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81-739: In the first half of the seventeenth century, there was a "University of Painters, Sculptors and Architects" in Turin which in 1652 became the Compagnia di San Luca. In 1678 it was formally refounded as the Academy of Painters, Sculptors and Architects ( Accademia dei Pittori, Scultori e Architetti ) by Marie Jeanne of Savoy , inspired by the Académie Royale de Paris. The establishment of the Royal Academy of painting and sculpture in 1778,

162-497: A century after its first foundation, was among the first events that inaugurated the period of reforms of the reign of Victor Amadeus III under a policy of promotion of culture. It was re-established under the name Albertina in 1833 by Charles Albert of Sardinia , who had architect Giuseppe Talucchi design and realize a new building on the former site of the convent of the Church of San Francesco da Paola. Many paintings were donated by

243-507: A clause stripping the Savoys of their wealth on exile. Emanuele Filiberto acknowledged that his fiancée, whose pregnancy was revealed at the time of the couple's engagement, belonged to a more leftist milieu than his own, a fact which initially displeased his father. Judicially separated since 1976, civilly divorced in 1982, and their marriage religiously annulled in 1987, Amedeo of Aosta's first wife, Princess Claude d'Orléans, revealed that she

324-755: A constitution known as the Statuto Albertino to Piedmont-Sardinia , which remained the basis of the Kingdom's legal system even after Italian unification was achieved and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. The Kingdom of Italy was the first Italian state to include the Italian Peninsula since the fall of the Roman Empire . But when Victor Emmanuel was crowned King of Italy in 1861, his realm did not include

405-576: A firearm during the incident. On 16 June 2006, Vittorio Emanuele was arrested in Varenna and imprisoned in Potenza on charges of corruption and recruitment of prostitutes for clients of the Casinò di Campione of Campione d'Italia . After several days, Vittorio Emanuele was released and placed under house arrest instead. He was released from house arrest on 20 July but was required to remain within

486-687: A good friendship with her daughter-in-law Anne Marie. Maria Adelaide and her sister Maria Luisa would have a close relationship with their grandmother, and both would make weekly visits to the Palazzo Madama. Her relationship with Maria Adelaide in particular is documented in letters the two sent to each other after 1696 when the young princess married Louis of France . Maria Luisa married Louis' brother Philip V of Spain by proxy on 11 Sep 1701. Sadly Maria Adelaide would die in 1712 at Versailles of Measles . These two prestigious marriages were designed by Louis XIV to entice Savoyard support during

567-496: A keen interest in Marie Jeanne as a potential wife. However, his mother had been warned by Cardinal Mazarin of Marie Jeanne Baptiste's ambitious nature, causing her to reject the marriage. Christine Marie arranged a marriage between her son and Françoise Madeleine d'Orléans , who proved suitably docile for the controlling mother. This wedding took place in 1663. Having returned to France, Mademoiselle de Nemours caught

648-849: A marriage for her son who would reach his majority in May 1680. Popular candidates were the Archduchess Maria Antonia , a cousin in Portugal, Maria Sofia of the Palatinate-Neuburg , or the French born Anne Marie d'Orléans . Marie Jeanne Baptiste first looked to her sister in Lisbon whose only daughter the Infanta Isabel Luísa was the heiress to her father's dominions. Portuguese law stated that an heiress to

729-632: A more plausible origin. Though Sabaudia was originally a poor county, later counts were diplomatically skilled, and gained control over strategic mountain passes in the Alps . Two of Humbert's sons were commendatory abbots at the Abbey of St. Maurice, Agaunum , on the River Rhone east of Lake Geneva , and Saint Maurice is still the patron of the House of Savoy. Humbert's son, Otto of Savoy succeeded to

810-798: A result of the War of the Quadruple Alliance . On the mainland, the dynasty continued its expansionist policies as well. Through advantageous alliances during the War of the Polish Succession and War of the Austrian Succession , Charles Emmanuel III gained new lands at the expense of the Austrian-controlled Duchy of Milan . In 1792, Piedmont-Sardinia joined the First Coalition against

891-525: A television interview, Emanuele Filiberto also requested that Roman landmarks such as the Quirinale palace and Villa Ada should be returned to the Savoy family. The Italian prime minister’s office has released a statement stating that the Savoys are not owed any damages and suggesting that Italy may demand damages from the Savoys for their collusion with Benito Mussolini . The Italian constitution contains

