbat in the yeshiva for the sweeter teachings of the classic texts of Hasidism. In contrast, Chabad and Breslov , in their different ways, place daily study of their dynasties' Hasidic texts in central focus; see below . Illustrative of this
1515-570: A modified curriculum, generally focusing on leadership and pastoral roles. These are JSLI , RSI , PRS and Ateret Tzvi . The Wolkowisk Mesifta is aimed at community professionals with significant knowledge and experience, and provides a tailored program to each candidate. Hebrew Union College (HUC), affiliated with Reform Judaism , was founded in 1875 under the leadership of Isaac Mayer Wise in Cincinnati, Ohio. HUC later opened additional locations in New York, Los Angeles, and Jerusalem. It
1616-451: A number of means, including fixed voluntary, annual contributions; these contributions being collected and handled by local leaders appointed by the yeshiva. Private gifts and donations from individuals were also common, especially during holidays, consisting of money or goods. The yeshiva of Jerusalem was finally forced into exile in Cairo in 1127, and eventually dispersed entirely. Likewise,
1717-463: A publication now in the public domain : Singer, Isidore (1904). "Katz, Albert" . In Singer, Isidore ; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia . Vol. 7. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 452. [REDACTED] Media related to Albert Katz at Wikimedia Commons Yeshiva A yeshiva ( / j ə ˈ ʃ iː v ə / ; Hebrew : ישיבה , lit. 'sitting'; pl. ישיבות , yeshivot or yeshivos )
1818-593: A requirement of at least ten courses in Judaism ). Machon Tal , associated with JCT, the Jerusalem College of Technology , similarly offers degrees in engineering and management. Female faculty at Midrashot often hold Doctorates , usually from Bar-Ilan. Most Seminaries and midrashot for English-speaking students are accredited by American colleges; (see Yeshiva § College credit ). Some offer second-year programs with religious-studies classes in
1919-509: A second year is sometimes offered. Programs often emphasize Machshavah , deepening their students' religious identity at this life-stage; this may include specific study of the writings of Rav Kook , and/or Torat Eretz Yisrael in general. At Midrashot , the treatment of the Tanakh and Machshavah , is typically text-focused, built around chavruta -based study as at yeshivot . This entails paired-study where assigned sources are prepared for
2020-555: A trip to Poland is scheduled to memorealize the Holocaust . Some institutions accommodate the newly observant with similar year-programs, designed to build foundational knowledge and skills; well known are Neve Yerushalayim , Mayanot , and Machon Roni ; Machon Chana is US based. Most Haredi and Hasidic seminaries offer certificates, and sometimes degrees, in Education. In Israel, the two year certificates are jointly through
2121-563: A year or two (" shana bet " ) following high school; several midrashot and seminaries offer specific programs here, for example Shana Ba'aretz at Nishmat, or the "Overseas Program" at Midreshet HaRova . Additional to Torah study, as above, these programs often include an element of yediat ha'aretz ("knowledge of the Land") comprising touring of Israel , Shabbatons in various communities, seminars with journalists and politicians, and typically volunteer work in local schools and hospitals; often
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#17327941443902222-625: Is Pirkei Avot , comprising ethical teachings and maxims . These institutions relatedly assign less weight to textual skills, with content delivered primarily via lecture. As appropriate to the program in question, formal teacher training and certification is often provided. Parallel to their academic content, most Seminaries also focus on the role of women in Torah (several Midrashot similarly), covering topics such as Tzniut (modesty), Shalom Bayit ("domestic harmony") and Chinuch (education of one's children), and preparing students for
2323-535: Is Sholom Dovber Schneersohn's wish in establishing the Chabad yeshiva system, that the students should spend a part of the daily curriculum learning Chabad Hasidic texts "with pilpul ". The idea to learn Hasidic mystical texts with similar logical profundity, derives from the unique approach in the works of the Rebbes of Chabad, initiated by its founder Schneur Zalman of Liadi , to systematically investigate and articulate
2424-800: Is a rabbinical seminary or college mostly geared for the training of rabbis and clergy specifically. Similarly, the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College of Reconstructionist Judaism , founded in Pennsylvania in 1968, functions to train its future clergy. Some Reform and Reconstructionist teachers also teach at the non-denominational seminaries mentioned above. In Europe, Reform Judaism trains rabbis at Leo Baeck College in London, UK and Abraham Geiger Kolleg in Potsdam, Germany. None of these institutions describes itself as
