Misplaced Pages

#184815

82-464: In the Bailiwick of Guernsey  (red) Alderney ( / ˈ ɔː l d ər n i / AWL -dər-nee ; French : Aurigny [oʁiɲi] ; Auregnais : Aoeur'gny ) is the northernmost of the inhabited Channel Islands . It is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey , a British Crown dependency . It is 3 miles (5 km) long and 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles (2.4 km) wide. The island's area

164-467: A Crusader castle with its squat round towers. Like many of the forts, it included such apparently anachronistic features as a drawbridge and machicolation , which were still common in military architecture of the period. In June 1940, almost the entire population of Alderney of 1,400 was evacuated to Britain. Most went on the official evacuation boats sent from mainland Britain. Some, however, decided to make their own way, mostly via Guernsey, but due to

246-591: A deacon ; and some believe he was a monk before the fall of the Lombard Kingdom . Paul's chief work is his Historia Langobardorum , an incomplete history in six books that he wrote after 787 but no later than 795–96. It covers the history of the Langobards from their legendary origins in the north (in "Scadinavia") and their subsequent migrations—notably to Italy in 568–69—to the death of King Liutprand in 744. The books contain much information about

328-882: A Chairman (the Judge of Alderney ) and at least three of the six Jurats . Appeals are made to the Royal Court of Guernsey , which also exercises some original jurisdiction in criminal matters in Alderney, and thence to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council . For a number of taxation purposes, Alderney is treated as if it were part of Guernsey . Income Tax is administered by the Guernsey Revenue Service but there are some differences between Alderney and Guernsey Income Tax, specifically in

410-604: A fort, built in the late 300s, at 49°43′09″N 2°10′36″W  /  49.71917°N 2.17667°W  / 49.71917; -2.17667 above the island's only natural harbour. The etymology of the island's name is obscure. It is known in Latin as Riduna but, as with the names of all the Channel Islands in the Roman period, there is a degree of confusion. Riduna may be the original name of Tatihou , while Alderney

492-463: A hereditary line of governors that lasted until 1825. Henry Le Mesurier prospered through privateering , and moved the harbour from Longis to Braye, building a jetty there in 1736. Warehouses and dwellings were built at Braye, and the export of cattle generated wealth for the economy. The Court House was built in 1770 and a school in 1790. A Methodist chapel was constructed in 1790, following John Wesley 's visit in 1787. An optical telegraph tower

574-499: A judge appointed, with similar judicial powers to a bailiff, but on 1 January 1949, the island adopted a new constitution, giving up some independence, moving closer to Guernsey, and confirming that it is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. The island of Guernsey has a population of around 63,000 in 62 km (24 square miles) and forms the legal and administrative centre of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. The parliament of Guernsey and

656-580: A parish church dating from the 11th century, with strong religious control exercised initially by the French Catholic church and for the last 500 years by the English church. Over the years, the religious aspect of the administration of each parish has been reduced in favour of democratically elected douzeniers. Each jurisdiction has inhabited and uninhabited islands and its own elected government. All three legal jurisdictions need royal assent from

738-401: A possible enemy, with whom we may at some period have to deal and who may possibly be able to extract some profit in the way of shelter and accommodation from the ruins." An influx of English and Irish labourers, plus the sizeable British garrison stationed in the island, led to rapid Anglicisation. The harbour was never completed – the remaining breakwater (designed by James Walker ) is one of

820-552: A revolt in Friuli. When Charlemagne visited Rome five years later, Paul wrote to him on behalf of Arichis, who was then freed. After Paul's literary achievements had drawn the attention of Charlemagne , he became an important contributor to the Carolingian Renaissance . In 787 he returned to Monte Cassino, where he died on 13 April probably in the year 799. His epithet Diaconus indicates that he took orders as