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972-697: A year later. On 12 June 1946, the Kingdom of Italy formally came to an end as Umberto transferred his powers to Prime Minister Alcide de Gasperi and called for the Italian people to support the new republic. He then went into exile in Portugal , never to return; he died in 1983. Under the Constitution of the Italian Republic , the republican form of government cannot be changed by constitutional amendment , thus forbidding any attempt to restore

1053-525: A year, public opinion pushed for a referendum to decide between retaining the monarchy or becoming a republic. On 9 May 1946, in a last-ditch attempt to save the monarchy, Victor Emmanuel formally abdicated in favour of his son, who became Umberto II . It did not work; the Italian constitutional referendum, 1946 was won by republicans with 54% of the vote. Victor Emmanuel went into exile in Egypt , dying there

1134-454: Is an Italian royal house (formally a dynasty ) that was established in 1003 in the historical Savoy region. Through gradual expansions the family grew in power, first ruling a small Alpine county northwest of Italy and later gaining absolute rule of the Kingdom of Sicily . During the years 1713 to 1720, they were handed the island of Sardinia and would exercise direct rule from then onward. Through its junior branch of Savoy-Carignano ,

1215-771: Is home to a gallery (the Pinacoteca ), which was founded to serve in the training of the academy's students. Its collection includes that donated by Mossi di Morano, the Archbishop of Casale Monferrato, in 1828, and 16th-century cartoons by Gaudenzio Ferrari and his school, which were donated by Charles Albert in 1832. The Mossi di Morano collection includes 16th–17th-century Flemish and Dutch works, 17th–18th-century Venetian paintings, and important 16th–17th-century Piemontese works including those of Defendente Ferrari and Giovanni Martino Spanzotti , among others. Notable works include Saint Ambrose and Saint Gregory, Doctors of

1296-503: The Congress of Vienna . In the meantime, nationalist figures such as Giuseppe Mazzini were influencing popular opinion. Mazzini believed that Italian unification could only be achieved through a popular uprising, but after the failure of the 1848 revolutions , the Italian nationalists began to look to the Kingdom of Sardinia and its prime minister Count Cavour as leaders of the unification movement. In 1848, Charles Albert conceded

1377-1043: The First World War ended, the Treaty of Versailles fell short of what had been promised in the London Pact to Italy. As the economic conditions in Italy worsened after the war, popular resentment and along with it the seeds of Italian fascism began to grow and resulted in the March on Rome by Benito Mussolini . General Pietro Badoglio advised King Victor Emmanuel III that he could easily sweep Mussolini and his rag-tag Blackshirt army to one side, but Victor Emmanuel decided to tolerate Mussolini and appointed him as prime minister on 28 October 1922. The king remained silent as Mussolini engaged in one abuse of power after another from 1924 onward, and did not intervene in 1925-26 when Mussolini dropped all pretense of democracy. By

1458-487: The French First Republic . It was beaten in 1796 by Napoleon and forced to conclude the disadvantageous Treaty of Paris (1796) , giving the French army free passage through Piedmont. In 1798, Joubert occupied Turin and forced Charles Emmanuel IV to abdicate and leave for the island of Sardinia. Eventually, in 1814 the kingdom was restored and enlarged with the addition of the former Republic of Genoa by

1539-617: The House of Habsburg , in the hope of recovering his lands. He served Philip II as Governor of the Netherlands from 1555 to 1559. In this capacity, he led the Spanish invasion of northern France and won a victory at St. Quentin in 1557. He took advantage of various squabbles in Europe to slowly regain territory from both the French and the Spanish, including the city of Turin. He moved

1620-590: The Italian Republic was proclaimed. The name derives from the historical region of Savoy in the Alpine region between what is now France and Italy. Over time, the House of Savoy expanded its territory and influence through judicious marriages and international diplomacy. From rule of a region on the French–Italian border, by the time of its deposition the dynasty's realm grew to include nearly all of

1701-495: The Italian War of 1494–98 . During the outbreak of the Italian war of 1521–1526 , Emperor Charles V stationed imperial troops in Savoy. In 1536, Francis I of France invaded Savoy and Piedmont, taking Turin by April of that year. Charles III , Duke of Savoy, fled to Vercelli. When Emmanuel Philibert came to power in 1553 most of his family's territories were in French hands, so he offered to serve France's leading enemy