2525-486: Is a textual-skill centered program. Various other institutions, as outlined, are also titled "Midrasha", here referring to their focus on seeking knowledge . ''Eshkolot'' [ he ] , an umbrella organization for regional educational tour centers focused on Jewish-Israeli identity awareness, operates " midrashot " aimed at knowledge of the Land of Israel . Midreshet Ben-Gurion – also known as Midreshet Sde Boker –
2626-414: Is a traditional Jewish educational institution focused on the study of Rabbinic literature , primarily the Talmud and halacha (Jewish law), while Torah and Jewish philosophy are studied in parallel. The studying is usually done through daily shiurim (lectures or classes) as well as in study pairs called chavrusas ( Aramaic for 'friendship' or 'companionship'). Chavrusa -style learning
2727-614: Is an educational center and boarding school in the south, offering nature-focused seminars and field trips. Beit Berl College 's school of art is called " HaMidrasha ". The Israel Institute for Advanced Studies ' Advanced School in Mathematics , is known as the Midrasha Mathematicae , and provides top-level lectures on recent developments and innovations in various mathematical topics. Re Oranim Academic College of Education: Established in 1951 as Seminar Oranim, it
2828-472: Is an institute of Torah study for women of post-high-school age, somewhat equivalent to a men's yeshiva ; most are located in Israel . The midrasha is also somewhat parallel to a "women's seminary " (Hebrew סמינר "seminar", sometimes "seminaria" ), which functions in a similar form. While the terms may sometimes become interchangeable, "midrashot" are commonly linked to Religious Zionism , while
2929-457: Is available to consult to students on difficult points in their day's Talmudic studies. The rabbi responsible for the Talmudic shiur is known as a maggid shiur . Students are known as talmidim (sing. talmid ). Rav muvhak is sometimes used in reference to one's primary teacher; correspondingly, talmid muvhak may refer to a primary, or outstanding, student. In most yeshivot, the year
3030-558: Is based on the term beit midrash , "house of study"; the root דרש means "to seek [knowledge]", and is then generalized to mean "expound". It is cognate with the Arabic " madrasah ," which also refers to a place of learning. A midrasha that offers degree studies is sometimes titled machon ( מכון , institute) or michlalah ( מכללה , college). Haredi aligned seminaries, such as Beth Jacob Jerusalem and Gateshead Jewish Academy for Girls , are modeled on
3131-403: Is delivered through a " shiur ", a discursive-lecture with pre-specified sources, or " marei mekomot " (מראה מקומות; "bibliography", lit. "indication of the (textual) locations"); study in general, and particularly the preparation for shiur , takes place in " chavruta " or paired-study. This study is in a common venue called the bet midrash ( Yiddish , "zal" i.e. "hall"). The institution
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3232-537: Is divided into three periods (terms) called zmanim (lit. times; sing. zman ). Elul zman starts from the beginning of the Hebrew month of Elul and extends until the end of Yom Kippur . The six-weeks-long semester is the shortest yet most intense session, as it comes before the High Holidays of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Winter zman starts after Sukkot and lasts until about two weeks before Passover ,
3333-517: Is headed by its rosh yeshiva , while other senior rabbis are referred to as "Ram" ( rosh mesivta or reish metivta ); the mashgiach assumes responsibility for students' spiritual development ( mashpia , in Hasidic yeshivot). A kollel is headed by its rosh kollel , even when it is part of a yeshiva. A sho'el u'meishiv (Hebrew: שואל ומשיב ; lit. transl. ask and he answers; often simply " meishiv ", or alternately " nosay v'notayn ")
3434-683: Is known as Tomchei Temimim . Many prominent contemporary yeshivot in the U.S. and Israel are continuations of European institutions, and often bear the same name. Yeshivot in Israel have operated since Talmudic times, as above ; see Talmudic academies in Eretz Yisrael . More recent examples include the Ari Ashkenazi Synagogue (since the mid-1500s); the Bet El yeshiva (operating since 1737); and Etz Chaim Yeshiva (since 1841). Various yeshivot were established in Israel in
3535-483: Is one of the unique features of the yeshiva. In the United States and Israel , different levels of yeshiva education have different names. In the U.S., elementary-school students enroll in a cheder , post- bar mitzvah -age students learn in a mesivta , and undergraduate-level students learn in a beit midrash or yeshiva gedola ( Hebrew : ישיבה גדולה , lit. 'large yeshiva' or 'great yeshiva'). In Israel, elementary-school students enroll in
3636-511: Is to be found around the Jewish world, with regional differences; see Category:Orthodox yeshivas in Europe and Category:Orthodox yeshivas by country . This schedule is generally maintained Sunday through Thursday. On Thursday nights, there may be an extra long night seder, known as mishmar sometimes lasting beyond 1:00 am, and in some yeshivot even until the following sunrise. On Fridays, there