902-403: A total area of 78 km (30 sq mi) and coastlines of about 50 km (31 mi). Elevation varies from sea level to 114 m (374 ft) at Le Moulin on Sark. There are many smaller islands, islets, rocks and reefs in the Bailiwick. Combined with a tidal range of 10 m (33 ft) and fast currents of up to 12 knots (14 mph; 22 km/h), sailing in local waters

SECTION 10

#1732765786185

984-603: Is 3 square miles (8 km), making it the third-largest island of the Channel Islands, and the second largest in the Bailiwick. It is around 10 miles (16 km) to the west of the Cap de la Hague on the Cotentin Peninsula , Normandy , in France, 20 miles (32 km) to the northeast of Guernsey and 60 miles (100 km) from the south coast of Great Britain. It is the closest of the Channel Islands both to France and to

1066-488: Is conjectured to be identified with Sarnia . Alderney / Aurigny is variously supposed to be a Germanic or Celtic name. It may be a corruption of Adreni or Alrene , which is probably derived from an Old Norse word meaning "island near the coast". Alternatively, it may derive from three Norse elements: alda (swelling wave, roller), renna (strong current, race) and öy or -ey (island). Alderney may be mentioned in Paul

1148-583: Is dangerous. The Bailiwick of Guernsey is a separate jurisdiction in itself and is, in turn, also three separate sub-jurisdictions. It does not form part of, and is separate from (but is not independent of, or from) the United Kingdom . The two Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey together make up the Channel Islands . The islanders have never had formal representation in the House of Commons of

1230-552: Is now almost entirely residential, forming a T-junction with Victoria Street at its highest point. The town area features an imposing church and an unevenly cobbled main street: Victoria Street ( Rue Grosnez , the English name being adopted on the visit of Queen Victoria in 1854). There is one school (providing both primary and secondary education), a post office, and hotels, as well as restaurants, banks and shops. Other settlements include Braye , Crabby, Longis , Mannez, La Banque, and Newtown. Alderney shares its prehistory with

1312-487: Is on the central plateau of the island at 296 feet (90 metres). Alderney and its surrounding islets support a rich flora and fauna. Trees are rather scarce, as many were cut down in the 17th century to fuel the lighthouses on Alderney and the Casquets . Those trees that remain include cabbage trees (due to the mild climate – often miscalled "palms" but of the asparagus family ), and there are some small woods dotted about

1394-561: Is temperate, moderated by the sea, and summers are usually warmer than elsewhere in the British Isles . Under the Köppen climate classification , Alderney has an oceanic climate , similar to a Warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb). Alderney has cool, wet winters and mild summers with moderate rainfall. February is the coldest month with an average high of 8 °C (47 °F), and a low of 4 °C (40 °F). July and August are

1476-718: Is the Lieutenant Governor of the Bailiwick of Guernsey and, being the personal representative of the British monarch, has usually had a distinguished military service. Originally, the local courts in Guernsey were " fiefs " with the lord of the manor presiding. Before 1066, a superior court was introduced above the fiefs and below the Eschequier Court in Rouen and comprised the bailiff and four knights;

1558-407: Is the parish of St Anne, which covers the whole island. The main town, Saint Anne , historically known as La Ville ('The Town'), is often referred to as St Anne's by visitors and incomers, but rarely by locals (who, in normal conversation, still most frequently refer to the area centred on Victoria Street simply as Town ). The town's "High Street", which formerly had a small handful of shops,

1640-563: The Alderney . The pure breed became extinct in 1944, but hybrids remain elsewhere, though no longer on Alderney. In August 2005, the west coast of Alderney and associated islands, including Burhou and Ortac , were designated as Ramsar wetlands of international importance . The Alderney Wildlife Trust helps to manage the two nature reserves , at Longis and Vau du Saou. The island is surrounded by rocks, which have caused hundreds of wrecks. There are treacherous tidal streams on either side of