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1782-540: The Liberty style , in the works of painters Antonio Fontanesi and Giacomo Grosso , and sculptors Vincenzo Vela and Odoardo Tabacchi . Turin became a leading centre of visual arts during the mid-20th century. A new artistic turning point, with artists of great reputation, took place in the 1940s, thanks to the work of painters such as Felice Casorati , Enrico Paulucci , Francesco Menzio and sculptors such as Sandro Cherchi, engravers such as Mario Calandri. The academy

1863-723: The Protestant Reformation , after which it was conquered by Bern . Piedmont was later joined with Sabaudia, and the name evolved into "Savoy" ( Italian : Savoia ). By the time Amadeus VIII came to power in the late 14th century, the House of Savoy had gone through a series of gradual territorial expansions and he was elevated by the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund to the Duke of Savoy in 1416. In 1494, Charles VIII of France passed through Savoy on his way to Italy and Naples, which initiated

1944-591: The Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation and the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus , alleging that memberships in the orders had been sold to unworthy candidates, a newfound practice they could not abide. In 1941, in the fascist puppet state Independent State of Croatia , Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta , grandson of Amadeo I of Spain , was formally named as the king under

2025-604: The Venetia region (subject to Habsburg governance), Lazio (with Rome), Umbria , Marche and Romagna (with the Papal town of Bologna ). Yet the House of Savoy continued to rule Italy for several decades, through the Italian Independence wars as Italian unification proceeded and even as the First World War raged on in the early 20th century. In April 1655, based on (perhaps false) reports of resistance by

2106-615: The Waldensians , a Protestant religious minority, to a plan to resettle them in remote mountain valleys, Charles Emmanuel II ordered their general massacre . The massacre was so brutal it aroused indignation throughout Europe. Oliver Cromwell , then ruler in England, began petitioning on behalf of the Waldensians, writing letters, raising contributions, calling a general fast in England, and threatening to send military forces to

2187-712: The War of the Spanish Succession . Her son was crowned king of Sicily in Palermo Cathedral in December 1713. Victor Amadeus II asked his mother to maintain the government while he was gone, but she declined and her grandson Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont was made regent instead. Months after, the Savoyard court the family found out the death of Maria Luisa who had died in February 1714 which

2268-483: The War of the Spanish Succession . During this war, Marie Jeanne Baptiste was obliged to sell her jewels in order to maintain her household during the Battle of Turin of 1706. She and her grandchildren were obliged to flee to the safety of Genoa during the conflict. Thanks to the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 her son was given the Kingdom of Sicily in recognition for his services to Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor in

2349-412: The 21-year-old duchess gave birth to a son on 14 May 1666 who was named Victor Amadeus in honour of Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy the child's grandfather and husband of Christine Marie. In the same year, her sister Marie Françoise married Afonso VI of Portugal . The two sisters remained close all their lives. Prior to her husband's death, Marie Jeanne Baptiste played little part in the politics of

2430-747: The Albanian crown as well in 1939, but lost Ethiopia two years later, in 1941. However, as Mussolini and the Axis powers failed in the Second World War in 1943, several members of the Italian court began putting out feelers to the Allies, who in turn let it be known that Mussolini had to go. After Mussolini received a vote of no confidence from the Fascist Grand Council on 24 July, Victor Emmanuel dismissed him from office, relinquished

2511-572: The Church by Filippo Lippi , Ferrari's The Lamentation of Christ , Deposition in the Sepulchre by Maarten van Heemskerck , After the Battle by Cornelis de Wael , Portrait of a Gentleman, Three-Quarters View by Nicolas Lagneau , Hercules and the Nemean Lion by Ignazio Collino , and Giuseppe Pietro Bagetti 's Mountainous Landscape with Coastal Inlets . The Pinacoteca has been open to