3737-416: Is usually at least one seder in the morning, with unstructured learning schedules for the afternoon. Saturdays have a special Shabbat schedule which includes some sedarim but usually no shiur. Yeshiva study is differentiated from, for example university study, by several features, apart from the curriculum. The year is structured into " zmanim "; the day is structured into " seders ". The learning itself
3838-456: Is usually through RIETS, although many Modern Orthodox Rabbis study through Hesder , or other Yeshivot in Israel such as Yeshivat HaMivtar , Mizrachi's Musmachim program, and Machon Ariel. RIETS also houses several post-semikha kollelim, including one focused on Dayanut . Dayanim also train through Kollel Eretz Hemda and Machon Ariel; while Mizrachi's post-semikha Manhigut Toranit program focuses on leadership and scholarship, with
3939-559: The "laws of speech" , are usually taught separately. The Jewish holidays are similarly often studied as a separate topic, " Ma'agal Hashana ", in terms of both philosophy and Halacha ; and Tefillah , "prayer", is covered likewise. Depending on the institution's stance, the weight and role assigned to Talmud particularly, and in fact to textual-skills generally, will differ re men's yeshivot, and between schools. In Israel, young women attend Midrasha for one year, either before or following their Sherut Leumi (national civic service);
4040-606: The Academy for Jewish Religion in New York and of the Rabbinical School of Hebrew College in Newton Centre , Massachusetts also includes many Conservative rabbis. See also Institute of Traditional Judaism . More recently, several non-traditional, and nondenominational (also called "transdenominational" or "postdenominational") seminaries have been established. These grant semikha in a shorter time, and with
4141-729: The Bais Yaakov movement's teacher-training seminary established by Sarah Schenirer in 1923; today, "Beis Yaakov" will typically refer to high school, while "seminary" is a term used for a post-high school institution. Outside of Europe, the Beis Yaakov Seminary, Tel Aviv was founded in 1933, and Jerusalem's Beis Yaakov Institute for Teachers in 1939; the first Seminary in the USA was established by Vichna Kaplan in Williamsburg, Brooklyn in 1941; Gateshead Seminary in
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4242-730: The Bernard Revel Graduate School of Jewish Studies . In recent years some midrashot offer specialized programs in Halacha, comprising Talmud-intensive source study, with certifying examinations on the relevant sections of codified law in the Shulchan Aruch . Nishmat trains women as Yoatzot Halacha , advisors in the laws of Tahara , or Family purity ; Lindenbaum, through a joint program, prepares women as to'anot , advocates in religious courts for matters relating to divorce . Three programs mirror
4343-719: The Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva established in Poland in 1930 by Meir Shapiro , who is renowned in both Hasidic and Lithuanian Jewish circles for initiating the Daf Yomi daily cycle of Talmud study. (For contemporary yeshivas , see, for example, under Satmar , Belz , Bobov , Breslov and Pupa .) In many Hasidic yeshivas , study of Hasidic texts is a secondary activity, similar to the additional mussar curriculum in Lithuanian yeshivas. These paths see Hasidism as
4444-829: The Ein Prat Midrasha and the Midrasha at the Oranim Academic College (see below); elsewhere, the Melton School 's Midrasha in Cape Town . Other non-orthodox programs for women (usually egalitarian) include those at " Pardes ", which offers various learning formats worldwide, and Mechon Hadar a Conservative -aligned beth midrash in New York. Oranim, in partnership with the Shalom Hartman Institute , in fact offers
4545-717: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York City) that emulate the style of traditional yeshivas in significant ways. Many do not officially refer to themselves as "yeshivas" (one exception is the Conservative Yeshiva in Jerusalem), and all are open to both women and men, who study in the same classrooms and follow the same curriculum. Students may study part-time, as in a kollel, or full-time, and they may study lishmah (for
4646-514: The Kairuan yeshiva in Tunisia (Hebrew: ישיבת קאירואן) that was established by Chushiel Ben Elchanan (Hebrew: חושיאל בן אלחנן) in 974. Traditionally, every town rabbi had the right to maintain a number of full or part-time pupils in the town's beth midrash (study hall), which was usually adjacent to the synagogue. Their cost of living was covered by community taxation. After a number of years,