1722-587: The Channel Islands . It has a total land area of 78 square kilometres (30 sq mi) and an estimated total population of 67,334. The Channel Islands were part of the Duchy of Normandy , whose dukes became kings of England from 1066. In 1204, as a consequence of the Treaty of Le Goulet , insular Normandy alone remained loyal to the English Crown, leading to a political split from the mainland. Around 1290,

SECTION 20

#1732765786185

1804-507: The Channel Islands . The title "governor" has changed over the centuries. "Warden", "keeper", and "captain" have previously been used. The bailiff stands in for the Governor, or more recently the Lieutenant Governor, if the latter is absent, for a short term or for longer: for instance during the five years of the German occupation of the Channel Islands . The Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey

1886-749: The Commonwealth Games . In 1969, Royal Mail relinquished control of postal services in the Bailiwick, with Guernsey then being recognised by the Universal Postal Union . Since 1999, the Bailiwick of Guernsey has been a member of the British–Irish Council , currently represented by the Chief Minister of Guernsey . Paul the Deacon An ancestor of Paulus's named Leupichis emigrated to Italy in 568 in

1968-456: The Duchy of Normandy . The island of Guernsey and the other Channel Islands formed part of the lands of William the Conqueror . In 1204, France conquered mainland Normandy – but not the offshore islands of the bailiwick . The islands represent the last remnants of the medieval Duchy of Normandy. Initially, there was one governor, or co-governors working together, of the islands making up

2050-590: The Eastern Roman Empire , the Franks, and other peoples. The history is written from a Lombardian point of view and is especially valuable for its depictions of the relations between the Franks and the Lombards. It begins: The region of the north, in proportion as it is removed from the heat of the sun and is chilled with snow and frost, is so much the more healthful to the bodies of men and fitted for

2132-648: The Monarch on its primary legislation, but as of February 29, 2024, certain domestic primary legislation need only the Lieutenant-Governor's assent. Each jurisdiction raises its own taxation, although in 1949 Alderney transferred its rights to Guernsey. With a population of around 2,200 in 7.8 km (3 square miles), Alderney has its own parliament, the States of Alderney , which has ten elected members and an elected president. From 1612, Alderney had

2214-547: The Norman language called Auregnais , now extinct. It was primarily a spoken language, with only a few known poems and written works using it. Bailiwick of Guernsey in the English Channel  (red) The Bailiwick of Guernsey ( French : Bailliage de Guernesey ; Guernésiais : Bailliage dé Guernési ) is a self-governing British Crown Dependency off the coast of Normandy , France, comprising several of

2296-399: The States of Alderney , as amended by the constitutional settlement of 1948. The British Government decided to undertake massive fortifications in the 19th century and to create a strategic harbour to deter attacks from France. These fortifications were presciently described by William Ewart Gladstone as "a monument of human folly, useless to us ... but perhaps not absolutely useless to

2378-481: The United Kingdom . Its defence and international representation — as well as certain policy areas, such as nationality law — are the responsibility of the UK Government , but the Bailiwick still has a separate international identity. The history of the Bailiwick of Guernsey goes back to 933, when the islands came under the control of William Longsword , having been annexed from the Duchy of Brittany by

2460-403: The head of state . The States of Guernsey is the parliament and government of the whole Bailiwick, though several matters are decided locally by the States of Alderney and by Sark's Chief Pleas. The Bailiff of Guernsey is the civil head of the Bailiwick, and is also president of the States of Guernsey and head of the Bailiwick's judiciary . The Bailiwick is self-governing and not part of

2542-521: The liberation of Normandy in 1944. Intense negotiations resulted in some Red Cross humanitarian aid, but there was considerable hunger and privation during the five years of German occupation, particularly in the final months when the Germans themselves were close to starvation. The Germans surrendered Alderney on 16 May 1945, eight days after the Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of

Alderney - Misplaced Pages Continue

2624-417: The tourism and finance industries. E-commerce has become increasingly important, and the island hosts the domain name registry for both Bailiwicks and dozens of gambling website operators. Alderney has a full regulatory authority in operation. The States of Alderney (French: États d'Aurigny) is the legislature of the island; it sends two representatives to the States of Guernsey as well. The origin of