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2592-1176: The Duchy of Aosta , Prince of Chieri , Dronero , Crescentino , Riva di Chieri e Banna, Busca , Bene , Brà , Duke of Genoa , Monferrat , Aosta , Duke of Chablais , Genevois , Duke of Piacenza , Marquis of Saluzzo (Saluces), Ivrea , Susa , del Maro, Oristano , Cesana , Savona , Tarantasia , Borgomanero e Cureggio , Caselle , Rivoli , Pianezza , Govone , Salussola , Racconigi con Tegerone, Migliabruna e Motturone, Cavallermaggiore , Marene , Modane e Lanslebourg , Livorno Ferraris , Santhià Agliè , Centallo e Demonte , Desana , Ghemme , Vigone , Count of Barge , Villafranca , Ginevra , Nizza , Tenda , Romont , Asti , Alessandria , del Goceano , Novara , Tortona , Bobbio , Soissons , Sant'Antioco , Pollenzo , Roccabruna , Tricerro , Bairo , Ozegna , delle Apertole, Baron of Vaud e del Faucigni , Lord of Vercelli , Pinerolo , della Lomellina , della Valle Sesia , del marchesato di Ceva , Overlord of Monaco , Roccabruna and 11/12th of Menton , Noble patrician of Venice , patrician of Ferrara . These titles were used during

2673-571: The Ethiopian and Albanian crowns, and appointed Pietro Badoglio as prime minister. On 8 September the new government announced it had signed an armistice with the Allies five days earlier. However, Victor Emmanuel made another blunder when he and his government fled south to Brindisi , leaving his army without orders. As the Allies and the Resistance gradually chased the Nazis and Fascists off

2754-417: The French court during her years as regent. Her father died in 1652, killed in a duel with his brother-in-law François, Duke of Beaufort . For the next several years she and her family were under the guardianship of her paternal uncle Henri II the new Duke of Nemours , though Marie Jeanne Baptiste had inherited many of her father's income sources. At Henri's death in 1659 the duchy of Nemours reverted to

2835-620: The Grace of God , King of Sardinia , Cyprus , Jerusalem , Armenia , Duke of Savoy, Montferrat , Chablais , Aosta and Genevois , Prince of Piedmont and Oneglia , Marquis (of the Holy Roman Empire ) in Italy, of Saluzzo , Susa , Ivrea , Ceva , Maro, Oristano , Sezana , Count of Maurienne , Nice , Tende , Asti , Alessandria , Goceano , Baron of Vaud and Faucigny , Lord of Vercelli , Pinerolo , Tarentaise , Lumellino , Val di Sesia , Prince and perpetual Vicar of

2916-633: The Holy Roman Empire in Italy. Victor Emmanuel II , by the Grace of God and the Will of the Nation, King of Italy , King of Sardinia , Cyprus , Jerusalem , Armenia , Duke of Savoy , Count of Maurienne , Marquis (of the Holy Roman Empire ) in Italy; Prince of Piedmont , Carignano , Oneglia , Poirino , Trino ; Prince and Perpetual vicar of the Holy Roman Empire; Prince of Carmagnola , Montmellian with Arbin and Francin, Prince bailiff of

2997-435: The House of Savoy led the Italian unification in 1861, and ruled the Kingdom of Italy until 1946. They also briefly ruled the Kingdom of Spain during the 19th century. The Savoyard kings of Italy were: Victor Emmanuel II , Umberto I , Victor Emmanuel III , and Umberto II . Umberto II reigned for only a few weeks, as the last king of Italy, before being deposed following the institutional referendum of 1946 ; after which

3078-546: The Italian Peninsula. The house descended from Humbert I , Count of Sabaudia (Umberto I "Biancamano"), (1003–1047 or 1048). The ancestry of Humbert is uncertain, as contemporary documents make no mention of his father. His family was traditionally believed to have come from Saxony, but more recent investigations have pointed to the County of Vienne , where both Humbert and his relatives held extensive possessions, as

3159-619: The Kingdom ceased to exist in 1946, King Umberto II did not abdicate his role as fons honorum over the two dynastic orders over which the family has long held sovereignty and grand mastership. Today, following the dispute, both Prince Emanuele Filiberto and Prince Aimone claim to be hereditary Sovereign and Grand Master of the following orders of the House of Savoy: In addition to these, Vittorio Emanuele claims sovereignty over two more orders: In February 2006, all three of Vittorio Emanuele 's sisters ( Princess Maria Pia , Princess Maria Gabriella , and Princess Maria Beatrice ) resigned from