4747-731: The Semikha test of the Chief Rabbinate of Israel ; until his recent passing (2020) commonly for that of the posek R. Zalman Nechemia Goldberg .) Training as a Dayan in this community is usually through Machon Ariel ( Machon Harry Fischel ), also founded by Rav Kook, or Kollel Eretz Hemda . Women in this community, as above, study in a Midrasha . High school students study at Mamlachti dati schools, often associated with Bnei Akiva . Bar Ilan University allows students to combine Yeshiva studies with university study; Jerusalem College of Technology similarly, which also offers
4848-793: The Szold Institute , and are recognized by the Israel Ministry of Education as equivalent to the national matriculation . Chabad 's Beth Rivkah offers a B.A. and M.A. jointly with the Shaanan Religious College of Education ; "Beth Chanah", its affiliated program in Tzfat and Jerusalem, offers a 2-year certificate. JCT's Lustig Campus in Ramat Gan hosts degree programs for Haredi and Hasidic women; see also The Haredi Campus – The Academic College Ono . In
4949-624: The UK , was founded in 1944. The Rika Breuer Teachers Seminary – of the Breuers / Khal Adath Jeshurun community – was established in the 1960s and operated for over 40 years. Additionally, Bais Medrash L'Morim was established in 1864 by Seligman Baer Bamberger ; and "Yavneh", a women's seminary established in 1930 in association with the Telshe Yeshiva . The Religious Zionist and Modern Orthodox midrashot began to be established in
5050-552: The "Torah of the Baal Shem Tov " in intellectual forms. Further illustrative of this is the differentiation in Chabad thought (such as the "Tract on Ecstasy" by Dovber Schneuri ) between general Hasidism's emphasis on emotional enthusiasm and the Chabad ideal of intellectually reserved ecstasy. In the Breslov movement, in contrast, the daily study of works from the imaginative, creative radicalism of Nachman of Breslov awakens
5151-406: The "rigid Lithuanian model" that demanded full-time study; it now offers a Bachelor of Talmudic Law degree which allows students to go on to graduate school . The best known of the numerous Haredi yeshivas are, additional to "Lakewood", Telz, "Rabbinical Seminary of America" , Ner Yisroel , Chaim Berlin, and Hebrew Theological College ; Yeshivish (i.e. satellite) communities often maintain
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#17327941443905252-615: The Central Lubavitcher Yeshiva has over 1000 students. The postwar establishment of Ashkenazi yeshivot and kollelim parallels that in Israel; as does the educational pattern in the American Haredi community , although more obtain a secular education at the college level . Beth Medrash Govoha in Lakewood , New Jersey with 3,000 students in the early 2000s was founded in 1943 by R. Aaron Kotler on
5353-672: The Doctorate in Talmudic Law (10 years). These degrees are nationally accredited by the Association of Advanced Rabbinical and Talmudic Schools , and may then grant access to graduate programs such as law school. Non-Orthodox institutions, typically, require that students earn a master's degree , inherent in the Ordination program. The program is then often credit-based , and may require a thesis. For further discussion on
5454-540: The Geonic Period there were three yeshivot, each named for the cities in which they were located: Jerusalem , Sura , and Pumbedita ; the yeshiva of Jerusalem would later relocate to Cairo , and the yeshivot of Sura and Pumbedita to Baghdad , but retain their original names. Each Jewish community would associate itself with one of the three yeshivot; Jews living around the Mediterranean typically followed
5555-727: The Rabbinate 's ordination requirement for men: Ein Hanetziv trains students as "Teachers of Halacha", Lindenbaum in "Halachik leadership" and Matan as "Halachik Respondents ". Yeshiva University's "GPATS", offers women graduate-students a Master's program in advanced Talmud and Halacha, such that they are "credentialed" for communal leadership roles. As above, the term " midrasha " is sometimes used for pluralistic , as opposed to orthodox , institutions for Torah study . These are usually structured around continuing / adult education , and accept both men and women. Examples in Israel are
5656-641: The Religious Zionist community, women often continue their studies at one of the midrasha-affiliated teacher training colleges , which offer an intensive Torah-program in conjunction with the B.Ed. degree; ( master's level ) specializations are often offered in Tanakh or Machshavah . The year in Midrasha is sometimes integrated with the college program. Bar-Ilan University operates a midrasha , and students in all disciplines may then continue Torah study in parallel with their academic studies (with
5757-541: The United States and Israel are continuations of these institutions, and often bear the same name. In the 19th century, Israel Salanter initiated the Mussar movement in non-Hasidic Lithuanian Jewry, which sought to encourage yeshiva students and the wider community to spend regular times devoted to the study of Jewish ethical works. Concerned by the new social and religious changes of the Haskalah (the Jewish Enlightenment ), and other emerging political ideologies (such as Zionism ) that often opposed traditional Judaism,