2706-666: The Bailiffs of Guernsey and Jersey , and continued until 1949. During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms , Alderney was held by a Parliamentary garrison under Nicholas Ling , Lieutenant-Governor. Ling built Government House (now the Island Hall). The de Carterets of Jersey acquired the governorship , later passing it to Sir Edmund Andros of Guernsey, from whom the Guernsey family of Le Mesurier inherited it, thus establishing

2788-680: The Bailiwick established in 2010 an office in Brussels to develop the Channel Islands' influence with the EU, to advise the Channel Islands' governments on European matters, and to promote economic links with the EU. The Bailiwick of Guernsey is in the Commonwealth (Commonwealth of Nations) , although not as a member , in its own right . The Bailiwick is also a member of the Commonwealth Games Federation and competes in

2870-645: The Bastard, Duke of Normandy (later William the Conqueror , King of the English) granted Alderney to the Abbey of Mont Saint-Michel . In 1057, the bishop of Coutances took back control of the island. After 1204, when mainland Normandy was incorporated into the kingdom of France, Alderney remained loyal to the English monarch in his dignity of Duke of Normandy . Henry VIII of England undertook fortification works, but these ceased in 1554. Essex Castle perpetuates

2952-772: The British Parliament, nor the European Parliament. Those islanders who were not somehow qualified and eligible in their own right to register to vote and to vote in the United Kingdom under the Representation of the People Acts as "overseas voters", were excluded from the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . Guernsey has an unwritten constitution arising from the Treaty of Paris (1259) . When Henry III and

3034-673: The Carolingian family. Some of these letters were published with the Historia Langobardorum in the Monumenta ; poems and epitaphs edited by Ernst Dümmler were published in the Poetae latini aevi carolini , Band i. (Berlin, 1881). Fresher material having come to light, a newer edition of the poems ( Die Gedichte des Paulus Diaconus ) was edited by Karl Neff (Munich, 1908). Neff denied, however, that Paul had written

3116-481: The Channel Islands' Governor, Otto de Grandson , split the archipelago into two bailiwicks , establishing those parts other than Jersey as a single Bailiwick of Guernsey. The Bailiwick is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising three separate jurisdictions: Alderney , Guernsey (incorporating Herm ), and Sark . The Lieutenant Governor is the representative of the British monarch , who remains

3198-473: The Channel Islands. In 1304, separate seals were provided to Jersey and Guernsey. The provision of different seals is one of the earliest indications of the individual identity and personality of the two Bailiwicks. The seal comprised three leopards (or lions), a symbol taken from the original arms of the Duchy of Normandy. The United Kingdom and His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom are responsible for

3280-579: The Deacon 's Historia Langobardorum (I.6) as 'Evodia' in which he discussed a certain dangerous whirlpool. The name 'Evodia' may in turn originate from the seven 'Haemodae' of uncertain identification in Pliny the Elder 's Natural History (IV 16 (30) or Pomponius Mela 's Chronographia (III 6,54). Along with the other Channel Islands, Alderney was annexed by the Duchy of Normandy in 933. In 1042, William

3362-613: The King of France came to terms over the Duchy of Normandy, the Norman mainland fell under the suzerainty of the king of France. The Channel Islands, however, remained loyal to the English crown due to the loyalties of its Seigneurs . However, they were never absorbed into the Kingdom of England by any Act of Union, but exist as "peculiars of the Crown". A unique constitutional position has arisen as successive British monarchs have confirmed

Alderney - Misplaced Pages Continue

3444-451: The Nazi camps on Alderney. The report highlighted the atrocious conditions faced by forced labourers, who endured starvation, dangerously long hours, hazardous construction tasks, frequent abuse, torture, inadequate housing, and, in some cases, execution. A series of tunnels also remain in place on Alderney, constructed by forced labour. These are in varying degrees of decay, being left open to