3240-538: The Marquis Monsignor Mossi di Morano, including a precious altarpiece by Filippo Lippi. Very quickly the art gallery was enriched to become a significant museum heritage, an important plaster cast gallery and a vast library, which collects together with precious volumes, prints, drawings and photographs of inestimable value. The academy witnessed the transition of artistic movements during the late 19th to early 20th century, from realism to eclecticism and

3321-637: The Po river. She attempted to start a university in Chambéry, but was not successful. She did much to maintain links with her powerful neighbour France, which was both ally and family. She was criticised for wanting to maintain power too much, and for being a puppet of Louis XIV. However, she also worked to maintain and develop relationships with the royal courts of Spain, England, and the Empire. The people of Mondovì resisted her authority for many years, and it

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3402-399: The Savoy-Aosta branch led by Aimone. As of 2022, the House of Savoy has been in the process of trying to reclaim family jewels which have been owned by the Italian government since the abolition of the monarchy. Vittorio Emanuele died in February 2024. The House of Savoy has held two dynastic orders since 1362 which were brought into the Kingdom of Italy as national orders. Although

3483-459: The Spanish Succession Victor Amadeus switched sides to assist the Habsburgs and, via the Treaty of Utrecht , they rewarded him with large pieces of land in northeastern Italy and a Crown in Sicily. Savoy rule over Sicily lasted only seven years (1713–20). The crown of Sicily, the prestige of being kings at last, and the wealth of Palermo helped strengthen the House of Savoy further. In 1720, they were forced to exchange Sicily for Sardinia as

3564-399: The attention of the dashing Prince Charles of Lorraine , heir of the Duke of Lorraine . The court of Portugal had previously requested her hand in marriage, however she refused after some deliberation on the subject. Charles' rank was similar to that of the Duke of Savoy and the match was pursued by Marie Jeanne Baptiste's mother. She became engaged to Charles on 4 February 1662. The match

3645-422: The bad relationship with her son, she openly kept lovers at court. At the age of thirty three, she was in a relationship with the Count of Saint Maurice, some ten years her junior. Marie Jeanne Baptiste and Saint Maurice's relationship lasted some four years before his whole family left in disgrace due to his father failing on a string of diplomatic relations. By 1677 Marie Jeanne Baptiste was looking to organise

3726-401: The capital of the duchy from Chambéry to Turin. The 17th century brought about economic development to the Turin area and the House of Savoy took part in and benefitted from that. Charles Emmanuel II developed the port of Nice and built a road through the Alps towards France. And through skillful political manoeuvres territorial expansion continued. In the early 18th century in the War of

3807-518: The crown but Marie Jeanne Baptiste continued to receive the income. With two young daughters, her mother Élisabeth looked to her maternal family for support in getting them properly settled. Élisabeth's mother was a princess of Lorraine. Her family wanted a match with Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy , who was the son of Christine Marie of France (half-aunt of Élisabeth). Christine Marie summoned Marie Jeanne Baptiste, her mother, and sister to Turin in 1659 for inspection. Charles Emmanuel showed

3888-408: The duchy. Negotiations took over a year before Marie Jeanne Baptiste went to Annecy with her grandmother Françoise of Lorraine on 1 May 1665 to meet her future husband. Marie Jeanne Baptiste married Charles Emmanuel II on 20 May 1665 at the Castello del Valentino amid great celebration. Her large dowry included border provinces of Genevois , Faucigny as well as Beaufort which would become

3969-435: The end of 1928, the king's right to remove Mussolini from office was, at least theoretically, the only check on his power. Later, the King's failure, in the face of mounting evidence, to move against the Mussolini regime's abuses of power led to much criticism and had dire future consequences for Italy and for the monarchy itself. Italy conquered Ethiopia in 1936 and Victor Emmanuel was crowned as Emperor of Ethiopia. He added

4050-449: The face. Some of the activities of members of the House of Savoy have evoked media coverage disappointing to Italian royalists. In November 1991, after thirteen years of legal proceedings, the Paris Assize Court acquitted Vittorio Emanuele of the fatal wounding and unintentional homicide in August 1978 of Dirk Hamer (who was shot and killed while asleep on a yacht off Cavallo) , finding him guilty only of unauthorised possession of