5858-442: The advanced semikha of "Rav Ir" . Communities will often host a Torah MiTzion kollel, where Hesder graduates learn and teach, generally for one year. There are numerous Modern Orthodox Jewish day schools , typically offering a beit midrash / metivta program in parallel with the standard curriculum , (often) structured such that students are able to join the first shiur in an Israeli yeshiva. The US educational pattern
5959-420: The benefit of the new spiritual focus in Hasidism, and developed their alternative ethical approach to spirituality. Some variety developed within Lithuanian yeshivas to methods of studying Talmud and mussar , for example whether the emphasis would be placed on beki'ut (breadth) or iyyun (depth). Pilpul , a type of in-depth analytical and casuistic argumentation popular from the 16th to 18th centuries that
6060-399: The choice of texts in such yeshivas. In 1854, the Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau was founded. It was headed by Zecharias Frankel , and was viewed as the first educational institution associated with "positive-historical Judaism", the predecessor of Conservative Judaism . In subsequent years, Conservative Judaism established a number of other institutions of higher learning (such as
6161-670: The contemporary integration of secular education, see: Jewish education § Secular education emphasis , Mesivta § Modern-day concept and Controversy over secular education in New York Hasidic schools . For historical context see: Moses Sofer § Influence against changes in Judaism ; Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary ; Volozhin yeshiva § History ; Telshe Yeshiva § History ; Vilna Rabbinical School and Teachers' Seminary ; Yitzchok Hutner § Rabbinic and teaching career ; Torah Lehranstalt § History ; Kelm Talmud Torah ; Yitzchak Yaacov Reines § Biography . Torah study at an Orthodox yeshiva comprises
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#17327941443906262-490: The differences. With the success of the yeshiva institution in Lithuanian Jewry, the Hasidic world developed their own yeshivas, in their areas of Eastern Europe. These comprised the traditional Jewish focus on Talmudic literature that is central to Rabbinic Judaism , augmented by study of Hasidic philosophy (Hasidism). Examples of these Hasidic yeshivas are the Chabad Lubavitch yeshiva system of Tomchei Temimim , founded by Sholom Dovber Schneersohn in Russia in 1897, and
6363-588: The early 20th century: Shaar Hashamayim in 1906, Chabad's Toras Emes in 1911, Hebron Yeshiva in 1924, Sfas Emes in 1925, Lomza in 1926. After (and during) World War II, numerous other Haredi and Hasidic Yeshivot were re-established there by survivors. The Mir Yeshiva in Jerusalem – today the largest Yeshiva in the world – was established in 1944, by Rabbi Eliezer Yehuda Finkel who had traveled to Palestine to obtain visas for his students; Ponevezh similarly by Rabbi Yosef Shlomo Kahaneman ; and Knesses Chizkiyahu in 1949. The leading Sephardi Yeshiva, Porat Yosef,
6464-440: The head of local congregations. These heads of a congregation served as a link between the congregation and the larger yeshiva it was attached to. These leaders would also submit questions to the yeshiva to obtain final rulings on issues of dogma, ritual, or law. Each congregation was expected to follow only one yeshiva to prevent conflict with different rulings issued by different yeshivot. The yeshivot were financially supported by
6565-449: The late 1970s, parallel to the Hesder yeshivot; these include the Religious Kibbutz Movement 's Midreshet Ein HaNetziv , Midreshet Lindenbaum , and Migdal Oz , sister school of Yeshivat Har Etzion . Precedent, are the Mizrachi Teachers Training College, today's Lifshitz College of Education , which was established in Jerusalem in 1921; the Talpiot Bet Medrash for Teachers in 1937; and Machon Gold in 1958. Lindenbaum, in 1976,
6666-436: The local language. In many American non-Hassidic Yeshivos, the language generally used is English. Students learn with each other in whatever language they are most proficient, with Hasidic students usually learning in Yiddish, Israeli Lithuanian students in Hebrew, and American Lithuanian students in English. Some yeshivas permit students to attend college. Often there are arrangements for the student to receive credit towards
6767-457: The masters of Mussar saw a need to augment Talmudic study with more personal works. These comprised earlier classic Jewish ethical texts ( mussar literature ), as well as a new literature for the movement. After early opposition, the Lithuanian yeshiva world saw the need for this new component in their curriculum, and set aside times for individual mussar study and mussar talks ("mussar shmues"). A mashgiach ruchani (spiritual mentor) encouraged
6868-489: The mid-20th century the greatest number of yeshivot, and the most important were centered in Israel and in the U.S.; they were also found in many other Western countries, prominent examples being Gateshead Yeshiva in England (one of the descendants of Novardok ) and the Yeshiva of Aix-les-Bains , France. The Chabad movement was particularly active in this direction, establishing yeshivot also in France, North Africa, Australia, and South Africa; this "network of institutions"