3526-647: The Norderney camp on Alderney, Adam Adler and Heinrich Evers, were prosecuted in France in 1949. Members of the Association des Anciens Déportés d'Aurigny considered the sentences overly lenient. A 1945 British military report, known as the Pantcheff Report, documented that eight French nationals had perished in the Alderney camps. In May 2024, an investigative commission led by Lord Pickles concluded that between 641 and 1,027 individuals likely died in

3608-651: The States is unknown, but it has operated from the Middle Ages . The States of Alderney consists of the President , directly elected every four years, and ten States Members , half elected every two years for a four-year mandate. The whole island is a single constituency . William Tate was elected president in June 2019. While Alderney enjoys full autonomy in law (except in matters of foreign affairs and defence, like

3690-502: The United Kingdom Home Office setting up an enquiry that led to the "Government of Alderney Law 1948", which came into force on 1 January 1949. The law organised the construction and election of the States of Alderney and the justice system; and, for the first time in Alderney, the imposition of taxes. The legislature and judiciary were separated. The position of Judge, who had headed the island's government since

3772-524: The United Kingdom. It is separated from the Cap de la Hague by the dangerous Alderney Race ( French : Raz Blanchard ). As of March 2021, the island had a population of 2,141; natives are traditionally nicknamed vaques after the cows , or else lapins after the many rabbits seen in the island. Formally, they are known as Ridunians , from the Latin Riduna . The only parish of Alderney

3854-740: The accession of the Emperor Valens in 364. Consequently, Paul interwove extracts from the Scriptures , from ecclesiastical historians, and from other sources with the writings of Eutropius. The six books he ultimately added thus carried Lombardian history down to 553. This work, which was very popular during the Middle Ages, has value for its early historical presentation of the end of the Roman Empire in Western Europe . It

3936-480: The armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of World War II in Europe , and seven days after the liberation of Guernsey and Jersey. 2,332 German prisoners of war were removed from Alderney on 20 May 1945, leaving 500 Germans to undertake clearing up operations under British military supervision. The people of Alderney could not start returning until December 1945 due to the huge cleanup operation needed simply to make

4018-547: The benefit of islanders. Until the 19th century, the Bailiwick was generally exempt from the harsher parts of Westminster legislation while being included in favourable policies, such as protectionist economic policies. England, and later the United Kingdom, passively exploited the strategic benefits of the Channel Islands. For example, the islands were a convenient stop-off point for trade to Gascony . The bailiwick comprises twelve parishes : Alderney, Sark, and ten on mainland Guernsey (one of which includes Herm). Each parish has

4100-425: The control of Hauptsturmführer Maximilian List . There are 397 graves in Alderney, which when added to the men who died in ships, takes the total to over 700 out of a total inmate population of 6,000 who died before the camps were closed and the remaining inmates transferred to France in 1944. On the return to their island, Alderney evacuees had little or no knowledge of the crimes committed on their island during

4182-498: The court heard appeals and tried criminal cases. Otton de Grandson , then the governor of the Islands, delegated the civil powers to two separate bailiffs for Guernsey and Jersey before he went on crusade to the Holy Land in 1290. This can be assessed as the date of first creation of the two bailiwicks. Situated around 49°24′N 2°36′W  /  49.4°N 2.6°W  / 49.4; -2.6 , Alderney, Guernsey, Herm, Sark, and some other smaller islands together have

SECTION 50

#1732765786185

4264-407: The court of Benevento for at least several years before 774, when Charlemagne captured Pavia, and he may have fled the city during that conquest. Eventually he entered a monastery on Lake Como , and before 782 he entered the great Benedictine house of Monte Cassino , where he made the acquaintance of Charlemagne. Around 776, Paul's brother Arichis was carried off to Francia as a prisoner after