4131-459: The leadership of the House of Savoy was contested by two cousins: Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples , who used to claim the title of King of Italy, and Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta , who claimed the title of Duke of Savoy. Their rivalry has not always been peaceful — on 21 May 2004, following a dinner held by King Juan Carlos I of Spain on the eve of the wedding of his son Felipe, Prince of Asturias , Vittorio Emanuele punched Amedeo twice in

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4212-441: The match and he married Anne Marie in person on 6 May 1684. Victor Amadeus took full control of the Duchy at the start of 1684. He decided to banish his mother from all direct influence at court. She retired to the Palazzo Madama in the city of Turin opposite the Ducal Palace of Turin where the court resided most of the year. This building had been the home of Christine Marie in her dowager years and under Marie Jeanne Baptiste

4293-438: The match never materialised. Even though Marie Jeanne Baptiste's regency officially ended in 1680 she did not hand over power until 1684 when forced to do so by her son. Louis XIV was eager to maintain his already considerable influence in Savoy and thus offered his niece Anne Marie d'Orléans . Anne Marie was the daughter of Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans and his first wife Henrietta of England . Victor Amadeus agreed to

4374-467: The medal of Great Official of Savoy Military Order, greatly outraging a large part of the public opinion. As a result, Umberto I was assassinated in July 1900 in Monza by Gaetano Bresci , the brother of one of the women massacred in the crowd, who had traveled back to Italy from the United States for the assassination. The king had previously been the target of failed assassination attempts by anarchists Giovanni Passannante and Pietro Acciarito . When

4455-424: The monarchy short of adoption of an entirely new constitution. The constitution also forbade male descendants of the House of Savoy from entering Italy. This provision was removed in 2002 but as part of the deal to be allowed back into Italy, Vittorio Emanuele , the last claimant to the House of Savoy, renounced all claims to the throne. He died in 2024. The Residences of the Royal House of Savoy in Turin and

4536-449: The name Tomislav II , but never ruled in practice as he remained residing in Italy, and formally abdicated in 1943 when Italy ended participation with the Axis Powers . In 1396, the title and privileges of the final king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia , Levon V , were transferred to James I , his cousin and king of Cyprus. The title of King of Armenia was thus united with the titles of King of Cyprus and King of Jerusalem. The title

4617-587: The neighbourhood are protected as a World Heritage Site . Although the titles and distinctions of the Italian royal family are not legally recognised by the Italian Republic, the remaining members of the House of Savoy, like dynasties of other abolished monarchies , still use some of the various titles they acquired over the millennium of their reign prior to the republic's establishment, including Duke of Savoy; "Prince of Naples", previously conferred by Joseph Bonaparte to be hereditary on his children and grandchildren; Prince of Piedmont ; and Duke of Aosta . Before,

4698-414: The parents of sons Umberto and Amedeo born, respectively, in 2009 and 2011. In 2019, Vittorio Emanuele issued a formal decree that modified the medieval law restricting succession to male heirs to place his granddaughter, Vittoria Cristina Chiara Adelaide Marie , in the line of succession. Prince Aimone declared the change illegitimate, meaning the title will remain in male succession and will transfer to

4779-401: The peninsula, it became apparent that Victor Emmanuel was too tainted by his earlier support of Mussolini to have any postwar role. Accordingly, Victor Emmanuel transferred most of his powers to his son, Crown Prince Umberto, in April 1944. Rome was liberated two months later, and Victor Emmanuel transferred his remaining powers to Umberto and named him Lieutenant General of the Realm . Within

4860-423: The properties of Savoy, supporting construction projects, artistic organizations, and educational institutions. She supported the work of Alessandro Stradella , protecting him when he fled to Turin from Venice. She continued to fund and support the work of Guarino Guarini , who completed the chapel for the Shroud of Turin and a Jesuit college under her rule. She also worked to expand the city of Turin down to

4941-400: The property of the mainline House of Savoy. In Savoy her name was Italianised to Maria Giovanna Battista di Savoia and she was known as Madama Reale . This name was a reference to the style Madame Royale from her native France, and had been used by the late Christine Marie. Marie Jeanne Baptiste was praised as being an attractive and intelligent woman. Almost a year after the marriage