6969-466: The model either of Porat Yosef or of the Ashkenazi institutions. The Sephardic world has traditionally placed the study of Kabbalah (esoteric Jewish mysticism) in a more mainstream position than in the European Ashkenazi world. This difference of emphasis arose as a result of the Sabbatean heresy in the 17th century, that suppressed widespread study of Kabbalah in Europe in favour of Rabbinic Talmudic study. In Eastern European Lithuanian life, Kabbalah
7070-416: The modern sense; towards the end of the century a school for orphans was founded providing for some rabbinic studies. Early educational institutions on the European model were Midrash Bet Zilkha founded in 1870s Iraq and Porat Yosef Yeshiva founded in Jerusalem in 1914. Also notable is the Bet El yeshiva founded in 1737 in Jerusalem for advanced Kabbalistic studies. Later Sephardic yeshivot are usually on
7171-402: The morning and general-studies classes in the afternoons, allowing students to pursue a religious education with a college degree simultaneously. In the US, the Modern Orthodox Stern College for Women ( Yeshiva University ) combines Torah and University studies, as at Bar-Ilan; the Haredi Lander College for Women similarly. Stern graduates often pursue Torah topics at the Masters level, through
7272-605: The necessary soulfulness with which to approach other Jewish study and observance. Although the yeshiva as an institution is in some ways a continuation of the Talmudic Academies in Babylonia , large scale educational institutions of this kind were not characteristic of the North African and Middle Eastern Sephardi Jewish world in pre-modern times: education typically took place in a more informal setting in
7373-581: The personal development of each student. To some degree, this Lithuanian movement arose in response, and as an alternative, to the separate mystical study of the Hasidic Judaism world. Hasidism began in the previous century within traditional Jewish life in Ukraine, and spread to Hungary, Poland and Russia. As the 19th century brought upheavals and threats to traditional Judaism, the Mussar teachers saw
7474-473: The principal body for interpreting Jewish law . The community regarded the Gaon of a yeshiva as the highest judge on all matters of Jewish law. Each yeshiva ruled differently on matters of ritual and law; the other yeshivot accepted these divisions, and all three ranked as equally orthodox. The yeshiva also served as an administrative authority, in conjunction with local communities, by appointing members to serve as
7575-639: The role of akeres habayis , or "household mainstay". These classes often emphasize "values", as opposed to sources. Hasidic-aligned institutions are positioned in line with the Seminaries; their curricula differ in that they emphasize the works of their respective Rebbe , and their exposure to text is often further limited. Note that some Chabad-affiliated institutions , on the other hand, offer classes in Talmud and text-based Halacha. Many diaspora-based women attend midrasha or "sem" in Israel, for
7676-463: The sake of studying itself) or towards earning rabbinic ordination. Non-denominational yeshivas and kollels with connections to Conservative Judaism include Yeshivat Hadar in New York, whose leaders include Rabbinical Assembly members Elie Kaunfer and Shai Held . The rabbinical school of the Academy for Jewish Religion in California is led by Conservative rabbi Mel Gottlieb. The faculty of
7777-415: The same structure or curriculum as the traditional yeshiva for boys and men. Alternate spellings and names include yeshivah ; metivta and mesivta ( Imperial Aramaic : מתיבתא methivta ); beth midrash ; Talmudical academy, rabbinical academy and rabbinical school. The word yeshiva is applied to the activity of learning in class, and hence to a learning "session." The transference in meaning of
7878-461: The size of the yeshiva, dozens or even hundreds of pairs of chavrutas can be heard discussing and debating each other's viewpoints. Students need to learn the ability to block out other discussions in order to focus on theirs. A post-high school for women is generally called a "seminary", or midrasha (plural midrashot ) in Israel, and not a yeshiva. (Although there are exceptions such as Prospect Park Yeshiva.) The Haredi Bais Yaakov system
7979-479: The student to analyze and explain the material, point out the errors in their partner's reasoning, and question and sharpen each other's ideas, often arriving at entirely new insights of the meaning of the text. A chavruta is intended to help a student keep their mind focused on the learning, sharpen their reasoning powers, develop their thoughts into words, organize their thoughts into logical arguments, and understand another person's viewpoint. The shiur-based system