4346-403: The defence and also for formal international, intergovernmental, and consular representation of, and the foreign affairs generally, of the Bailiwick. While never a member of the European Union or its predecessors, before Brexit the Bailiwick had a special relationship with the EU under Protocol 3 of the UK's Treaty of Accession 1972 to the European Community. Pooling resources with Jersey,

4428-525: The forts have been converted into apartments; two are now private homes; and one, Fort Clonque , at the end of a causeway that can be flooded at high tide, belongs to the Landmark Trust and can be rented for holidays. Scenes from the film Seagulls Over Sorrento were shot at Fort Clonque in 1953. Some of the forts are now in varying stages of dereliction, the most ruined being Les Hommeaux Florains, perched on outlying rocks, its access causeway and bridge having been swept away long ago. Houmet Herbé resembles

4510-410: The impending occupation many found themselves unable to leave and were forced to stay on Guernsey for the duration of the war. Eighteen Alderney people elected not to leave with the general evacuation. However, boats from Guernsey came and collected some of them before the German Army arrived, on the basis that it was best for their personal safety. During the Second World War , the Channel Islands were

4592-416: The island free of pirates and that at least forty men occupied it to defend it. Despite most families coming from Jersey, Sark remained within the Bailiwick of Guernsey. There is no flag or coat of arms for the Bailiwick of Guernsey. In historic times, the governor would have used his personal symbols before a generic flag was created for use by the governor. In 1279, Edward I granted a Seal for use in

4674-407: The island safe for civilians. When the islanders returned home they were shocked to see the state of the island, with many houses completely derelict: the Germans had burned anything wooden, including front doors, for fuel. Archival and object evidence of the general evacuation in 1940 and the subsequent occupation of Alderney can be found in the Alderney Society Museum . Two former SS officials from

4756-438: The island's landmarks, and is longer than any breakwater in the UK. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert visited Alderney on 9 August 1854. The Albert Memorial and the renaming of Rue Grosnez to Victoria Street commemorate this visit. At the same time as the breakwater was being built in the 1850s, the island was fortified by a string of 13 forts, designed to protect the harbour of refuge. The accommodation quarters of several of

4838-543: The island). In return for providing the transferred services Guernsey levies various taxes and duties on Alderney. Immigration is the responsibility of the UK (UK law applies), with day-to-day operations carried out by the Guernsey Border Agency . In addition to the transferred services, both the UK and Guernsey may legislate on other matters with the consent of the States of Alderney. The Court of Alderney exercises unlimited original jurisdiction in civil matters and limited jurisdiction in criminal matters. The Court sits with

4920-447: The island. Puffins on Burhou and gannet on Les Étacs (popularly called Gannet Rock) just off Alderney are a favourite of many visitors to the island. About a quarter of Alderney hedgehogs are of the "white" or "blonde" variety, which does not carry fleas. These are not albinos, but descent of rarely met blonde European hedgehogs , with a blonde pair released on the island in the 1960s. The island had its own breed of cattle, called

5002-420: The island: the Swinge between Alderney and Burhou, just outside the harbour, and Le Raz between the island and the Normandy mainland. The Corbet Rock lies in the Swinge. The geology of Alderney is mostly granites from the Precambrian period. The language of the island is now English with a few minor variants, comprising a form of Channel Island English . For centuries the island had its own dialect of

SECTION 60

#1732765786185

5084-409: The liberties and privileges of the Bailiwick, often referring to the so-called Constitutions of King John , a legendary document supposed to have been granted by King John in the aftermath of 1204. Governments of the Bailiwick have generally tried to avoid testing the limits of the unwritten constitution by avoiding conflict with British governments. This peculiar political position has often been to

5166-459: The main police station was used by the Nazis as a prison. The camps were built by the Nazi Organisation Todt (OT) to house the labour used to build fortifications including bunkers , gun emplacements, tunnels, air-raid shelters and other concrete and field fortifications. Lager Norderney, containing Russian and Polish POWs , and the Lager Sylt camp holding Jewish slave labourers , were transferred to SS administration in March 1943 under