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5022-592: The protection of Charles Emmanuel II. Much to Marie Jeanne Baptiste's annoyance, she became a regular mistress and was given the Château de Chambéry . Marie Jeanne Baptiste was unable to remove her from there until Charles Emmanuel died. On 12 June 1675 Charles Emmanuel suddenly died in Turin at the age of forty after a series of convulsive fevers. On his death bed he pronounced his wife as Regent of Savoy over his son and heir. Declared Regent of her eleven-year-old son's dominions, she took her new charge with great interest and ambition. She carried on her husband's work on

5103-470: The public since 1996. 45°4′3″N 7°41′22″E  /  45.06750°N 7.68944°E  / 45.06750; 7.68944 Marie Jeanne of Savoy Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours ( French pronunciation: [maʁi ʒan batist] , 11 April 1644 – 15 March 1724) was born a Princess of Savoy and became the Duchess of Savoy by marriage. First married by proxy to Charles of Lorraine in 1662, Lorraine soon refused to recognise

5184-413: The rescue. The massacre prompted John Milton 's famous sonnet , " On the Late Massacre in Piedmont ". In 1898, the Bava Beccaris massacre in Milan involved the use of cannons against unarmed protesters (including women and the elderly) during riots over the rising price of bread. King Umberto I of the House of Savoy congratulated General Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris for the massacre and decorated him with

5265-421: The state in 1684. She left a considerable architectural legacy in Turin , and was responsible for the remodelling of the Palazzo Madama , which was her private residence. At the time of her death she was the mother of the King of Sardinia as well as great grandmother of two other kings, Louis I of Spain and Louis XV of France . Marie Jeanne Baptiste de Savoie was born at the Hôtel de Nemours in Paris, and

5346-413: The territory of the Republic. When incarcerated in June 2006, Vittorio Emanuele was recorded admitting with regard to the killing of Dirk Hamer that "I was in the wrong, [...] but I must say I fooled them [the French judges]", leading to a call from Hamer's sister Birgit for Vittorio Emanuele to be retried in Italy for the killing. After a long legal fight, Birgit Hamer obtained the full video. The story

5427-400: The throne must remain in the country and marry a kinsman. Marie Jeanne Baptiste opened negotiations with Portugal in order to get the Infanta to marry her son. This prestigious union would have left Marie Jeanne Baptiste permanently in control of Savoy, with Victor Amadeus II living in Portugal. Plans were made for Victor Amadeus' arrival in Lisbon, and a political party was established opposing

5508-407: The time. In his reign, her husband carried out various improvements to the royal residences and left a great architectural legacy in Savoy. The couple also ordered the construction of various churches in Turin. Her husband also had various mistresses and illegitimate children, who Marie Jeanne Baptiste was obliged to ignore. In 1672 Hortense Mancini , on the run from her husband, sought and received

5589-406: The title in 1051 after the death of his elder brother Amadeus I of Savoy . Otto married the Marchioness Adelaide of Turin, bringing the Marquessate of Susa , with the towns of Turin and Pinerolo, into the House of Savoy's possession. They once had claims on the modern canton of Vaud , where they occupied the Château of Chillon in Switzerland , but their access to it was cut by Geneva during

5670-512: The union and it was annulled. She married Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy in 1665 who was her kinsman. The mother of the future Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia who saw the elevation of the House of Savoy to kings, she styled herself as Madama Reale or Madame Royale . She acted as Regent of Savoy from 1675 in the name of her son Victor Amadeus II, who was her husband's successor. Her regency officially ended in 1680, but she maintained power until her son banished her from further influence in

5751-488: The union. Openly disliking the union and approaching his majority, Victor Amadeus II decided to postpone the marriage for two years. Marie Jeanne Baptiste then looked to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany which offered Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici as a bride. Negotiations were kept secret from France. This match was popular as it would give a powerful ally in Italy and was even favoured by Victor Amadeus II. The secret correspondence between Savoy and Tuscany has since been lost and

5832-623: Was a member of the Nemours cadet branch of the House of Savoy , which had settled in France in the sixteenth century. Marie Jeanne Baptiste grew up with her sister Marie Françoise, Mademoiselle d'Aumale who was born in 1646. She was styled as Mademoiselle de Nemours prior to marriage. As a young girl she frequented the salon of the famous Madame de La Fayette who later introduced Marie Jeanne Baptiste into correspondence with Madame de Sévigné . These relationships would give her insight to