8080-464: The students who received semikha (rabbinical ordination) would either take up a vacant rabbinical position elsewhere or join the workforce. Organised Torah study was revolutionised by Chaim Volozhin , an influential 18th-century Lithuanian leader of Judaism and disciple of the Vilna Gaon . In his view, the traditional arrangement did not cater to those looking for more intensive study. With
8181-641: The study of rabbinic literature - essentially along the lines established in the Lithuanian Yeshivas as above - principally the Talmud, along with the study of halacha (Jewish law); Musar and Hasidic philosophy are often studied also. In some institutions, classical Jewish philosophy or Kabbalah are formally studied, or the works of individual thinkers (such as Abraham Isaac Kook ). See also Rabbi § Contemporary ordination . Midrasha A Midrasha ( Hebrew : מדרשה ; pl. : midrashot/midrashas ), typically,
8282-532: The support of his teacher, Volozhin gathered interested students and started a yeshiva in the town of Valozhyn , located in modern-day Belarus . The Volozhin yeshiva was closed some 60 years later in 1892 following the Russian government's demands for the introduction of certain secular studies. Thereafter, a number of yeshivot opened in other towns and cities, most notably Slabodka , Panevėžys , Mir , Brisk , and Telz . Many prominent contemporary yeshivot in
8383-405: The synagogue or in the entourage of a famous rabbi. In medieval Spain, and immediately following the expulsion in 1492, there were some schools which combined Jewish studies with sciences such as logic and astronomy, similar to the contemporary Islamic madrasas . In 19th century Jerusalem, a college was typically an endowment for supporting ten adult scholars rather than an educational institution in
8484-457: The term from the learning session to the institution itself appears to have occurred by the time of the Talmudic Academies in Babylonia , Sura and Pumbedita , which were known as shte ha-yeshivot (the two colleges). The Mishnah tractate Megillah contains the law that a town can only be called a city if it supports ten men ( batlanim ) to make up the required quorum for communal prayers. Similarly, every beth din ('house of judgement')
8585-631: The texts of Jewish philosophy, and likewise Tanakh is studied with commentaries. See Midrasha § Curriculum for further discussion. Classes in most Lithuanian and Hasidic yeshivot (throughout the world) are taught in Yiddish ; Kol Torah , established in 1939 in Jerusalem and headed by Shlomo Zalman Auerbach for over 40 years, was the first mainstream Haredi yeshiva to teach in Hebrew, as opposed to Yiddish. Sephardi , Modern Orthodox, Zionist , and baal teshuvah yeshivot use Modern Hebrew or
8686-416: The title given to the heads of the three yeshivas which existed from the third to the thirteenth century. The Geonim acted as the principals of their individual yeshivot, and as spiritual leaders and high judges for the wider communities tied to them. The yeshiva conducted all official business in the name of its Gaon, and all correspondence to or from the yeshiva was addressed directly to the Gaon. Throughout
8787-410: The treatment is Talmud-based; see also Drisha Institute . Seminary programs usually span two years post high-school. Seminaries are typically more conservative in their approach than Midrashot : selections from the Talmud – usually the non-legalistic aggadah – may be studied, but only in the context of other classes, especially philosophy and Musar; the only section of Talmud studied directly
8888-519: The women's "seminaries" are usually associated with Haredi Judaism . The term midrasha may sometimes be used to refer to pluralistic institutions; also referenced are a selection of secular (non-Torah) institutions including Informal education colleges and Israeli field schools focused on nature and ecology. To distinguish, in Israel particularly, the religious focused institutions may be termed "Midrasha Toranit" (Torah Midrasha) or "Midrasha l'Banot" (Girls' Midrasha). The word " midrasha "
8989-645: The yeshiva in Jerusalem, while those living in the Arabian Peninsula and modern-day Iraq and Iran typically followed one of the two yeshivot in Baghdad. There was no requirement for this, and each community could choose to associate with any of the yeshivot. The yeshiva served as the highest educational institution for the Rabbis of this period. In addition to this, the yeshiva wielded great power as
9090-599: The yeshivot of Sura and Pumbedita were dispersed following the Mongol invasions of the 13th century. After this education in Jewish religious studies became the responsibility of individual synagogues . No organization ever came to replace the three great yeshivot of Jerusalem, Sura and Pumbedita. After the Geonic Period Jews established more Yeshiva academies in Europe and in Northern Africa, including