5248-430: The matter of the cap on Income Tax (which is set lower in Alderney than in Guernsey). From 2016, Alderney took back control of Tax on Real Property (TRP). From 2021, Alderney is responsible for setting the rate and collecting the Taxation on Real Property (TRP), with Occupier's Rates (OR) now included within that bill. Alderney now also receives Motor Fuel Excise Duty and Document Duty on property conveyances. Its climate

5330-501: The most famous poem in the collection, the hymn to St.  John the Baptist Ut queant laxis , which Guido of Arezzo set to a melody that had previously been used for Horace 's Ode 4.11 . From the initial syllables of the first verses of the resultant setting, Guido then took the names of the first notes of the musical scale. Paul also wrote an epitome , which has survived, of Sextus Pompeius Festus 's De verborum significatu , which he dedicated to Charlemagne. While Paul

5412-415: The name of the Earl of Essex , who purchased the governorship of Alderney in 1591. Prior to the Earl's execution for treason in 1601, he leased the island to William Chamberlain, and Alderney remained in the hands of the Chamberlain family until 1643. From 1612, a Judge was appointed to assist the Governor's administration of Alderney, along with the Jurats . The function of the Judge was similar to that of

5494-510: The nearby inhabited islands of Herm , Jethou and Lihou is the States of Guernsey . Sark has a population of around 600 who live in 5.2 km (2 square miles). Its parliament (together with the inhabited island of Brecqhou ) is the Chief Pleas of Sark, with 18 elected members. In 1565, Helier de Carteret , Seigneur of St. Ouen in Jersey , was granted the fief of Sark by Queen Elizabeth I . He received letters patent granting him Sark in perpetuity on condition that he kept

5576-426: The occupation, because by December 1945, the first date civilians could return home, all the slave labourers had been sent away and the majority of the German troops left behind were not senior staff. Evidence, however, was all over the island, with concrete fortifications and graveyards for the prisoners kept there during the occupation. The Royal Navy blockaded the islands from time to time, particularly following

5658-469: The only part of the British Isles that was occupied by Germany , although other parts of the Empire were occupied by the Axis powers . The Germans arrived to a nearly deserted island, and began to follow their orders to fortify Alderney as part of Hitler's Atlantic Wall . In January 1942, they built four camps in Alderney: two work camps, Lager Helgoland and Lager Borkum , and two concentration camps, Lager Sylt and Lager Norderney . The jail behind

5740-496: The other Channel Islands and the Isle of Man), under the provisions of a formal agreement (known as "the 1948 Agreement") entered into between the Governments of Alderney and of Guernsey, certain matters have been delegated to Guernsey. These are known as 'the transferred services'. Transferred services include policing, customs and excise, airport operations, health, education, social services, childcare and adoption. (The States of Alderney retains policy control of aviation to and from

5822-586: The other islands in the Bailiwick of Guernsey ; it became an island in the Neolithic period as the waters of the English Channel rose. Formerly rich in dolmens , like the other Channel Islands, Alderney with its heritage of megaliths has suffered through the large-scale military constructions of the 19th century and also by the Germans during the World War II occupation, who left the remains at Les Pourciaux unrecognisable as dolmens. A cist survives near Fort Tourgis , and Longis Common has remains of an Iron Age site. There are traces of Roman occupation including

5904-526: The propagation of nations, just as, on the other hand, every southern region, the nearer it is to the heat of the sun, the more it abounds in diseases and is less fitted for the bringing up of the human race. Among Paul's sources were the document called the Origo gentis Langobardorum , the Liber pontificalis , the lost history of Secundus of Trent , and the lost annals of Benevento . He also heavily drew upon

5986-502: The public and the elements. For two years after the end of the war, Alderney was operated as a communal farm. Craftsmen were paid by their employers, while others were paid by the local government out of the profit from the sales of farm produce. Remaining profits were put aside to repay the British Government for repairing and rebuilding the island. The local people resented being unable to control their own land; this led to