5913-460: Was a popular one with the French court, and the union was supported by Queen Anne (mother of Louis XIV) . However, when the Treaty of Montmartre was signed two days later, the duchies of Lorraine and Bar were surrendered to Louis XIV. This left the duke of Lorraine landless, and drove him to join the imperial court. As a result, Charles backed out of the engagement. The marriage between Marie Jeanne Baptiste and Charles had not been consummated and

5994-526: Was annulled. In Turin, Christine Marie died on 27 Dec 1663, and her daughter-in-law Françoise Madeleine died 14 Jan 1664. This left Charles Emmanuel II unmarried and without an heir. Proposals came from Françoise Madeleine's sisters but were rejected. It became clear that Charles Emmanuel II wanted to unite with Marie Jeanne Baptiste, who was a member of his own house. This union was supported by Louis XIV. He did not want Charles Emmanuel II to marry an Archduchess of Austria , for fear of loss of influence in

6075-498: Was aware that her husband fathered a child by another woman during their marriage. Aosta acknowledged paternity of another child, born out-of-wedlock in 2006 during his second marriage, but agreed to contribute financially to the child's care only after being directed to do so by court order. The patrilineal lineage of the House of Savoy was reduced to four males between 1996 and 2009. In 2008, Aimone of Savoy-Aosta married Princess Olga of Greece , his second cousin, and they became

6156-510: Was broken in the press by aristocratic journalist Beatrice Borromeo , who also wrote the preface for a book on the murder Delitto senza castigo by Birgit Hamer. Vittorio Emanuele sued the newspaper for defamation, claiming the video had been manipulated. In 2015, a court judgement ruled in favor of the newspaper. In 2007, lawyers representing Vittorio Emanuele and his son Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy wrote to Italian President Giorgio Napolitano seeking damages for their years in exile. During

6237-665: Was extended under the direction of Filippo Juvarra who was a favourite of her son. In 1686 she sold the Duchy of Aumale to Louis Auguste de Bourbon , an illegitimate son of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan . Aumale had been her personal property since 1659 at her father's death. Marie Jeanne Baptiste was also the last Countess of Geneva . The county was united with Savoy after her death. Her son's marriage would produce some eight children four of whom would have further issue. Marie Jeanne Baptiste acted as godmother to her eldest grandchild Princess Maria Adelaide . She also maintained

6318-637: Was followed a year later by the Prince of Piedmont who died of smallpox . Three deaths in four years caused mother and son to become closer. With the death of the Prince of Piedmont her youngest grandson Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Aosta became heir apparent to his father's domains. Marie Jeanne Baptiste died at the Palazzo Madama in March 1724 at age 79. [REDACTED] Media related to Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy at Wikimedia Commons House of Savoy The House of Savoy ( Italian : Casa Savoia )

6399-806: Was held to the modern day by the House of Savoy. Male-line, legitimate, non-morganatic members of the house who either lived to adulthood, or who held a title as a child, are included. Heads of the house are in bold. VITTORIO AMEDEO III, per la grazia di Dio Re di Sardegna, Cipro, Gerusalemme e Armenia; Duca di Savoia, Monferrato, Chablais, Aosta e Genevese; Principe di Piemonte ed Oneglia; Marchese in Italia, di Saluzzo, Susa, Ivrea, Ceva, Maro, Oristano, Sezana; Conte di Moriana, Nizza, Tenda, Asti, Alessandria, Goceano; Barone di Vaud e di Faucigny; Signore di Vercelli, Pinerolo, Tarantasia, Lumellino, Val di Sesia; Principe e Vicario perpetuo del Sacro Romano Impero in Italia. The English translation is: Victor Amadeus III , by

6480-423: Was only under her son that they finally relented. Her relationship with her only son was always strained. This tension has been blamed on her ambition to keep power to herself. Marie Jeanne Baptiste spent most of her time working on state business, which she enjoyed, and had little time for her only child. She kept him under close scrutiny in order to make sure he would not try to assume power from her. Despite

6561-440: Was the eldest of five children born to Charles Amadeus, Duke of Nemours and his wife Princess Élisabeth de Bourbon-Vendôme . Through her mother, Marie Jeanne Baptiste was a great grand daughter of Henry IV of France via her father César de Bourbon, Légitimé de France , whose mother was Gabrielle d'Estrées . This made her a half-first-cousin once removed of Louis XIV and a relation to most Catholic royalty at that time. She

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