9191-471: Was innovated at the Telshe yeshiva , where there were five levels. Chavruta-style learning tends to be animated, as study partners read the Talmudic text and the commentaries aloud to each other, and then analyze, question, debate, and argue their points of view to arrive at an understanding of the text. In the heat of discussion, they may wave their hands, pound the table, or shout at each other. Depending on
9292-437: Was Haredi, including Sephardic Haredim – supporting numerous yeshivot correspondingly . Boys and girls here attend separate schools, and proceed to higher Torah study, in a yeshiva or seminary, respectively, starting anywhere between the ages of 13 and 18; see Chinuch Atzmai and Bais Yaakov . A significant proportion of young men then remain in yeshiva until their marriage; thereafter many continue their Torah studies in
9393-444: Was attended by a number of pupils up to three times the size of the court ( Mishnah , tractate Sanhedrin ). According to the Talmud , adults generally took two months off every year to study. These being Elul and Adar the months preceding the pilgrimage festivals of Sukkot and Pesach , called Yarḥei Kalla ( Aramaic for ' Months of Kallah '). The rest of the year, they worked. The Geonic period takes its name from Gaon ,
9494-519: Was established in the wake of the immigration of Central and Eastern European Jews (1880s – 1924). Mesivtha Tifereth Jerusalem , founded in 1907, was led by Rabbi Moshe Feinstein from the 1940s through 1986; Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin , est 1904, was headed by Rabbi Yitzchok Hutner from 1943 to 1980. Many Hasidic dynasties have their main Yeshivot in America, typically established in the 1940s;
9595-523: Was founded in 1914; its predecessor, Yeshivat Ohel Moed was founded in 1904. From the 1940s and onward, especially following immigration of the Arabic Jewish communities, Sephardi leaders, such as Ovadia Yosef and Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel , established various yeshivot to facilitate Torah education for Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews (and alternative to Lithuanian yeshivot). The Haredi community has grown with time – In 2018, 12% of Israel's population
9696-836: Was hired as editor of the Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums , eventually becoming its chief editor in 1919. He was also one of the founders of the Vereine für jüdische Literatur und Geschichte of Berlin, and of the Verband der Literatur-Vereine in Hanover (1894), and served as the latter's secretary. He died on 16 December 1923 at his apartment in Pankow , Berlin , and was buried at the Weißensee Cemetery [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from
9797-540: Was part of the Kibbutz Movement and trained educators for every level, with a focus on kibbutz schools, and including for work with new immigrants ; since the mid-1990's it has been accredited as an academic college of education by the Israeli "Council for Higher Education" , expanding and partly refocusing its activities. Oranim operates several programs called Midrasha. The HaMidrasha educational center for
9898-677: Was reserved for an intellectual elite, while the mystical revival of Hasidism articulated Kabbalistic theology through Hasidic thought. These factors did not affect the Sephardi Jewish world, which retained a wider connection to Kabbalah in its traditionally observant communities. With the establishment of Sephardi yeshivas in Israel after the immigration of the Arabic Jewish communities there , some Sephardi yeshivas incorporated study of more accessible Kabbalistic texts into their curriculum. The European prescriptions to restrict advanced Kabbalistic study to mature and elite students also influence
9999-452: Was started in 1918 under the guidance of Sarah Schenirer . These institutions provide girls with a Torah education, using a curriculum that skews more toward practical halakha (Jewish law) and the study of Tanakh , rather than Talmud . The curriculum at Religious Zionist and Modern Orthodox midrashot includes some study of Talmud: often Mishnah, sometimes Gemara ; in further distinction, curricula generally entail chavruta -based study of
10100-488: Was the first established independent of a teacher's college. The largest Midrasha is at Bar-Ilan University , with 800 students in its various programs. Midrashot and seminaries vary in curriculum and hashkafah , or outlook. All cover the Tanakh (Bible), Jewish philosophy (often called "Machshavah" ), practical Halacha (Jewish law; " Halacha LeMaaseh "), and Hasidic philosophy / Musar (character development) ; topics in applied Jewish ethics , such as
10201-526: Was traditionally reserved for investigative Talmudic study, was not always given a place. The new analytical approach of the Brisker method , developed by Chaim Soloveitchik , has become widely popular. Other approaches include those of Mir , Chofetz Chaim , and Telz . In mussar , different schools developed, such as Slabodka and Novhardok , though today, a decline in devoted spiritual self-development from its earlier intensity has to some extent levelled out
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