6068-512: The resignation of the last Governor in 1825, was abolished, and the Jurats were removed from their legislative function. Because of the island's small population, it was believed that the island could not be self-sufficient in running the airport and the harbour , or providing services that would match those of the UK. Taxes were therefore collected into the general Bailiwick of Guernsey revenue funds at

6150-449: The same rate as in Guernsey, and administered by the States of Guernsey . Guernsey became responsible for providing many government functions and services. The 20th century saw much change in Alderney, from the building of the airport in the late 1930s to the death of the last speakers of the island's Auregnais language, a dialect of the Norman language . The economy has gone from depending largely on agriculture to earning money from

6232-477: The train of Alboin , King of the Lombards. There, he was granted lands at or near Forum Julii ( Cividale del Friuli ). During an invasion by the Avars , Leupichis's five sons were carried away to Pannonia , but one of them, his namesake, returned to Italy and restored the ruined fortunes of his house. The grandson of the younger Leupichis was Warnefrid, who by his wife Theodelinda became the father of Paul. Paulus

6314-459: The warmest months, with an average high of 19 °C (66 °F), and a low of 13 to 14 °C (around 56 °F). October is the wettest month with 107.2 mm (4.22 in) of rain, and April is the driest month with 42.4 mm (1.67 in). Snow is very rare. Average annual sunshine hours are around 1780. Alderney is similar to the other Channel Islands in having sheer cliffs broken by stretches of sandy beach and dunes. The highest point

6396-527: The works of Bede , Gregory of Tours , and Isidore of Seville . Related to his history of the Langobards is Paul's Historia Romana ; this is a continuation of Eutropius 's Breviarium , which covers the period 364–553 CE. Paul compiled the Historia Romana at Benevento between 766 and 771. He is said to have advised Adelperga to read Eutropius; she did, but complained that this pagan writer said nothing about ecclesiastical affairs and stopped with

6478-579: Was constructed above La Foulère in 1811, enabling signals to be relayed visually to Le Mât in Sark and on to Guernsey – early warning of attack during the Napoleonic Wars was of strategic importance. With the end of those wars privateering was ended and smuggling suppressed, leading to economic difficulties. The last of the hereditary Governors, John Le Mesurier , resigned his patent to the Crown in 1825, and since then authority has been exercised by

6560-774: Was edited by Hans Droysen and published in the Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Auctores antiquissimi series, Band ii. (1879) as well as by A. Crivellucci, in Fonti per la storia d' Italia , N° 51 (1914). At the request of Angilram , Bishop of Metz (d. 791), Paul wrote a history of the bishops of Metz to 766, the first work of its kind north of the Alps . This was translated into English in 2013 as Liber de episcopis Mettensibus . He also wrote many letters, verses, and epitaphs, including those of Duke/Prince Arichis II of Benevento and of many members of

6642-757: Was his monastic name; he was born Winfrid, son of Warnefrid, about 720 in the Duchy of Friuli . Thanks to the possible noble status of his family, Paul received an exceptionally good education, probably at the court of the Lombard king Ratchis in Pavia , learning the rudiments of Greek from a teacher named Flavian. Paul was probably the secretary of the Lombard king Desiderius , a successor of Ratchis. After Desiderius's daughter Adelperga had married Arichis II, duke of Benevento , Paul, at her request, wrote his continuation of Eutropius 's Summary of Roman History ( Latin : Breviarium Historiae Romanae ). He lived at

6724-512: Was in Francia, Charlemagne asked him to compile a collection of homilies . Paul granted this request after returning to Monte Cassino; the compilation was largely used in the Frankish churches. Paul also composed two important homilies In Assumptione , in the second of which, unlike Ambrose Autpert , he admits the possibility of Mary's bodily assumption into heaven. A life of Pope Gregory

#184815